WilmerLassetter at 05:56, 25 November 2025

2025-11-25T05:56:57Z

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{{Short description|Place in Delhi India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Other uses|Ghanta Ghar (disambiguation){{!}}Ghanta Ghar}}
'''Ghantaghar''' (literally clock-tower) is a location in the center of [[Chandni Chowk]], Old Delhi, where an iconic clock tower, termed Northbrook Clocktower during early 20th century, stood. The clock tower was built in 1870 and stood there until its partial collapse and subsequent demolition in 1950s.<ref name="columbia">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1600_1699/shahjahanabad/clocktower/clocktower.html |title=Clock Tower, Chandni Chowk, Delhi |first=Frances | last=Pritchett|publisher=columbia.edu|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref> The term "Chandni Chowk" ([[translation]]: ''silvery or moonlit square'') originally referred to this location which later came to designate the entire street. The Ghantaghar location has been regarded as the center of Delhi, and even now serves as a center for major civic events.<ref name="bhaskar">{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/article/MAT-UT-DEL-NEW-c-99-215577-NOR.html |title=मोदी के शपथ लेते ही जश्न का माहौल Bhaskar News Network|date=27 May 2014 |publisher=bhaskar.com|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref> Today, it is an open and congested area. The [[Delhi Town Hall]] is located just to the north of this site.

It was perhaps the oldest clock tower in India, constructed before [[Rajabai Clock Tower]], Mumbai, 1878, [[Husainabad Clock Tower]], Lucknow, 1881, [[Secunderabad Clock Tower]], Secunderabad, 1897 and [[Allahabad Clock Tower]], Allahabad, 1913.<ref>{{cite book |title=Town Planning Regeneration of Cities|first=Ashutosh | last=Joshi|publisher=New India Publishing|date= 1 Jan 2008|isbn=978-8189422820 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&q=bamrauli+airport&pg=PA41 }}</ref> While the clock tower is long gone, the location is still called Ghantaghar within [[Old Delhi]].

Ghantaghar was the location of some of the events relating to the Indian's freedom movement. On 30 March 1919, many protesters were killed by the British soldiers.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Revolutionary movement: Famous Episode|last=Kapoor | first=M.R.|date=1999|publisher=Iṃsṭīcyūṭa āpha Sośala Sāiṃsisa ke lie Kansepṭa Pabliśinga Kampanī|isbn=9788170227519|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz43BGinltEC|page=180|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref> It is still a very popular spot for organizing protests.
[[File:TheChowkMetcalfAlbum.jpg|thumb|[[Jahanara Begum]]'s caravanserai that formed the original [[Chandni Chowk]], from [[Sir Thomas Metcalfe, 4th Baronet|Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalf]]'s 1843 [[Delhi Book|album]] ]]

==The Caravanserai and Town Hall==

The old city of Delhi was laid out by princess [[Jahanara Begum]], who constructed an elegant [[caravanserai]] on the East side of the street with gardens in the back.
Herbert Charles Fanshawe, in 1902, mentions about the serai:

"Proceeding up the Chandni Chowk and passing many shops of the principal dealers in jewels, embroideries, and other products of Delhi handicrafts, the Northbrook Clock Tower and the principal entrance to the Queen's Gardens are reached. The former is situated at the site of the Karavan Sarai of the Princess Jahanara Begum (p. 239), known by the title of Shah Begum. The Sarai, the square in front of which projected across the street, was considered by [[François Bernier|Bernier]] one of the finest buildings in Delhi and was compared by him with the Palais Royal, because of its arcades below and rooms with a gallery in front above. Bernier was of opinion that the population of Delhi in 1665 was much the same as that of Paris, a striking instance of how the population follows the court in the East. The gardens must at one time have been extremely beautiful specimens of eastern pleasure retreats, and even now are very pretty."<ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Delhi Past and Present|author=Fanshawe, H.C.|date=1902|publisher=J. Murray|url=https://archive.org/details/delhipastandpre00fansgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/delhipastandpre00fansgoog/page/n101 52]|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref>

