https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=GolagramaGolagrama - Revision history2026-07-31T01:24:29ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Golagrama&diff=454084&oldid=prevEllen248280 at 04:46, 17 December 20252025-12-17T04:46:52Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Ancient Indian city of scientific importance}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}<br />
'''Golagrama''' was a village or region in [[India]] associated with several medieval Indian [[astronomer]]s, [[astrologer]]s and [[mathematician]]s.<ref name="Bag">{{Cite journal|last=Bag |first=A.K. |title=Indian literature on mathematics during 1400&ndash;1800 AD |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |date=May 1980 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=75&ndash;93 |url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005af2_79.pdf |accessdate=3 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309124530/http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005af2_79.pdf |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> Presently there is no place bearing the name Golagrama anywhere in India. It is known that Golagrama was situated in [[Maharashtra State]] on the northern banks of river [[Godavari]], was near Partha-puri (Pathari)<ref name="Pingree">{{Cite book|last=Pingree|first=David Erwin|title=Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit, Volume 1|url=https://archive.org/details/censusofexactsci01ping|pages=[https://archive.org/details/censusofexactsci01ping/page/21 21], 386|date=1970|publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]]|isbn=978-0-87169-081-4}}</ref> in Maharashtra and was about 320&nbsp;km away from [[Amravati]] town in [[Maharashtra]].<br />
It is sometimes identified as a place named ''Golgam'' at latitude 18° N longitude 78° E.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Colebrooke|first=H.T. |title=Miscellaneous Essays|date=1837|publisher=Wm. H. Allen & Co., London|url=https://archive.org/details/miscellaneouses03colegoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/miscellaneouses03colegoog/page/n481 453]|quote=Golagrama + amravati.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Colebrooke|first=H.T.|title=Algebra: with Arithmetic and Mensuration from the Sanskrit|date=1817|publisher=John Murray, London|pages=378|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3cAAAAAMAAJ&q=Golagrama+%2B+amravati&pg=PR27}} (see p.xxvii)</ref><br />
The name ''Golagrama'' considered as a word in [[Sanskrit]] could literally be translated as ''sphere-village''.<br />
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==Golagrama school of astronomy==<br />
Several medieval Indian [[astronomer]]s and [[mathematician]]s are known to have flourished in Golagrama. They were all members of one large [[extended family]]. The astronomical and mathematical knowledge of the members of this family was passed from generation to generation through teacher-pupil relationships. In nearly all the cases, the teacher would be an elder member of the family like father being a teacher of his son, elder brother being teacher of a younger brother. One of the most distinguished mathematicians of this family was [[Kamalakara]]. Kamalakara was born in [[Benares]] about 1616<ref name="Andrew">{{Cite web|last=J J O'Connor and E F Robertson|title=Kamalakara |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Kamalakara.html|publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland |accessdate=7 June 2010}}</ref> after some members of the family migrated to [[Benares]].<br />
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The lineage of astronomers and astrologers begins with one Rāma, a Maharshtian Brahmin residing at Golagrama.<ref name="Pingree"/><ref name="Eggeling 1896">{{Cite book|last=Eggeling|first=Julius|title=Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office Part V|date=1896|url=http://ia341228.us.archive.org//load_djvu_applet.php?file=0/items/p5a7catalogueofs02greauoft/p5a7catalogueofs02greauoft.djvu}} (see item 2778 in p.996)</ref> Rāma had a son by name Bhaṭṭācārya. He is known to have fathered Divākara Daivjña.<ref name="Eggeling 1896"/> Divākara Daivjña had five sons all experts in astrology and astronomy. Divākara Daivjña's sons were Viṣṇu, Kṛṣṇa, Mallāri, Keśava and Viśvanātha. [[Kṛṣṇa Daivajña]] had two sons Nṛsiṃha (also known as Nṛsiṃha Gaṇaka) born in 1586, and Śiva. Nṛsiṃha is known to have composed ''Saurabhāṣya'', a commentary on ''Sūrysidhānta''. Nṛsiṃha had composed ''Sidhāntaśromaṇi-Vāsanāvārttika'' a commentary on the ''Gaṇitādhyāya'' and ''Golādhyāya'' of ''Sidhāntaśiromaṇi-Vāsanābhāṣya'' of Bhāskara II.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Eggeling|first=Julius|title=Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office Part V|date=1896|url=http://ia341228.us.archive.org//load_djvu_applet.php?file=0/items/p5a7catalogueofs02greauoft/p5a7catalogueofs02greauoft.djvu}} (see items 2857, 2858 in p.1017)</ref><br />
