->Rodw at 19:28, 15 January 2022

2022-01-15T19:28:51Z

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{{about|the district in India|the Bangladeshi district|Gazipur District}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ghazipur district
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Uttar Pradesh|District of Uttar Pradesh]]
| total_type = Total
| image_map = India Uttar Pradesh districts 2012 Ghazipur.svg
| map_caption = Location of Ghazipur district in Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|25.61|83.57|type:adm3rd_region:IN_dim:50000|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Ghazipur
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Varanasi division|Varanasi]]
| established_title = Incorporated
| established_date = 1 January 1879
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Ghazipur]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = *[[Ghazipur]]
*[[Mohammadabad, Ghazipur|Mohammadabad]]
*[[Zamania]]
*[[Jakhania]]
*[[Kasimabad,Ghazipur|Kasimabad]]
*[[Seorai]]
*[[Saidpur, Ghazipur|Saidpur]]
| area_total_km2 = 3377
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3,620,268
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 434,697
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 74.46%.<ref name=districtcensus/>
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 951
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies
| leader_name1 = [[Ghazipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghazipur]]
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = NH 29, NH 19, NH 97, SH 36, SH 67, SH 69, SH 99
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = 1109 mm
| website = http://ghazipur.nic.in/
| official_name =
| population_est = 4,210,000
| pop_est_as_of = 2021
| image_skyline = Ghazipur divisons map.jpeg
| imagesize = 280px
}}

'''Ghazipur district''' is a [[Districts of Uttar Pradesh|district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern India. The city of [[Ghazipur]] is the district headquarters. The district is part of [[Varanasi Division]]. The region of [[Ghazipur]] is famous mainly for the production of its unique rose-scented Spray called ''Gulab Jal,'' and for the tomb of the Governor General of British India, [[Lord Cornwallis]], who died here. His tomb is situated in Western part of City, and is conserved by [[Archaeological Survey of India]].

==History==
===Early history===
The district has derived its name from its headquarters town of Ghazipur. It was during the reign of Harsha, a Chinese pilgrim known with the name of [[Hiuen-Tsang|Hiuen–T- Sang]] came to the district. And in his days the place was known as Chen- Chu interpreting in English as the Kingdom of the lord of ‘Battles’ which has been given various nomenclatures like Yudhpatipura, Yudharanpura, Garzapatipura and the last one probably who the modern Ghazipur as adopted by [[Lord Cunningham|Lord Cunninghum]]. The Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang|Hiuen-T-Sang]] had stated that a [[stupa]] was erected by [[Ashoka]] in the memory of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] who had been here in the district. Regarding the nomenclature of Ghazipur there has also been a version that it has its derivation from the word "Ghadi", who happened to be a Hindu king in the 9th century the original name of the place was Gadhipura. But, Gandhipura was located little far from the present city of Ghazipur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Ghazipur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnAbAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title="Ghazipur That is known as Gadhipuri"|url=http://ghazipur.nic.in/history.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to one story Raja Mandhata was said to have been an heir (descendant) of [[Prithviraj Chauhan|Prithvi Raj]] of Delhi and was suffering from a skin disease and wanted to get rid of the affliction by bathing in the tank at Kathot. He did take bath under the direction of Brahmins and cured sometimes later. After overcoming his disease he settled in Ghazipur and built a fort. Subsequently his nephew and his successors seized a Muslim girl whose mother got worried for her daughter and as a measure for the safety of her daughter, she appealed to the [[sultan]] of Delhi, with the result that a band of forty ghazis under the headship of Ghazi Saiyad Mausaud reached Kathot and captured the fort and slew Raja Mandhata and his nephew. Thus the Ghazis got charge of the area and where Masud is supposed traditionally to have founded a city in 1330 commemorating his newly acquired title of Malik-Us-Sadal Ghazi. He established a new city near to the old Gandhipura and the place got name Ghazipur.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Evolution and Spatial Organization of Clan Settlements: A Case Study of Middle Ganga Valley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxDWbsztdVQC&q=Ghazipur|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Ghazipur: A Gazetteer being Vol. XXIX of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/37271|url-status=live}}</ref>

The region covered by the present district of Ghazipur once formed part of the ancient [[kingdom of Kashi]], a famous centre of [[Aryan]] civilization. The ancient history of [[Ghazipur]] can, therefore, be pieced out from that of Kashi. Archaeological finds of [[Saidpur, Ghazipur|Saidpur]]–[[Aunrihar|Aurihar]] and [[Bhitri, Ghazipur|Bhitri]] also proved that it is related to an oldest time. The Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang|Hiuen- T-Sang]] (630 to 644) visited and described this place. A legend states that the [[Jamadagni|Jamadagani Rishi]] lived near to the present day [[Zamania]] town with his wife. According to the [[Mahabharata|Mahabharat]], Haihaya king Kartivirya came to residence of [[Jamadagni]] Rishi, after hospitality, he had taken Kamdhenu by force, but [[Parashurama|Parshuram]] son of [[Jamadagni|Jamadagani Rishi]] overcome him and Kamdhenu was recovered. Kartivirya offered a sacrifice in atonement of his sin.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

