Ajay Kumar at 16:03, 28 August 2023

2023-08-28T16:03:20Z

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{{Short description|Province of Afghanistan}}
{{redirect|Ghor|the video game character|Metroid Prime 3: Corruption}}
{{redirect|Ghur|the village in Iran|Ur, Iran}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ghōr
| native_name = {{nq|غور}}
| native_name_lang = fa
| settlement_type = [[Provinces of Afghanistan|Province]]
| image_skyline = Jam Qasr Zarafshan.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Minaret of Jam]], [[Shahrak District]]
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Ghor in Afghanistan.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map of Afghanistan with Ghor highlighted
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|34|65|type:adm1st_region:AF|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Capital
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Afghanistan}}
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = [[Chaghcharan|Firuzkoh]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = Governor
| leader_name = [[Ahmad Shah Din Dost]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://watan24.com/%d9%85%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%db%8c-%d8%a7%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b4%d8%a7%d9%87-%d8%af%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%8c-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%db%8c-%d8%ac%d8%af%db%8c%d8%af-%d8%ba%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%aa/|title=مولوی احمدشاه دین دوست، والی جدید غور تعیین شد | خبرگزاری وطن 24}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = Deputy Governor
| leader_name1 = Maulvi Shams Ullah Tariqat<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghan-teen-breadwinner-taliban/31519435.html|title = Afghan Teen, Sole Breadwinner for Family of 30, Waits Desperately to See if Taliban Will Help| newspaper=Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty }}</ref>
| leader_title2 = Police Chief
| leader_name2 = Labib Sahib<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://azamnews.com/?p=108148|title = د نږدې شلو ولایاتو لپاره نوي والیان او امنیې قوماندانان وټاکل شول|date = 7 November 2021}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 36657.42
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Estimated-Population-of-Afghanistan1-1400.pdf |title=Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22 |date=April 2021 |website= nsia.gov.af |publisher=National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA) |access-date=June 29, 2021}}</ref>
| population_total = 777,882
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Languages of Afghanistan|Main languages]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Dari]] / [[Pashto]]
| timezone1 = UTC+4:30
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code = AF-GHO
| website = 
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Ghōr''' ([[Pashto]][[Dari language|/Dari]]: {{nq|غور}}), also spelled '''Ghowr''' or '''Ghur''', is one of the thirty-four [[provinces of Afghanistan]]. It is located in the western [[Hindu Kush]] in central [[Afghanistan]], towards the northwest. The province contains eleven [[Districts of Afghanistan|districts]], encompassing hundreds of villages, and approximately 764,472 settled people.<ref name=nsia/> [[Chaghcharan|Firuzkoh]] (known as “Chaghcharan” until 2014) is the capital of the province.

==Etymology==
The ancient [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]], [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] ''gor-''/''gur-'' ("mountain"-) is well preserved in all [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] ''gor-''/''gór- (goor-/gur-)'', e.g.: [[Gorals]], [[Goran (Slavic name)|Goran]], [[Goranci (disambiguation)|Goranci]], [[Góra (disambiguation)|Góra]], [[Gora, Russia|Gora]]..., in [[Iranian languages]], e.g.: [[Gorani language]], [[Guran (Kurdish tribe)]]. The [[Polish language|Polish]] notation using ''gór-'' ("ó" stands for a sound between [[English language|English]] "oo" and "u") instead of the popular ''gur-'' or ''ghur-'' preserves the ancient [[orthography]].{{clarify|date=May 2023}}

==History==
{{History of Afghanistan}}
{{Further|History of Afghanistan}}
{{quote|text=[[Mandesh]] is the historical name by which the mountain region of [[Ghor]] was called.<ref>E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume 7 By Martijn Theodoor Houtsma Page 161</ref>}}

