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{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Goans
| region1 = Indian Union
| region2 =      →[[Goa]] (2001)
| region3 = [[Goa]] [[Maharashtra]] Rest of India Outside Republic of India
| pop3 = 450,000 150,000 200,000 >600,000<ref name="Rajesh Ghadge 2015">Rajesh Ghadge (2015), The story of Goan Migration.</ref>
| langs = '''Primary:''' [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''(Historical)'' '''Additional:''' [[English language|English]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Urdu]]
| rels = '''Global Predominance''': [[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Christianity]] ([[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]])* '''Global Minority:''' [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]]*, [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Islam]] and others
| related = Other [[Konkani people]], [[East Indians]], [[Mangalorean Catholics]], [[Luso-Indian|Luso-Indian People]]
| native_name = ''Goencar'', ''Goeses'' or ''गोंयकार''
| native_name_lang = knn
| image = {{image array|perrow=3|width=85|height=70
| image1 = International Labour Organisation Conference.jpg
| caption1 = [[Jaime Valfredo Rangel|Jaime Rangel]]
| image2 = Chris Perry musician.JPG
| caption2 = [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]]
| image3 = Lourdino Barreto.jpg
| caption3 = [[Lourdino Barreto]]
| image4 = Narana Coissoró.jpg
| caption4 = [[Narana Coissoró]]
| image5 = Retrato de António Maria de Bettencourt Rodrigues - Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro.png
| caption5 = [[António Maria de Bettencourt Rodrigues|António Rodrigues]]
| image6 = Artist Vamona Navelcar, in Goa, India..JPG
| caption6 = [[Vamona Navelcar]]
| image7 = Sebastao Rodolfo Dalgado.jpg
| caption7 = [[Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado|Sebastião Dalgado]]
| image8 = Vimala Devi Portrait.jpg
| caption8 = [[Vimala Devi]]
| image9 = Braz Fernandes.jpg
| caption9 = [[Braz Fernandes]]
| image10 = Joze-Vaz.jpg
| caption10 = [[Joseph Vaz]]
| image11 = Charles Correa.jpg
| caption11 = [[Charles Correa]]
| image12 = Frederika Menezes, author from Goa, India.jpg
| caption12 = [[Frederika Menezes]]
}}
| genealogy = Some notable Goans
| footnotes = *Due to mass emigration of people (mainly Goan Catholics) from Goa, as well as mass immigration from mainland India, since 1961, the Ethnic, Religious and Cultural Demographics of Goa State have been severely altered. This exchange of population has made the natives a virtual minority in their homeland.<ref name="Rajesh Ghadge 2015">Rajesh Ghadge (2015), The story of Goan Migration.</ref>
*Note: This article is for information on the ethnic Goan people (many in diaspora), and not residents living within the Indian State of Goa
}}

'''Goans''' ({{Lang-kok|'''गोंयकार''', [[Konkani in the Roman script|Romi lipi]]: '''Goencar''', [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: '''Goeses'''}}) is the [[demonym]] used to describe the people native to [[Goa]], [[India]], who form an ethno-linguistic group resulting from the assimilation of [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]], [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]], [[Luso-Indian|Indo-Portuguese]] and [[Proto-Australoid|Austro-Asiatic]] ethnic and/or linguistic ancestries.<ref name=ethncty>{{cite book|last=Pereira|first=José|title=Song of Goa: mandos of yearning|year=2000|publisher=Aryan Books International|isbn= 9788173051661|pages=234 pages}}</ref><ref name=SYC>{{cite book|last=Cabral e Sá|first=Mário|title=Wind of fire: the music and musicians of Goa|year=1997|publisher=Promilla & Co.|isbn= 9788185002194|pages=373 pages(see page 62)}}</ref> They speak different dialects of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] natively. ''Goanese'' is an incorrect usage for Goans.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://goanet.org/post.php?name=News&list=goanet&info=2003-November/thread&post_id=007022|title = Goanese & non-Goans|access-date = 2008-07-04|last = Pinto|first = Cecil|date = 2003-11-07|work = Goa Today magazine|publisher = Goa Publications}}</ref>

