https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Gondi_languageGondi language - Revision history2026-07-30T20:20:24ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Gondi_language&diff=461729&oldid=prevChristi2099 at 21:34, 21 February 20262026-02-21T21:34:49Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Dravidian language spoken in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Gondi<br />
| nativename = {{lang|gon-Deva|गोण्डि}}, {{lang|gon-Telu|గోణ్డి}}, {{lang|gon-Orya|ଗୋଣ୍ଡି}}, {{lang|gon-Gong|𑵶𑶓𑶕𑶂𑶋}}, {{lang|gon-Gonm|𑴎𑴽𑵀𑴘𑴳}},<br />
| image = {{Photomontage<br />
| photo1a = Shukla Gondi G.svg<br />
| photo2a = Shukla Gondi M.svg<br />
| photo3a = Shukla Telugu.svg<br />
| photo4a = Shukla Gondi Dev.svg<br />
| position = center<br />
| size = 200<br />
| spacing = 2<br />
| color = 0<br />
| border = 0<br />
| foot_montage =<br />
}}<br />
| state = [[India]]<br />
| region = [[Gondwana (India)|Gondwana]]<br />
| ethnicity = [[Gondi people|Gondi]]<br />
| speakers = 2.98 million<br />
| date = 2011 census<br />
| ref = <ref name="0:">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-05|archive-date=16 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716072837/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| map = Gondi language map.svg<br />
| familycolor = Dravidian<br />
| fam2 = Southern<br />
| fam3 = South-Central<br />
| fam4 = [[Gondi languages]]<br />
| script = [[Telugu script]], [[Devanagari]], [[Odia script]], [[Gunjala script]], [[Masaram script]] (See [[Gondi scripts]])<br />
| iso2 = gon<br />
| iso3 = gon<br />
| lc1 = gno<br />
| ld1 = Northern Gondi<br />
| lc2 = esg<br />
| ld2 = Aheri Gondi<br />
| lc3 = wsg<br />
| ld3 = Adilabad Gondi<br />
| glotto = nort3258<br />
| glottorefname = Northwest Gondi<br />
| imagecaption = Gōṇḍī (Kōītōr) written in [[Gunjala Gondi script|Gunjala Gondi]], [[Gondi writing|Masaram Gondi]], [[Telugu script|Telugu]] and [[Devanagari]] scripts<br />
| mapcaption = Areas where Gondi is spoken. Koya not included.<br />
| map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.svg<br />
| mapscale = 1.0<br />
| mapcaption2 = {{center|Gondi is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''.}}<br />
| notice = IPA<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnonym<br />
|person=Gōṇḍ<br />
|people=Gōṇḍir<br />
|language=Gōṇḍī, Kōī, Kōītōr<br />
|country=Gōṇḍvana}}<br />
<br />
'''Gondi''' ({{transliteration|Deva|ISO|''Gōṇḍī''}}, {{IPA|gon|ɡoːɳɖiː|ipa}}), natively known as '''Koitur''' ('''Kōī, Kōītōr''', {{ipa|gon|koː.iː, koː.iː.t̪oːr|ipa}}), is a [[South-Central Dravidian]] language, spoken by about three million [[Gondi people]],<ref>Beine, David K. 1994. A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Gondi-speaking Communities of Central India. M.A. thesis. San Diego State University. chpt. 1</ref> chiefly in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|states]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]] and by small minorities in neighbouring states. Although it is the language of the Gond people, it is highly endangered, with only one fifth of Gonds speaking the language. Gondi has a rich folk literature, examples of which are wedding songs and narrations. [[Gondi people]] are ethnically related to the [[Telugus]]. Gondi is the largest minor Dravidian language by number of speakers.<br />
<br />
== Endangerment ==<br />
Although almost 13 million people returned themselves as Gonds on the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], however only 2.98 million recorded themselves as speakers of Gondi. In the present-day, large communities of Gondi speakers can be found in southeastern Madhya Pradesh ([[Betul district|Betul]], [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]], [[Seoni district|Seoni]], [[Balaghat district|Balaghat]], [[Mandla district|Mandla]], [[Dindori district|Dindori]], and [[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]] districts), eastern Maharashtra ([[Amravati district|Amravati]], [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]], [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]], [[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]] and [[Gondia district|Gondia]] districts), northern Telangana ([[Adilabad district|Adilabad]], [[Komaram Bheem district|Komaram Bheem]], and [[Bhadradri Kothagudem|Bhadradi Kothagudem districts]]), the [[Bastar division]] of Chhattisgarh and [[Nabarangpur district]] of [[Odisha]].<ref name="0:"/><br />
<br />
This is the result of a language shift from Gondi to regional languages in the majority of the Gondi population, especially those in the northern portion of their range. By the 1920s, half of Gonds had stopped speaking the language entirely.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Russell|first=R. V.|title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India—Volume III|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41424/41424-h/41424-h.htm|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.gutenberg.org|language=en|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412144009/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41424/41424-h/41424-h.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The language is under severe stress from dominant languages such as [[Hindi]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Odia language|Odia]] due to their use in education and employment. In order to improve their situation, Gond households adopt the more prestigious dominant language and their children become monolingual in that language. Already in the 1970s, Gondi youth in places with increased contact with wider society had stopped speaking the language, seeing it as a relic of old times.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yadav|first=K. S.