The inhabitants of Ghor were completely Islamized during the [[Ghurids]] era. Before the 12th century, the area was home to [[Hindus]], [[Buddhists]], [[Zoroastrians]], and a small number of Jews. Remains of the oldest settlements discovered by [[Lithuania]]n archaeologists in 2007 and 2008 in Ghor date back to 5000 BC.<ref>[http://quqnoos.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=671 Province hides monuments some of which date back to 5000 BC]{{Dead link|date=December 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Quqnoos.com, 22 May 2008</ref> Ruins of a few castles and other defense fortifications were also discovered in the environs of [[Chaghcharan]]. A Buddhist monastery hand-carved on the bluff of the river [[Harirud]] existed in the first centuries during the prevalence of Buddhism. The artificial caves revealed testimony of the daily life of the Buddhist monks.<ref>[http://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/20534/ Lithuanian archeologists make discovery in Afghanistan], ''The Baltic Times'', May 22, 2008; [http://www.topnews.in/archaeologists-make-new-discoveries-about-ancient-afghan-cultures-243633 Archaeologists make new discoveries about ancient Afghan cultures], ''Top News'', May 23, 2008.</ref>

{{quote|The rise to power of the [[Ghurids]] at Ghur, a small isolated area located in the mountain vastness between the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] and the [[Seljuk dynasty|Seljukids]], was an unusual and unexpected development. The area was so remote that until the 11th century, it had remained a [[pagan]] enclave surrounded by Muslim principalities. It was converted to Islam in the early part of the 12th century after [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] raided it, and left teachers to instruct the Ghurids in the precepts of Islam. Even then it is believed that paganism, i.e. a variety of [[Mahayana Buddhism]] persisted in the area till the end of the century.<ref>''Medieval India'' Part 1 Satish Chandra Page 22</ref>}}

Various scholars and historians such as John McLeod attribute the conversion of the Ghauri's to Islam to [[Mahmud Ghazni]] after his conquest of Ghor.<ref>The history of India By John McLeod Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002 Page 34</ref>

Traditional Muslim historians such as [[Estakhri]] and [[Ibn Haukal]] attest to the existence of the non-Islamic enclave of Ghor before the time of Ghazni, which is attributed to converting its population to Islam.

{{quote|''Ghor'': Also called [[Ghoristan]]. The mountainous country between Hirat and Ghazni. According to Istakhri and Ibn Haukal, it was a rugged mountainous country, bounded by the districts of Hirat, Farrah, Dawar, Rabat, Kirwan, and [[Gharjistan]] back to Hirat, which were all Muslim countries. Ghor itself was a country of infidels, containing only a few Musulmans, and the inhabitants spoke a language different from that of Khurasan.<ref>''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Historians]]'' by Eliot and Dowson, Volume 2, page 576</ref>}}

[[Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani|Minhaju-S-Siraj]] recorded strife between the non-Muslim and Muslim populations:

{{quote|It is said that Amir Suri was a great king and most of the territories of Ghor were in his possession. But as most of the inhabitants of Ghor of High and low degrees had not yet embraced Islam, there was constant strife among them. The Saffarians came from Nimroz to Bust and Dawar, Yakub Lais overpowered Lak-Lak, who was the chief of Takinabad, in the country of Rukhaj. The Georgians sought the safety in Sara-sang and dwelt there in security but even among them hostilities constantly prevailed between the Muslim and the Non-Muslims. One castle was at war with another castle, and their feuds were unceasing; but owing to the inaccessibility of the mountains of Rasiat, which are in Ghor no foreigner was able to overcome them, and Shansbani Amir Suri was the head of all the Madness.<ref>'' The History of India as Told by Its Historians'' by Eliot and Dowson, Volume 2, page 284</ref>}}

According to Minhahu-S Siraj, Amir Suri was captured by Mahmud of Ghazni, made prisoner along with his son, and taken to Ghazni, where Amir Suri died.<ref>''The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians'' by Eliot and Dowson, Volume 2, page 286</ref>

{{quote|The region had previously been conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni, and the population converted to Islam.<ref>[http://www.oup.co.in/more-by-author/saa-rizvi/4052 S.A.A. Rizvi], ''The Wonder that was India'', Vol. II, (Picador India), page 16.</ref>}}
{{quote|It was also the last stronghold of an ancient religion professed by the inhabitants when all their neighbors had become Muslim. In the 11th century AD Mahmud of Ghazni defeated the prince of Ghor Ibn–I-Suri, and made him prisoner in a severely contested engagement in the valley of Ahingaran. Ibn-I-Suri is identified a [[Buddhist]] by the author, who has recorded his overthrow.<ref>The Kingdom of Afghanistan: a historical sketch By George Passman Tate Edition: illustrated Published by Asian Educational Services, 2001 Page 12 {{ISBN|81-206-1586-7}}, {{ISBN|978-81-206-1586-1}}</ref>}}
[[File:Minaret of jam 2009 ghor.jpg|thumb|The [[Minaret of Jam]] built by the [[Ghurid dynasty]]]]