==Language==
[[File:Geographic Distribution of Native Konkani Speakers.png|alt=Konkani is the native language of the Konkan Coast, and is the official and primary language of Goa|left|thumb|211x211px|Geographic Distribution of Native Konkani Speakers within India]]
Goans are multilingual, but mainly speak the [[Konkani language]], a [[Prakrit]] based language belonging to the [[Southern Indo-Aryan languages|Southern group of Indo-Aryan Languages]]. Various dialects of Konkani spoken by the Goans which include ''Bardezkari'', ''Saxtti'', ''Pednekari and'' ''Antruz''. The Konkani spoken by the Catholics is notably different from those of the Hindus, since it has a lot of [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] influence in its vocabulary.<ref name=porin>{{cite book
|author1=[[Anvita Abbi]]
|author2=R. S. Gupta
|author3=[[Ayesha Kidwai]]
|title=Linguistic structure and language dynamics in South Asia: papers from the proceedings of SALA XVIII Roundtable
|year=2001
|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, 2001 – Language Arts & Disciplines -
|isbn= 9788120817654|pages=409 pages (Chapter 4 Portuguese influence on Konkani syntax)}}</ref> Konkani was suppressed for official documentation use only not for unofficial use under the Portuguese governance, playing a minor part in education of the past generations. All Goans were educated in Portuguese in the past when Goa was an overseas province of Portugal. A small minority of Goans are descendants of the Portuguese, speak Portuguese and are of [[Luso-Indian]] ethnicity,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=April 2003|title=Publications|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-8732(03)90031-3|journal=COSPAR Information Bulletin|volume=2003|issue=156|pages=106|doi=10.1016/s0045-8732(03)90031-3|bibcode=2003CIBu..156..106.|issn=0045-8732}}</ref> however a number of native [[Christians]] also used Portuguese as their first language prior to 1961.

Goans use [[Devanagari]] (official) and [[Latin script]] (liturgical and historical) for education as well as communication (personal, formal and religious). However the entire liturgy of the Catholic church is solely in the Latin script. In the past [[Goykanadi]], [[Modi script|Modi]], [[Kannada]] and [[Persian script|Persian]] scripts were also used which later fell into disuse owing to many social, political and religious reasons.<ref name="archives">{{cite book|title=National Archives of India|publisher=National Archives of India|volume=34|pages=1985}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kamat|first=Krishnanand Kamat|title=The origin and development of Konkani language|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/konkani/konkani.htm|work=www.kamat.com|access-date=31 August 2011}}</ref>

[[Portuguese language in Goa|Portuguese]] is still spoken as a first language by a number of Goans, though it is mainly restricted to upper-class Catholic families and the older generation. However, the annual number of Goans learning Portuguese as a second language has been continuously increasing in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.revistamacau.com/2014/06/02/1-500-pessoas-estudam-portugues-em-goa/|date=2 June 2014|title=1.500 pessoas estudam português em Goa|work=Revista MACAU}}</ref>

The [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language has played a significant role for Hindus near the northern borders of Goa close to [[Maharashtra]] and parts of [[Novas Conquistas]]. This is due to the influx of ethnic [[Marathi people]] since the 20th century.<ref>{{cite news|first=Gauree|last=Malkarnekar|date=14 August 2019|title=After Karnataka & Maha, UP gives Goa the most migrants|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/goa/after-ktaka-maha-up-gives-goa-the-most-migrants/articleshow/70666598.cms|work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Religion==
{{See also|Christianisation of Goa|Goan Catholics}}
Ethnic Goans are predominantly [[Christians]] followed by [[Hindus]] and a small [[Goan Muslims|Muslim]] community. As per the 1909 statistics, the Catholic population was 293,628 out of a total population 365,291 (80.33%).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hull |first1=Ernest |title=Catholic Encyclopedia |date=1909 |publisher=Robert Appleton Company}}</ref> Within Goa, there has been a steady decline of Christianity due to Goan emigration, and a steady rise of Hinduism and Islam, due to non-Goan immigration. Conversion seems to play little role in the demographic change. According to the 2011 census, in a population of 1,458,545 people, 66.1% were [[Hindu]], 25.1% were [[Christians|Christian]], and 8.3% were [[Muslim]].<ref name="THReligion">{{cite news
|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece
|title = India's religions by numbers
|date = 29 March 2016
|publication-date = 26 August 2015
|work = [[The Hindu]]
|access-date = 6 September 2017
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160110201326/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece#
|archive-date = 10 January 2016
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

=== Christianity ===
The [[Goan Catholics|Catholics]] display Portuguese influence, due to over 451 years of direct rule by, and interaction with, the [[Portuguese people]] as an overseas province.
[[Portuguese names]] are common among the Christians. The [[caste system]] is still followed, but to a lesser degree as compared to other Indians. There are some distinct ''[[Roman Catholic Brahmin|Bamonn]], [[Roman Catholic Kshatriya|Chardó]], Gauddo'' and ''Sudir'' communities in Goa that are mainly [[endogamous]]. Most Catholic families also share [[Luso-Asians|Portuguese]] ancestry, and some openly count themselves as 'mestiço' or mixed-race. This has resulted in an ethnicity that is unique and culturally different from the people around them.