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Mallari (fl.1575) was a pupil of [[Gaṇeśa Daivajna|Ganesa]] (son of Keśava, born 1507). Mallari was also the uncle and teacher of Nrisimha (born 1586). He wrote a commentary on the ''Grahalaghava'' of Ganesa (born 1507) and also another treatise titled ''Parvadvayasadhana''.<ref name="Pingree"/> Gaṇeśa composed in 1520 [[BCE|CE]] ''the Grahalāghava'' or ''Sidhāntarahasya'' a compendium of astronomical calculations.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Eggeling|first=Julius|title=Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office Part V|date=1896|url=http://ia341228.us.archive.org//load_djvu_applet.php?file=0/items/p5a7catalogueofs02greauoft/p5a7catalogueofs02greauoft.djvu}} (see items 2931 in p.1041)</ref><br />
Nṛsiṃha (born 1586) had four sons Divākara (born 1606), Kamalākara, Gopinātha and Ranganātha. Kamalākara had composed in 1656 [[BCE|CE]] a treatise titled ''Sidhāntatattvaviveka'' which was course on astronomy founded mainly on ''Sūryasidhānta''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Eggeling|first=Julius|title=Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office Part V|date=1896|url=http://ia341228.us.archive.org//load_djvu_applet.php?file=0/items/p5a7catalogueofs02greauoft/p5a7catalogueofs02greauoft.djvu}} (see items 2890. 2891 in p.1026)</ref><br />
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==Chart showing father-son relationships among members of the Golagrama school==<br />
{{tree chart/start|align=center}}<br />
{{tree chart| | | | | | | |RM | | |RM=Rāma}}<br />
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | |!| | }}<br />
{{tree chart| | | | | | | |BH| | |BH=Bhaṭṭācārya}}<br />
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | |!| | }}<br />
{{tree chart| | | | | | | |DD1| | |DD1=Divākara Daivajña}}<br />
{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| }}<br />
{{tree chart|VS| |KS| |ML| |KE| |VI|VS=Viṣṇu|KS=Kṛṣṇa|ML=Mallāri|KE=Keśava|VI=Viśvanātha<br />(c.1580)}}<br />
{{tree chart| | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | |!| | |}}<br />
{{tree chart| |NR| |SI| | | | |GA|NR=Nṛsiṃha<br />(born 1586)|SI=Śiva|GA=Gaṇeśa<br />(born 1507)}}<br />
{{tree chart| |,|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}}<br />
{{tree chart|DD2| |KA| |GO| |RA| |DD2=Divākara<br />(born 1606) | KA = Kamalākara<br />(born 1616) | GO =Gopinātha | RA=Raṅganātha }}<br />
{{tree chart/end}}<br />
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==Kamalakara==<br />
Kamalakara's father was Nrsimha of Golagrama who was born in 1586. Two of Kamalakara's brothers were also astronomers or mathematicians: Divakara elder than Kamalakara born in 1606 and Ranganatha who was younger than Kamalakara.<br />
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<blockquote><br />
Kamalakara combined traditional Indian astronomy with Aristotelian physics and Ptolemaic astronomy as presented by Islamic scientists (especially Ulugh Beg). Following his family's tradition he wrote a commentary, Manorama, on Ganesa's Grahalaghava and, like his father, Nrsimha, another commentary on the Suryasiddhanta, called the Vasanabhasya ...<ref name="Andrew"/><br />
</blockquote><br />
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Kamalakara's most famous work is Siddhanta-tattva-viveka which was completed in 1658. It deals with standard topics usually dealt with in Indian astronomy texts. The third chapter of the book is mathematically most interesting. In it Kamalakara has used the addition and subtraction theorems for the sine and the cosine to give trigonometric formulae for the sines and cosines of double, triple, quadruple and quintuple angles. In this treatise Kamalakara also makes frequent use of the place-value number system with Sanskrit numerals.<br />
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==Schools of mathematics in medieval India==<br />
Historians of mathematics have identified several schools of mathematics that flourished in different parts of India during the 14th19th– centuries [[BCE|CE]]. It has also been noted that most of the mathematical activities during this period were concentrated in these schools.<ref name="Bag"/> The schools were at places identified by the following names:<br />
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* [[Jambusagaranagara]]<br />
* [[Dadhigrama]] ([[Vidarbha]])<br />
* [[Nandigrama]] ([[Maharashtra]])<br />
* Parthapura <br />
* Golagrama ([[Maharashtra]])<br />
* [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics|Kerala]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian mathematics]]<br />
[[Category:Medieval Indian astronomers]]<br />
[[Category:History of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Lost cities and towns]]<br />
[[Category:History of mathematics]]<br />
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]</div>Ellen248280