In 1011, 1015 and 1020, both Mahmud and Mas'ud I led expeditions into Ghur and established [[Islam]] in place of indigenous paganism. After this, Ghur was considered a vassal state of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid empire]].<ref>C.E. Bosworth, ''The Later Ghaznavids'', (Columbia University Press, 1977), 68.</ref> During the reign of 'Abd ar Rashi and the usurper [[Toghrul of Ghazna|Toghrul]], Ghur and [[Gharchistan]] gained autonomy.<ref>C.E. Bosworth, ''The Later Ghaznavids'', 69.</ref>

Ghor was also the center of the [[Ghurids|Ghurid dynasty]] in the 12th and 13th centuries. The remains of their capital [[Firozkoh]], which was sacked and destroyed by the Mongols in 1222, includes the [[Minaret of Jam]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].

===Karzai and Ghani administrations===
{{Further|Presidency of Hamid Karzai}}
In June 2004, hundreds of troops of Abdul Salaam Khan, who had rejected the Afghan government's plan to disarm regional militias, attacked Chaghcharan and took over the city in an afternoon-long siege. Eighteen people were killed or wounded in the fighting, at which point Governor Mohammed Ibrahim fled. Three days later the Afghan government announced that it would not retake Chaghcharan. Khan and Ibrahim began negotiations soon after but reached no agreement. Khan's troops left Chaghcharan on June 23, a day ahead of when an [[Afghan National Army]] battalion, led by Lieutenant-General Aminullah Paktiyanai, arrived with the support of about twenty U.S. soldiers.

===Taliban administration (2021-present)===

In 2021, the [[Taliban]] regained control of Ghor after the [[2021 Taliban offensive]].

==Transportation==
{{Further|Transport in Afghanistan}}
As of September 2014, [[Chaghcharan Airport]], located at the provincial capital of Chaghcharan, had regularly scheduled flights to [[Kabul International Airport|Kabul]] and [[Herat International Airport|Herat]].

Ghor province has a significant number of female drivers compared to the other provinces.

As of 2013, roads in the province remained largely undeveloped, unpaved and often lacked bridges over rivers.<ref>NATO Channel, Discover Afghanistan - The Minaret of Jam, August 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5F8SREfehZ4</ref>

==Economy==
{{Further|Economy of Afghanistan}}
[[Agriculture]] and [[animal husbandry]] are the primary economic activities in Ghor Province. According to the United Nations, many young men were forced to leave the province to find work in Herat or Iran and a small percentage of the population were teachers, government officials, carpet weavers, carpenters and tailors. Over half of the population could not cover their basic needs with their level of income.<ref name="aims.org.af">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/western/ghor/chaghcharan.pdf|title=District Profile, UNHCR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051027182357/http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/western/ghor/chaghcharan.pdf|archive-date=2005-10-27}}</ref> [[Opium]] production had returned to the region following the Taliban's departure as locals attempted to increase their incomes by farming a more economically lucrative crop.<ref name="aims.org.af"/>

==Healthcare==
{{Further|Health in Afghanistan}}
The percentage of households with clean drinking water fell from 14% in 2005 to 9% in 2011.<ref name="cimicweb.org">Archive, Civil Military Fusion Centre, https://www.cimicweb.org/AfghanistanProvincialMap/Pages/Ghor.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531104956/https://www.cimicweb.org/AfghanistanProvincialMap/Pages/Ghor.aspx |date=2014-05-31 }}</ref>
The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant fell from 9% in 2005 to 3% in 2011.<ref name="cimicweb.org"/>

==Education==
{{Further|Education in Afghanistan}}
The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) increased from 19% in 2005 to 25% in 2011.<ref name="cimicweb.org"/> The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 28% in 2005 to 47% in 2011.<ref name="cimicweb.org"/>

Ghor University that first established as Ghor Higher Education Institute and then promoted to Ghor University has around 500 students with a significant number of girls. There are also some Teacher Training Institutes in the Firuzkoh, Taywara and Lal districts. The number of high schools increased in last the 10 years and attendance in university entrance exams (Kankor) jumped from hundreds to thousands of students. Several agriculture and mechanical schools were also established. There is only one nursing school that trains young female high school graduates for midwifery and nursing that is part of the Ministry of Public Health and run by an [[NGO]] in association with Ghor provincial hospital.