=== Hinduism ===
Goan Hindus refer to themselves as ''Konkane'' ([[Devanagari|Devanagari Konkani]]: कोंकणे), meaning the residents of an area broadly identified as [[Konkan]].<ref name="konkane2">{{cite book|title=Explorations in the Deccan history Volume 9 of Monograph series|last=Kulakarṇī, Indian Council of Historical Research|first=A. Rā|publisher=Pragati Publications in association with Indian Council of Historical Research|year=2006|isbn=9788173071089|pages=217 pages(see page 129)}}</ref> Hindus in Goa are divided into many different castes and sub-castes, known as ''[[Jāti|Jatis]]''. They use their village names to identify their clans, some of them use titles. Some are known by the occupation their ancestors have been practising; ''Nayak, Borkar, Raikar, Keni, Prabhu, Kamat, Lotlikar, Chodankar, Mandrekar, Naik, Bhat, Tari, Gaude'' are examples.

=== Islam ===
Only a small number of native Muslims remain and are known as ''[[Goan Muslims|Moir]],'' the word is derived from the Portuguese ''Mouro'', which means [[Moors|Moor]]. Muçulmano was the word later used in Portuguese to identify them.<ref name="people">{{cite book|last=Śiroḍakara, Mandal|first=Pra. Pā,H. K. ,Anthropological Survey of India|title=People of India: Goa Volume 21 of People of India, Kumar Suresh Singh Volume 21 of State Series, Kumar Suresh Singh|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|year=1993|isbn= 9788171547609|pages=283 pages}}</ref>

=== Others ===
There are minuscule numbers of the Goan diaspora now converted to Sikhism and Buddhism, as well as a few atheists.{{Citation needed||date=June 2021}}

==Geographical distribution==
Goans have been migrating all along the [[Konkan|Konkan Coast]] and across the world for the last six centuries because of socio-religious and economic reasons. The Indian diaspora have been assimilated with other [[Konkani people]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]. Many Goans have settled in the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf]], the [[United Kingdom|U.K.]] and the [[Anglosphere|Greater Angloshpere]] as well as the former Portuguese territories, including Portugal itself. Goans across the globe refer to the publication, '''[http://www.goanvoice.org.uk/ Goan Voice]''' for news about members from their community.

=== Migrations prior to 1550 ===
There are no definitive records of Goan migration prior to the Portuguese conquests in the region of Goa. One reason being that the Goan people were not a distinct ethnic group as yet.

=== Migrations from 1550-1700s (First Phase) ===
The first recorded instances of significant emigrations of Goans could be traced back to the [[Portuguese conquest of Goa|arrival of the Portuguese in Goa]]. Sizable numbers of Goan Hindus in 17th-18th centuries fled to [[Mangalore]] and [[Kanara|Canara]], in order to flee from the conversion efforts. They were soon followed by the newly converted Goan Catholics, who fled the [[Goa Inquisition]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=F|first=da Silva|date=1997|title=F da Silva GRACIAS, The Impact of Portuguese Culture on Goa – A Myth or a Reality?|journal=Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi}}</ref> There were flights from Goa to escape taxation as well as epidemics during the same time period.<ref>{{Cite book|last=de Souza|first=Teotónio|title=Teotónio de Souza (1979), Medieval Goa|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1979|location=New Delhi|pages=116}}</ref> It was also during the latter part this period, when Goans (mainly Catholics) started traveling overseas. Though miniscule, there were migrations of Goans to other parts of the global [[Portuguese Empire]], such as [[Lisbon]], [[Ormus|Ormuz]], [[Muscat]], [[Portuguese Timor|Timor]], [[Colonial Brazil|Brasil]], [[Portuguese Malacca|Malaca]], [[Bago, Myanmar|Pegu]], and [[Portuguese Ceylon|Colombo]]. 48 Goan Catholics permanently migrated to Portugal in 18th Century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Disney|first=Anthony|title=Anthony Disney (1996), The Gulf Route from India to Portugal in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries|publisher=Actas do XII Seminário Internacional de História Indo-Portuguesa|year=1996|pages=532}}</ref> There was a self-imposed ban on Goan Hindus on overseas travel, imposed by the [[Dharmaśāstra|Dharamasastras]], due to the belief that crossing salt water would corrupt oneself.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=da Silva GRACIAS|first=Fatima|title=Fatima da Silva GRACIAS (2000) Goans Away From Goa : Migration to the Middle East|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2000|location=New Delhi|pages=432}}</ref>