The early political history of this region is complex, [[Puranas|Purans]] and [[Mahabharata|Mahabharat]], classical Sanskrit texts, the early [[Jainism|Jain]] and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] texts have given information in this regard. The Jains also testify to the greatness of the region under Kashi king Ashwasena as the father of Tirthankara Parshvanath. During the two or three centuries preceding the birth of [[Mahavira]] and the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], the whole of northern India was divided into sixteen principal states known in early Buddhist and Jain literatures as the [[Mahajanapadas|Solah Mahajanpada]]. The [[kingdom of Kashi]] was predominant in this period and covered the present district of [[Ghazipur]]. During the [[8th century BC|8th]] and [[7th century BC|7th]] centuries B.C. [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kashi]] and [[Kosala]] fought against each other, which is stated in the [[Jatakas]], early in the [[6th century|sixth century]], Kashi kingdom completely collapsed in its struggle with Kosala. After the fall of the Kanvas ([[27 BC|27]] BC) Kashi seems to have been occupied by the [[Vatsa]]s of [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]. In the last of first century A.D. the [[Kushan Empire|Kushanas]] had established a state kingdom in the greater part of the northern India. Kushans rules came to end in the beginning of 3rd century in this region and a branch of [[Nagas of Padmavati|Nagas]], [[Nagas of Padmavati|Bharashiva]] took the region in their hand. For nearly two centuries (from about 325 to 535 AD) this region formed part of the [[Gupta Empire]]. [[Chandragupta I]] (320–355 AD), [[Samudragupta|Samundragupta]], [[Chandragupta I|Chandragupta]], [[Vikramaditya]] (376–415 AD), [[Kumaragupta I|Kumargupta]] (415–455 AD), [[Skandagupta]] ruled over this region. In the middle of sixth century the [[Yashodharman]] of [[Malwa]], the district had come under his meteoric sovereignty after which it passed under the rule of the [[Maukhari dynasty|Maukharis]] of [[Kannauj]]. In the first half of the 7th century A.D. it had come under the [[Harsha]], after the death of Harsha it had gone to the hand of [[Yashovarman]] of Kannau (690–740 AD). In 770 AD the district had gone to the [[Dharampal]]a, king of [[Bengal]] and there after [[Devapala (Pala dynasty)|Devapala]] (810–850 AD). After him it gone under [[Bhoja]]deva (Cen. 836–882 AD) [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjar Pratihar]] king of [[Kannauj]]. About the close of the tenth century the hold of [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjar Pratihar]] king of Kannauj on [[Ghazipur]] became nominal. There after it had gone under the Pal king Mahipala I (992- 1040 AD), after him, it had gone to the [[Kalachuri dynasty|Kalchuri]] or Chedi king [[Gangeyadeva]] (1015–1041). It was during the early part of this period that India suffered from the invasions of [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud Ghazni]] who sacked [[Kannauj]] in 1019. [[Chandradeva]], the founder of the [[Gahadavala dynasty|Gahadvala dynasty]] who was, about 1090, occupied this region and Kannauj. His son [[Madanapala (Gahadavala dynasty)|Madanpala]] (1100–1114) and his son [[Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)|Govind Chandra]] (1114–1154) and his son [[Vijayachander|Vijay Chandra]] (1154–1170) ruled over this region.

===Medieval history===
In 1322, it gone to the hand of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammad Bin Tughlaq]] and his successor [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firoz Shah]]. In 1394 Khwaja Jahan in charge of [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] government including the [[Ghazipur]] region, became independent and established Jaunpur kingdom, the Ghazipur remained under it till 1479, when [[Bahlul Lodi]] defeated its last ruler Sultan Husain, [[Sikandar Lodi]], gave administration of [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] to the hand of Mubarak Khan in which time the Ghazipur took good place [[Sikandar Lodi]] died on 21 November 1517, and [[Ibrahim Lodi]] was crowned, his younger brother Jalal Khan declared himself king of Jaunpur and remaining independent for a considerable time.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