|date=1970|title=Directed and Spontaneous Social Change: A Study of Gonds of Chhindwara|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=5|issue=11|pages=493–498|jstor=4359730|issn=0012-9976}}</ref> The constant contact between speakers of Gondi and Indo-Aryan languages has resulted in massive Indo-Aryan borrowing in Gondi, found in vocabulary, grammar and syntax. In one survey in [[Anuppur district]] for instance, it was found the dialect of Gondi spoken there, known as ''dehati bhasha'' ('rural language'), was actually a mixture of Hindi and Chhattisgarhi rather than Gondi. However, the survey also found younger Gonds had a positive attitude towards speaking Gondi and saving the language from extinction.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Boruah|first=D. M|title=Language Loss and Revitalization of Gondi language: An Endangered Language of Central India|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/sep2020/drdeepaendangeredgondrevitalizationfinal.pdf|journal=Language in India|volume=20|issue=9|pages=144–161|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-date=30 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130074700/http://www.languageinindia.com/sep2020/drdeepaendangeredgondrevitalizationfinal.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Another survey from areas throughout the Gond region found younger Gonds felt developing their mother tongue was less important, but there were still large numbers willing to help in its development. Some attempts at revitalization have included children's books and online videos.<ref>{{cite arXiv|last1=Mehta|first1=Devansh|last2=Santy|first2=Sebastin|last3=Mothilal|first3=Ramaravind Kommiya|last4=Srivastava|first4=Brij Mohan Lal|last5=Sharma|first5=Alok|last6=Shukla|first6=Anurag|last7=Prasad|first7=Vishnu|last8=U|first8=Venkanna|last9=Sharma|first9=Amit|last10=Bali|first10=Kalika|date=2021-01-26|title=Learnings from Technological Interventions in a Low Resource Language: A Case-Study on Gondi|class=cs.CL|eprint=2004.10270}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The origin of the name Gond, used by outsiders, is still uncertain. Some believe the word to derive from the Dravidian ''kond'', meaning hill, similar to the [[Khonds]] of Odisha.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arur |first1=Sidharth |last2=Wyeld |first2=Theodor |title=Exploring the Central India Art of the Gond People: contemporary materials and cultural significance |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43335564.pdf |access-date=27 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604234158/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43335564.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Another theory, according to Vol. 3 of the ''Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life'', is that the name was given to them by the [[Mughal dynasty]] of the 16th–18th centuries. It was the Mughals who first used the term "Gond", meaning "hill people", to refer to the group.<ref>[https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=WHIC&u=mlin_b_umass&id=GALE|CX3648200300&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-WHIC&asid=a347e4f3 ''Gonds – Document – Gale in Context: World History''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527183437/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=WHIC&u=mlin_b_umass&id=GALE%7CCX3648200300&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-WHIC&asid=a347e4f3 |date=27 May 2023 }} Gale, part of Cengage Group.</ref><br />
<br />
The Gonds call themselves Koitur (Kōītōr) or Koi (Kōī), which also has no definitive origin.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}<br />
<br />
==Internal classification==<br />
Glottolog classifies the Gondoid languages as follows:<ref name="Glottolog">{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gond1265 |title=Gondi |date=2025-11-10 |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last=Hammarström |first=Harald }}</ref><br />
{{clade<br />
|label1=Gondoid<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|label1=Northwest Gondi<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1=Northern Gondi<br />
|label2=Southwest Gondi<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|label1=[[Muria_language|Muria]]<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1=Eastern Muria<br />
|2=Western Muria}}<br />
|label2=Southern Gondi <br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=Adilabad Gondi<br />
|label2=Eastern Gondi<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=Aheri Gondi<br />
|2=Far Western Muria<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
|label2=Southeast Gondi<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=[[Madiya language|Madiya]]<br />
|label2=South Bastar Gondi-Koya<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=[[Madiya language|Dandami Madiya]]<br />
|2=[[Koya language|Koya]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
|3=[[Khirwar language|Khirwar]]?<br />
|4=[[Nagarchal language|Nagarchal]]?<br />
|5=[[Pardhan language|Pardhan]]?<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
Gondi has a two-gender system, [[substantive]]s being either masculine or nonmasculine.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} Gondi has developed aspirated stops, distancing itself from its ancestor [[Proto-Dravidian]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
!colspan=2|<br />
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br />
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br />
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]<br />
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/<br />[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br />
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br />
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=2|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br />
|{{IPAlink|m}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|n}}<br />
|({{IPAlink|ɳ}})<br />
|({{IPAlink|ɲ}})<br />