The serai was demolished perhaps even before the ghadar of 1857. The serai was replaced by the Victorian-Edwardian architecture <ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/landmark-building-with-uncertain-fate/article1-970384.aspx|title=Landmark building with uncertain fate, Nivedita Khandekar, Hindustan Times New Delhi, December 08, 2012|publisher=hindustantimes.com|access-date=2015-03-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212153323/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Landmark-building-with-uncertain-fate/Article1-970384.aspx|archive-date=12 December 2012}}</ref> building now known as the Town Hall, and the pool in the middle of the square was replaced by a grand clock tower. The Town Hall was actually planned before the Revolt, and was built in 1860-5, as a center for the Europeans and was initially called the Lawrence Institute. The Institute contained a Darbar Hall with a public library and reading rooms. According to MCD, the Town Hall had been planned to serve as an office for the municipality, chamber of commerce, a literary society and a museum to ‘improve the local minds and to forward intercourse between Europeans and natives.’ <ref name="deccanherald">{{cite web|url=http://m.deccanherald.com/content/274816/archives.php/#sthash.EZvTpAnl.dpuf|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103042638/http://m.deccanherald.com/content/274816/archives.php/#sthash.EZvTpAnl.dpuf|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2015|title=From civic centre to museum, Kusum Kanojia, Aug 29, 2012|publisher=m.deccanherald.com|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref>
[[File:Kissen1910.jpg|thumb| "A street scene in the Imperial City," photo by Jadu Kissen, acquired by a visitor in 1910, as viewed from [[Nai Sarak]] ]]

==The Northbrook Clock tower==

In front of Lawrence Institute, in the center of the Chandni Chauk, a 128 feet tall lofty Gothic clock-tower with four faces were constructed.<ref name="google3">{{cite book|title=Punjab gazetteers, 1883, bound in 10 vols., without title-leaves|author=Punjab|date=1883|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YacIAAAAQAAJ|page=314|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref>

Built by Delhi Municipality at a cost of Rs. 28,000, it was formally termed the Northbrook Clocktower.<ref name="google4">{{cite book|title=A Handbook for Travellers in India, Burma and Ceylon: Including the Provinces of Bengal, Bombay, Madras, the United Provinces of Agra and Lucknow, the Panjab, the North-west Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Assam, and the Central Provinces, and the Native States of Rajputana, Central India, Kashmir, Hyderabad, Mysore, Etc. ...|author1=John Murray (Firm)|author2=Fanshawe, H.C.|date=1907|publisher=J. Murray|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOcrAQAAMAAJ|page=201|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref> after [[Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook|Thomas Northbrook]], the [[Viceroy of India]] from 1872 to 1876. Northbrook hotel, a famous hotel near the Moree gate was also named after him.
The tower is said to have been 80 years old when it collapsed, implying its construction occurred in 1870.

It was actually standing in 1870 already according to Alfred Harcourt who wrote in 1870:<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gJpeAAAAcAAJ&q=clock&pg=PA19 The New Guide to Delhi, Alfred Frederick Pollock Harcourt, Edition 2, Published 1870, p.21]</ref>

:Facing the Delhi Institute on the Chandni Chowk side, is a handsome and well-finished Clock Tower with four faces, and a chime of five bells. The City is indebted for this useful as well as ornamental structure also to the Municipal Committee at a cost of Rupees 25,500. It is 128 feet above the ground.

It is said that the pigeons sat on their hands so that it never showed the correct time. When Lord Northbrook visited Delhi, he did not quite like the architecture.<ref>''The Delhi Omnibus'', [[Thomas George Percival Spear]], Narayani Gupta, Robert Eric Frykenberg, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 86]</ref>

==Statue of Queen Victoria==

Inside the railings of the street a Statue of Queen Victoria, the late Queen Empress of India was placed by Mr. James Skinner, a grandson of [[James Skinner (East India Company officer)|Colonel Skinner, C.B.]] in front of the Municipal building.

<ref name="google2"/>

[[File:Chandni Chowk on 15 August 1947.jpg|thumb|Indian National Flag hoisted at [[Chandni Chowk]], [[Independence Day (India)|15 August 1947]] ]]
[[File:Delhi Town Hall.jpg|thumb|Delhi Town Hall at Chandni Chowk, with the statue of [[Swami Shraddhanand]] in front]]

The bronze statue of Queen Victoria stood between the tower and the municipal building in 1902.
<ref name="google5">{{cite book|title=Ek Delhi Aur|publisher=Atmaram & Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Gs8seghQFQC|page=49|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref> also image on cover
<ref name="parlantibronzefoundries">{{cite web |url=http://www.parlantibronzefoundries.co.uk/page7.php |title=Parlanti Bronze Foundries - Castings  |publisher=[[Parlanti Foundry]] |access-date=2015-03-06 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111155/http://www.parlantibronzefoundries.co.uk/page7.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The statue of Queen Victoria was later moved to Delhi College of Art <ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/the-crowned-in-a-corner/article6114957.ece |title=The crowned in a corner, Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty, The Hindu, June 15, 2014 |publisher=thehindu.com|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref>



