Ajay Kumar at 19:54, 30 August 2023

2023-08-30T19:54:23Z

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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Gamhar.jpg
|image_caption = ''Gmelina arborea'' [[tree plantation]]
|image2 = Gmelina arborea 2.jpg
|image2_caption = ''Gmelina arborea'' sapling from [[Mindanao]], [[Philippines]]
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=de Kok, R. |date=2019 |title=''Gmelina arborea'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T32354A67741197 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T32354A67741197.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|genus = Gmelina
|species = arborea
|authority = [[William Roxburgh|Roxb.]]
|synonyms =
*''Gmelina arborea var. canescens'' Haines 
*''Gmelina arborea'' var. ''glaucescens'' C.B.Clarke 
*''Gmelina rheedei '' Hook. [Illegitimate] 
*''Gmelina sinuata'' Link <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-91180 | title=Gmelina arborea Roxb. | publisher=The Plant List | access-date=6 March 2020 }}</ref>
}}

'''''Gmelina arborea''''', (in English '''beechwood''', '''gmelina''', '''goomar teak''', '''Kashmir tree''', '''Malay beechwood''', '''white teak''', '''yamane'''<ref name="Agroforestry common names"/> ), locally known as '''gamhar''', is a fast-growing deciduous tree in the family [[Lamiaceae]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gmelina arborea Gmelina, Snapdragon, White Teak PFAF Plant Database |url=https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gmelina+arborea#:~:text=The%20crown%20is%20large%20and,is%20also%20of%20medicinal%20value. |website=pfaf.org |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Gmelina arborea Brahmagiri WLS AJT Johnsingh..JPG|thumb|right|Fruits]]
''Gmelina arborea'' grows naturally throughout India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and in southern provinces of China. It is found at altitudes from sea level to {{convert|1500|m|-3}}.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> Since the 1960s, it has been introduced extensively as fast-growing [[timber]] trees in Brazil, Gambia, Honduras, Ivory Coast, Malaysia, Malawi, Nigeria, the Philippines, and Sierra Leone. It is also planted in gardens and avenues.<ref name="Lauridesen">{{cite journal |last1=Lauridesen |first1=E.B. |last2=Kjaer |first2=E.D. |title=Provenance research in Gmelina arborea Linn., Roxb. A summary of results from three decades of research and a discussion of how to use them |journal=The International Forestry Review |date=2002 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=20–29 |jstor=43740942 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Duke |first1=James A. |title=Handbook of Energy Crops |date=1983 |publisher=Center for New Crops & Plants Products, Purdue University |url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Gmelina_arborea.html}}</ref>

==Utilization of the species==
[[File:Phakra (Punjabi- ਫਕਡ਼ਾ) (3246579032).jpg|thumb|right|Bark]]
[[File:Gmelina arborea flower I IMG 3541.jpg|right|thumb|Flower]]
The [[Lion Throne of Burma|Lion Throne]], the most important, and last surviving, of the eight royal thrones of Myanmar, now in the National Museum in Yangon, is carved from ''Gmelina arborea'' wood.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.myanmar-image.com/enchantingmyanmar/enchantingmyanmar2-2/thrones.htm |title=The Thrones of Myanmar Kings : Enchanting Myanmar (Burma) - A Guide to Tourism Destinations and Beyond |access-date=2017-07-23 |archive-date=2017-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403085807/http://www.myanmar-image.com/enchantingmyanmar/enchantingmyanmar2-2/thrones.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="The New Indian Express"/>

== Chemistry ==
[[Lignan]]s, such as 6" - bromo - [[isoarboreol]], [[4-hydroxysesamin]], [[4,8-dihydroxysesamin]], 1,4-dihydroxysesamin ([[gummadiol]]), 2-piperonyl-3-hydroxymethyl-4-(α-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)-4-hydroxytetrahydrofuran and the 4-O-glucoside of [[4-epigummadiol]], can be isolated from the heartwood of ''Gmelina arborea''.<ref name=HeartwoodLignans/> The parent compounds are [[arboreol]] or [[gmelanone]].<ref name=ParentCompounds/>

[[Umbelliferone 7-apiosylglucoside]] can be isolated from the root.<ref name=RootUmbelliferone/>

Five constituents, isolated from the heartwood of ''G. arborea'', (+)-7′-O-ethyl [[arboreol]], (+)-[[paulownin]], (+)-[[gmelinol]], (+)-epi[[eudesmin]] and (−)-[[β-sitosterol]], show antifungal activity against ''[[Trametes versicolor]]''.<ref>Antifungal activity of constituents from the heartwood of Gmelina arborea: Part 1. Sensitive antifungal assay against Basidiomycetes. F. Kawamura, S. Ohara and A. Nishida, Holzforschung, June 2005, Volume 58, Issue 2, Pages 189–192, {{doi|10.1515/HF.2004.028}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|42em|refs=

<ref name="Agroforestry common names">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=914
|title=A tree species reference and selection guide
|access-date=2009-06-28
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930043619/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=914
|archive-date=2011-09-30
}}
</ref>

<ref name="The New Indian Express">
Gangadharan V. (2012 Mar 26) [http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article460597.ece Materials behind the method] The New Indian Express, page 2
</ref>

<ref name=HeartwoodLignans>
Novel hydroxy lignans from the heartwood of gmelina arborea. A.S.R. Anjaneyulu, A.Madhusudhana rao, V.Kameswara Rao and L.Ramachandra Row, Tetrahedron, 1977, Volume 33, Issue 1, Pages 133–143, {{doi|10.1016/0040-4020(77)80444-4}}
</ref>

<ref name=ParentCompounds>
The structures of lignans from Gmelina arborea Linn. A.S.R. Anjaneyulu, K.Jaganmohan Rao, V.Kameswara Rao, L.Ramachandra Row, C. Subrahmanyam, A. Pelter, R.S. Ward, Tetrahedron, 1975, Volume 31, Issue 10, Pages 1277–1285, {{doi|10.1016/0040-4020(75)80169-4}}
</ref>

<ref name=RootUmbelliferone>
An apiose-containing coumarin glycoside from gmelina arborea root. P. Satyanarayana, P. Subrahmanyam, R. Kasai and O. Tanaka, Phytochemistry, 1985, Volume 24, Issue 8, Pages 1862–1863, {{doi|10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82575-3}}
</ref>

}}

*GAMHAR (''Gmelina arborea''): Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Dehradun
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Gmelina_arborea.html Crop index at the Purdue University]

==External links==
{{WestAfricanPlants|Gmelina arborea}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q311345}}

[[Category:Gmelina|arborea]]
[[Category:Flora of China]]
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
[[Category:Symbols of Meghalaya]]

Gmelina arborea - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 19:54, 30 August 2023