After the [[First Battle of Panipat|battle of Panipat]] (21 April 1526), the rule of [[Lodi dynasty]] came to an end [[Babar]] became the ruler of Delhi. He sent [[Humayun]] to the east. He came to [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] and punished Nasir Khan and obliged him to flee from [[Ghazipur]], which came into Humayun possession, but he short stayed here as he was recalled by the Babar to fight against [[Rajput]]s and [[Afghans|Afghan]]s. District was soon recaptured by the Afghans, so Babar left [[Agra]] on 20 January 1529 and reached [[Ghazipur]]. Soon after his return Babar died and his successor Humayun had come to the east where Afghan was rising in which [[Sher Shah Suri|Sher Shah]] was also included. Humayun had defeated all Afghans including Sher Khan ( Sher Shah) and by a agreement the [[Chunar Fort]] gave to him by Humayun. In 1539, the district once again fell to the Afghan under Sher Khan who defeated Humayun at [[Chausa]] and assumed the title of [[Sher Shah Suri|Sher Shah]] at [[Varanasi]]. [[Maharaja Kam Dev Misir|Kam Dev's]] brother name as Dham Dev who lived at Maa khamakhya Dham near [[Gahmar]] also helped [[Sher Shah Suri]] in the [[battle of Chausa]]. Ghazipur had gone to the [[Sur Empire|house of Sur]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

In the mean while [[Humayun]] reoccupied his lost kingdom but died soon after d his young son, [[Akbar]], made himself the master of Hindustan after the [[Second Battle of Panipat|battle of Panipat]]. The Afghans continued to hold sway in the east, including this district till 1559, Ali Quli Khan urf Khan Zaman subdued the region for his young sovereign and founded the town of [[Zamania]], bringing the district of Ghazipur into his possession. In early 1565, Khan Zaman rebelled against Akbar, then Akbar crushed him and the govt. of [[Ghazipur]] was then given to [[Khan-i-Khanan|Munim Khan Khan-i-Khanan]] who administered his territories with great success for many years. After Munim Khan the charge was Given to Sarkar Dewan Raja Quttul Khan jagirdar during late rule of Akbar in 1600 and then to Quttul's cousin Raja Daud Khan. Quttul Khan was a Sarkar or Governor of Ghazipur Sarkar, [[Dewan]] of [[Bihar]] and a [[Jagir]]dar of Ghazipur. After the death of Quttul his cousin handled all the post. Both brother were also the [[Rajas]] of [[Kamsaar Raj]] which was a large Raja Zamindari estate and had many [[jagir]]s under it during Akbar, [[Jahangir]], [[Shah Jahan|Shahjahan]] and [[Aurangzeb]]. Later, Daud Khan's family also ruled over Daudpur Jagir with its capital at [[Dewaitha]] for many years. In Akbar's time the Ghazipur government had great importance. After the death of [[Aurangzeb]] in 1707, as his successor [[Bahadur Shah I]] he brought Ghazipur directly under his sway. During Aurangzeb a large part of Ghazipur and [[Kamsaar Raj|Kamsar Raj's]] jagirs were given to Raja Deendar Khan, the founder of [[Dildarnagar, Ghazipur|Dildarnagar]]. During Aurangzeb Kamsaar Raj(Kamsaar region) was a house three of jagirs or Zamindari estates name as Mustafabad estate, Dildarnagar estate, and Daudpur estate. The region of Kamsaar also shared their bodders with Reotipur estate.

===Nawabs period===
A considerable change occurred in this area when [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Sadat Ali Khan]] was made [[subedar]] of [[Awadh|Avadh]] in 1722. Ghazipur thus passed under the sway of the [[Nawab]] of [[Awadh]].During Sadat Ali Khan the Ghazipur had its Nawab name as [[Nawab Sheikh Abdullah]] and later his son [[Nawal Fazal Ali Khan]]. While Sheikh Abdullah's uncle name Mir Rustam Ali Khan was a [[Subahdar|Nizam]] of [[Banaras Subah]]. Sheikh Abdullah's family were also the rulers of [[Qasimabad Estate]]. After the defeat of combined armies of [[Awadh|Avadh]], emperor, [[Mir Qasim]], and administrator of [[Ghazipur]] [[Balwant Singh of Benares|Balwant Singh]] against British [[Battle of Buxar|battle at Buxar]] (23 October 1764) a treaty made between [[Shah Alam]] and British at Varanasi on 29 October, whereby the province of Banaras including Ghazipur was transferred to [[East India Company]]. In 1765, an agreement made between [[Robert Clive]] and [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] whereby the latter agreed to restore the territory of Ghazipur to [[Balwant Singh of Benares|Balwant Singh]]. After death of Balwant Singh in 23 August 1770, his son [[Chait Singh]] succeeded. In September 1773, the confirmation of Chait Singh in his paternal state was made by the [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] in presence of [[Warren Hastings|Warren Haistings]]. In 1775, a treaty between [[Asaf-ud-Daula]] and East India Company was made by which Ghazipur to cede to the company but the administrative power of Chait Singh remained much the same as before. But in 1781 he was deposed.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