==Partial collapse and dismantling==

When India became independent on 15 August 1947, GhantaGhar, was lit up for the occasion and the [[Union Jack]] on the top was replaced by the [[tiranga]].<ref name="outlookindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?235342 |title=There Were A Million Revellers That Night, August 1947, and a 20-year-old with a camera. A never-before-seen album. Munir Kadri, Outlook, Aug 20, 2007 |publisher=outlookindia.com |access-date=2015-03-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402145617/http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?235342 |archive-date=2015-04-02 }}</ref>

The upper part of the tower collapsed in 1950, killing some local citizens. That resulted in a court case
Municipal Corporation of Delhi v. Subhagwanti, AlR 1966 SC 1750 <ref name="google6">{{cite book|title=Law Students Companion QA|author=Arora, M.|year=2010|publisher=Universal Law Publishing|isbn=9788175344938|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rwo8_-Y40gkC|page=197|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref> Mr. Chakravarty, the Municipal Engineer, mentioned that the building was 80 years old and the expected life of the structure of the top story, considering the type of mortar used, could be only 40 to 45 years, and the surviving middle story could be saved for another 10 years. The High Court also took into consideration the statement of a Mr. Puri that when he inspected the building after the collapse and examined the mortar, he found that the mortar was reduced to powder without any cementing properties.<ref name="indiankanoon">{{cite web|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/706862/ |title=Municipal Corporation Of Delhi vs Subhagwanti & Others(With ... on 24 February, 1966 |publisher=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref>

The Municipal Corporation later allocated 2  lakh in 1957 for rebuilding, however, the structure had come to be known as an English relic, and thus it was never rebuilt.

== Legacy==
The clock tower in Sabzi Mandi, Ramrup Tower, 1941, was inspired by the Ghantaghar tower, and it survives to this day.<ref name="google7">{{cite book|title=Bhangi, Scavenger in Indian Society: Marginality, Identity, and Politicization of the Community|author=Sharma, R.|date=1995|publisher=MD Publications|isbn=9788185880709|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_aZm_MQjygC|page=38|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref><ref name="thehindu2">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/left-behind-by-the-times/article6047123.ece |title=Left behind by the times, Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty, The Hindu, May 26, 2014 |publisher=thehindu.com|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref>

==In popular culture==

An old song recalls the clocktower (ghantaghar) that once stood in the center, and India's freedom struggle ([https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1GGRV_enUS743US745&biw=1233&bih=734&tbm=vid&q=Ghantaghar+chandni+chowk+se+ghaziabad+&oq=Ghantaghar+chandni+chowk+se+ghaziabad] video search):

घंटाघर की चार घड़ी,
चारों में ज़ंजीर पड़ी, 
जब भी घंटा बजता था,
खड़ा मुसाफिर हंसता था। 
हँसता था वो बेधड़क
आगे देखो नयी सड़क | 
नयी सड़क पर बुआ बाजरा
आगे देखो शहर शाहदरा | 
शहर शाहदरा में लग गयी आग
आगे देखो गजियाबाद | 
गजियाबाद में फूटा अंडा
उसमे से निकला [[Flag of India|तिरंगा]] झंडा | 
झन्डे से आई आवाज़
[[Inquilab Zindabad|इंक़लाब ज़िन्दाबाद]] ||

It recalls the satyagrah by [[Swami Shraddhanand]] in the 1930s near the Ghantaghar. Close the site, now his statue marks the event.
The events are recalled in Ek Delhi Aur by Rajendra Sharma in the voice of a [[kan-mailya]] (ear cleaners of old Delhi)<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Gs8seghQFQC&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87&pg=PA24 | title=Ek Delhi Aur | first=Rajendra | last=Sharma | year=1987 | publisher=Atmaranm and Sons | pages=25–27}}</ref>

When film producer [[B.R. Chopra]] made his comedy [[Hindi film]] ''[[Chandni Chowk (1954)|Chandni Chowk]]'' (1954), he made sure that a replica of Ghantaghar is included.<ref>Chandni Chowk 1954, B.R. Chopra producer, [https://www.google.com/search?q=Chandni+Chowk+1954&oq=Chandni+Chowk+1954&aqs=chrome..69i57&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=122&ie=UTF-8#q=Chandni+Chowk+1954&tbm=vid scene at 1:57]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ghantewala]]
* [[Nai Sarak]]
* [[Allahabad Clock Tower]] 1913
* [[St. James' Church, Delhi]]
* [[Secunderabad Clock Tower]] 1897
* [[Rajabai Clock Tower]] 1878
* [[List of clock towers]]
* [[Ghanta Ghar (Multan)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coords|28.6564|77.2275|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Delhi]]
[[Category:Towers completed in 1870]]
[[Category:Clock towers in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 1950]]
[[Category:1950 disestablishments in India]]

Ghantaghar - Revision history

WilmerLassetter at 05:56, 25 November 2025