=== Migrations from 1800s-1950s (Second Phase) ===
During the [[Napoleonic Wars]] Goa was occupied by the [[British Empire|British Raj]], and many of their vessels were anchored in the [[Mormugao Port Trust|Morumugão harbour]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Fernandes|first=Paul|date=2017|title=Dona Paula's forgotten British cemetery gets a new lease of life|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/dona-paulas-forgotten-british-cemetery-gets-a-new-lease-of-life/articleshow/58485876.cms|access-date=12 September 2020}}</ref> These ships were serviced by native Goans, who then left for [[British Raj|British India]] once the ships had moved on.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1878]] played an important role in speeding the emigration of Goans in the latter half of the 19th Century, since it gave the British the authority to construct the [[West of India Portuguese Railway]], which connected the [[Velhas Conquistas]] to the [[Bombay Presidency]]. They primarily moved to the cities of [[History of Bombay under British rule (1661–1947)|Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]), [[History of Pune|Poona]] (now [[Pune]]), [[History of Kolkata|Calcutta]] (now [[Kolkata]])<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Pinto|first=J. B.|title=J. B. Pinto (1962), Goan Emigration|year=1962|location=Panjim}}</ref> and [[Karachi]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Haward R.|title=Haward, R. Khan, 1980, 'An Urban Minority: The Goan Christian Community in Karachi'|publisher=University of London|year=1980|location=London}}</ref> The Goans who moved to mainland India were of both, Christian as well as Hindu, origin.<ref name="migr">{{cite book|last=De Souza|first=Teotonio R.|title=Essays in Goan history|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1989|isbn=9788170222637|pages=219 pages(see pages 187–190)}}</ref>

A small number of Goans moved to [[British rule in Burma|Burma]], to join the already established community in Pegu (now Bago). Another destination for mainly the Catholic community, was [[Portuguese Africa (disambiguation)|Africa]]. Most of the emigrants hailed from the province of [[Bardez|Bardes]], due to their high literacy rate, and the Velhas Conquistas region in general.<ref name=":2" /> Immigration into Africa came to end after the [[Decolonisation of Africa]], during the 1950-60s.

In 1880, there 29,216 Goans who left Goa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paco Patriarcal (Patriarchal Archives), Rois de Cristandade : Rois de Ilhas, 1870-1889|year=1870–1889|location=Rois de Ilhas}}</ref> By 1954, this number rose to 180,000.

=== Migration from 1960s-Present (Current Phase) ===
After the [[Annexation of Goa]] in 1961 by the [[India|Republic of India]], there has been a steep rise in the number of emigrants of Goan origin. Many had applied and were granted Portuguese passports in order to obtain a European residence. The educated class found it difficult to get jobs within Goa due to the high influx of non-Goans into Goa, and this encouraged many of them to move to the Gulf states.<ref name=":0" />

Until the early 1970s there were substantial populations of Goans in the Middle East, Africa and Europe. There have also, historically, been Goans in former British colonies of [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], and [[Tanzania]], and Portuguese colonies of [[Mozambique]] and [[Angola]]. The end of colonial rule brought a subsequent process of [[Africanisation]] and a wave of expulsion of [[South Asians]] from Uganda (1972) and [[Malawi]] (1974) forced the community to migrate elsewhere.<ref name="migr" />

Currently it is estimated that there are around 600,000 Goans living outside India.<ref name="ethncty2">{{cite book|last=Pereira|first=José|title=Song of Goa: mandos of yearning|publisher=Aryan Books International|year=2000|isbn=9788173051661|pages=234 pages}}</ref>

=== Professions ===
Since the Second Phase of migrations, the Goans have had a variety of professions. In British India they were personal butlers or physicians to the [[English people|English]] and [[Parsis|Parsi]] elite in India. On the Ships and Cruise liners they were sailors, stewards, chefs, musicians and dancers.Many have also been working on oil rigs.Many Goan doctors worked in African colonies of Portugal. Goan doctors were also active in British India.<ref name="Gracias1994">{{cite book|author=Fatima da Silva Gracias|title=Health and Hygiene in Colonial Goa, 1510-1961|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DxZE03zaHKwC&pg=PA11|year=1994|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-506-5|pages=199, 225–226}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Goan Catholics]]
*[[Goan Muslims]]
*[[Caste system in Goa]]
*[[Goan cuisine]]
*[[Konkani people]]
*[[List of people from Goa]]
*[[Goans_in_cricket]]
*[[Goans in football]]
*[[Luso-Asians]]
*[[Eurasian (mixed ancestry)]]

==References==
{{Wiktionary|Goan}}
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and the Konkan}}
{{Goa topics}}

[[Category:Goan society]]
[[Category:People from Goa|*]]

Goans - Revision history

>Citation bot at 08:06, 5 July 2021