==Demographics==
{{Further|Demographics of Afghanistan}}
As of 2020, the total population of Ghor province is about 764,472.<ref name=nsia>{{cite web |url=https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%DB%B1%DB%B3%DB%B9%DB%B9-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE%DB%80-%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84.pdf |title=Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2020-21 |publisher=Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, National Statistics and Information Authority |access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="nps">{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.edu/Programs/CCs/Ghor/Ghor.html|title=Welcome - Naval Postgraduate School|website=www.NPS.edu|access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.edu/Programs/CCs/Ghor/Ghor_tribal.pdf|title=Welcome - Naval Postgraduate School|website=www.NPS.edu|access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Further|Geography of Afghanistan}}
[[File:Ghor Province under a deep winter (08).jpg|thumb|Ghor province under a deep winter in 2012.]]

Ghor occupies the end of the Hindu Kush mountains. Ghor is 2,500 meters above sea level and heavy snowfalls often block many of its rugged passes from November to April. It is also a drought-prone area in the summer.

===Districts===
[[File:Map of Ghor Province in 2021.jpg|thumb|Districts of Ghor province in 2021 .]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Districts of Ghor Province<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/afghanistan/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011004003308/http://www.fao.org/afghanistan/|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 October 2001|date=4 October 2001|access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
!District
!Capital
!Population
!Area
!Notes
|-
|[[Chaghcharan District|Firozkooh]] || || 131,800 || 11,764 || [[Hazaras]]
|-
|[[Marghab District|Marghab]] || ||40,000|| ||[[Hazaras]]
|-
|[[Charsada, Afghanistan|Charsada]] || ||26,600 || ||[[Hazaras]]
|-
|[[Dawlat Yar District|Dawlat Yar]] || ||31,800 || ||[[Hazaras]]
|-
|[[Du Layna District|Du Layna]] || || 35,100 || || [[Hazaras]]
|-
|[[Lal wa Sarjangal District|Lal wa Sarjangal]] || || 250,000|| || [[Hazaras]] , [[Pashtuns]]
|-
|[[Pasaband District|Pasaband]] || || 92,200 || || [[Hazaras]], [[Pashtuns]]
|-
|[[Saghar District|Saghar]] || || 33,700 || ||[[Hazaras]]
|-
|[[Shahrak District|Shahrak]] || || 58,200 || ||[[Hazaras]]
|-
|[[Taywara District|Taywara]] || Qala-e-ghore || 88,900 || ||[[Hazaras]] , [[Pashtuns]]
|-
|[[Tulak District|Tulak]] || || 50,000 || || [[Hazaras]]
|}

==Sports==
{{Further|Sport in Afghanistan}}
[[Association football|Football]], [[volleyball]], [[basketball]], [[tennis]], [[taekwondo]] and [[karate]] are all official sports of the province. In July 2010, the [[Ghor Province cricket team]] was founded and will represent the province in future [[Cricket in Afghanistan|domestic tournaments]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afgcric.com/domestic/item/48-ghor-cricket-team-founded.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716151325/http://www.afgcric.com/domestic/item/48-ghor-cricket-team-founded.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Ghor cricket team founded|website=AfgCric.com|access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mandesh]]
* [[Hazarajat]]
* [[Provinces of Afghanistan]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* ''The Places in Between'' by Rory Stewart, 2005, Picador Publishers, {{ISBN|0330486349}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121220150218/http://www.foodsecurityatlas.org/afg/country/provincial-Profile/Ghor World Food Programme, Ghor Provincial Profile] (accessed 11 February 2013)

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Ghor Province
|North = [[Faryab Province]]
|Northeast = [[Sar-e Pol Province]]
|East = [[Bamyan Province]]
|Southeast = [[Daykundi Province]]
|South = [[Helmand Province]]
|Southwest = [[Farah Province]]
|West = [[Herat Province]]
|Northwest = [[Badghis Province]]
}}

{{Provinces of Afghanistan}}
{{Ghor Province}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghor Province}}
[[Category:Ghor Province| ]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Hazarajat]]
[[Category:Provinces of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Provinces of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]]

Ghor Province - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 16:03, 28 August 2023