===British era===
The administrative controls were transferred from a deposed Raja Chait Singh to the resident by the revenue policy of [[Jonathan Duncan (currency reformer)|Jonathan Dunean]]. A police force was established at Ghazipur and by 1787 its control was vested in the newly appointed judge. Reforms were initiated by the legislation of 1795 and most important event is the constitution of Ghazipur district in 1818. In 1858, Ghazipur came under direct control of British. But the British also had to face a large rebel on 6th Jun 1858 by [[Sakarwar|Sikarwar Rajputs]], under the leadership of Thakur Meghar Singh of [[Gahmar]], and rebels by [[Dildarnagar Kamsar|Kamsaar Pathans]] under the leadership of Raja Khuda Bhaksh Khan of [[Dewaitha]] etc. [[Kunwar Singh]] and [[Babu Amar Singh|Amar Singh]] of [[Jagdishpur estate|Jagdishpur]] also influenced the region. Meghar Singh personally presented Amar Singh with a nazrana or gift worth Rs 20,000. During the mutiny the garrison at Ghazipur, however was the 65th native infantry which had returned from [[Burma]] but had not been affected by the representatives of the rebel leaders. In spite of the bad example set in other stations the men remained loyal to the British. The company also established an [[opium]] factory in the main city of Ghazipur in year 1820.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Ghazipur District
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|89.32}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|10.17}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|0.41}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Ghazipur district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 3,620,268,<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 30 September 2011 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Lithuania]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 1 October 2011 }}</ref> or the US state of [[Oklahoma]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=2010 Resident Population Data |publisher=U. S. Census Bureau |access-date=30 September 2011 |quote=Oklahoma 3,751,351 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721072426/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 79th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> Out of the total population males are 1,856,584 and females are 1,766,143. The area of the district is 3,378 km<sup>2</sup> and it constitute 1.82% of the population of Uttar Pradesh. It has a population density of {{convert| 1072 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 19.26%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Ghazipur has a [[sex ratio]] of 951 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1,000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 74.27% (higher than the national average of 74.04%). Male literacy is 85.77% and female literacy is 62.29%.<ref name=districtcensus/> 92.44% of the total population is rural and 7.56% is urban. Out of the total population of 3,622,727, rural population is 3,348,855 and urban population is 273,872. Average literacy of rural population is 73.62% and that of urban population is 82.05%.{{historical populations|1=1853|2=949650|3=1865|4=811237|5=1872|6=786138|7=1881|8=912206|9=1891|10=970029|11=1901|12=8,57,830|13=1911|14=7,88,298|15=1921|16=7,81,333|17=1931|18=8,24,721|19=1941|20=9,85,081|21=1951|22=11,40,932|23=1961|24=13,21,578|25=1971|26=15,31,654|27=1981|28=19,44,669|29=1991|30=24,16,617|31=2001|32=30,37,582|33=2011|34=36,20,268|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=middle}}

===Languages===
{{pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Ghazipur District<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html 2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue]</ref>
|value1 = 66.16
|label1 = Bhojpuri
|color1 = Yellow
|value2 = 30.98
|label2 = Hindi
|color2 = Orange
|value3 = 2.80
|label3 = Urdu
|color3 = Green
|label4 = Others
|color4 = grey
|value4 = 0.06
}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 66.16% of the population in the district spoke [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], 30.98% [[Hindi]] and 2.80% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html 2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue]</ref>

The language of the district is Bhojpuri, although some misclassify their language as Hindi. In urban areas such as Ghazipur town, Hindi is the main language.

===Local media===
Mostly all major English, Hindi and Urdu dailies including [[The Times of India]], [[Hindustan Times]], [[The Hindu]], [[Dainik Jagran]], [[Amar Ujala]], Hindustan, Rashtree Sahara. Almost all big Hindi TV news channel have stringers in the city.

==Geography==

[[File:Ghazipur divisons map.jpeg|thumb|260px|left|Map showing development blocks in Ghazipur District.]]
Ghazipur District is present in the sub-tropical region and it is best kown for rise and rose cultivation. The district is also famous for Black rice. The district forms the border of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Rivers in the district include the [[Ganges]], [[Gomti River|Gomati]], [[Gaangi]], Beson, [[Magai]], [[Bhainsai]], [[Tamsa River|Tons]] and [[Karmanasa River]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{official website|http://ghazipur.nic.in/}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150706173126/http://www.ghmc.org.in/home/ Government Homeopathic Medical College, Ghazipur]

{{Ghazipur district}}
{{Districts of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Varanasi division topics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Ghazipur district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Uttar Pradesh]]

Ghazipur district - Revision history

->Rodw at 19:28, 15 January 2022