|{{IPAlink|ŋ}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=4|[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br />[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]<br />
!{{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|p}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|t}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|ʈ}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|tʃ}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|k}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|pʰ}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|tʰ}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|ʈʰ}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|tʃʰ}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|kʰ}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|b}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|d}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|ɖ}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|dʒ}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|bʱ}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|dʱ}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|ɖʱ}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|dʒʱ}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|ɡʱ}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=2|[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]<br />
|{{IPAlink|v}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|s}}<br />
|({{IPAlink|ʂ}})<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{IPAlink|h}}<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=2|[[Approximant consonant|Approx.]]<br />
!{{small|[[median consonant|median]]}}<br />
|({{IPAlink|w}})<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{IPAlink|j}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!{{small|[[lateral consonant|lateral]]}}<br />
|<br />
|{{IPAlink|l}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=2|[[Tap consonant|Tap]]<br />
|<br />
|{{IPAlink|ɾ}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|ɽ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* Sounds {{IPA|/tʃ tʃʰ dʒ dʒʱ/}} can be heard as alveo-palatal {{IPA|[tɕ tɕʰ dʑ dʑʱ]}} before non-front vowels in some dialects.<br />
* {{IPA|/s/}} is realized as a retroflex sibilant {{IPA|[ʂ]}} before a retroflex stop {{IPA|/ʈ/}}.<br />
* An alveolar tap sound {{IPA|/ɾ/}} can vary freely with a trill sound {{IPA|[r]}}.<br />
* {{IPA|/n/}} is realized as a dental nasal {{IPA|[n̪]}} before a dental stop sound, a palatal nasal {{IPA|[ɲ]}} before a palatal affricate, and a retroflex nasal {{IPA|[ɳ]}} before a retroflex stop. Elsewhere, it is articulated as an alveolar nasal {{IPA|[n]}}.<br />
* {{IPA|/v/}} is realized as an approximant {{IPA|[w]}} when occurring before rounded vowels.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Subrahmanyam|first=P. S.|title=A descriptive grammar of Gondi|publisher=Annamalainagar, India: Annamalainagar: Annamalai Univ.|year=1968}}</ref><br />
*All consonants except /{{IPA|ɽ}}, {{IPA|ɾ}}, {{IPA|s}}, {{IPA|h}}/ can occur either double or single in the medial position.<br />
* In south and southeastern Gondi dialects, the initial s is turning into h and getting deleted for some.<ref name="1a"/><br />
* Hill-Maṛia dialect of Gondi has a uvular /ʁ/ which corresponds to the r̠ in other Dravidian languages or *t̠ from proto Dravidian and it contrasts with the alveolar r corresponding to proto-Dravidian *r.<ref name="1a">{{cite book|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC&q=grantha+script|title=The Dravidian Languages|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-1-139-43533-8|location=|access-date=29 November 2021|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704151000/https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC&q=grantha+script|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|-<br />
!<small>short</small><br />
!<small>long</small><br />
!<small>short</small><br />
!<small>long</small><br />
!<small>short</small><br />
!<small>long</small><br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[High vowel|High]]<br />
|{{IPAlink|i}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|iː}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{IPAlink|u}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|uː}}<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]<br />
|{{IPAlink|e}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|eː}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{IPAlink|o}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|oː}}<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Low vowel|Low]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{IPAlink|a}}<br />
|{{IPAlink|aː}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Morphology ==<br />
<br />
=== Nouns ===<br />
Gondi has derivative suffixes to denote gender for certain special words: ''-a:l'' and ''-o:r'' for masculine, and ''-a:r'' for feminine. Plural suffixes are also divided into masculine and feminine, ''-r'' is used for most masculine nouns, ''-ir'' ends masculine nouns ending in ''-e'', and ''-ur'' ends nouns ending in ''-o'' or ''-or''. For instance:<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
''kānḍī'' - boy ''kānḍ'''īr''''' - boys<br />
<br />
''kallē'' - thief ''kall'''īr''''' - thieves<br />
<br />
''tottōr'' - ancestor ''tott'''ūr''''' - ancestors<br />
<br />
are all masculine.<br />
<br />
For non-masculine nouns, there are more suffixes: ''-n'', ''-ik'', ''-k'', and a null suffix ''-ɸ''<br />
<br />
Before case markers are added, all nouns have an oblique marker. The oblique markers are ''-d-'', ''-t-'', ''-n-'', ''-ṭ-'', and -''ɸ''.<br />
<br />
For instance:<br />
<br />
''kay-'''d'''-e'': "in the hand"<br />
<br />
Gondi has several case markers.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Genitive case markers are ''-na'', ''-va'', ''-a''.<br />
<br />
* ''-na'' is used after ''na:r'', meaning village. ''-va'' is used after personal and reflexive pronouns.<br />
* ''-a'' is used elsewhere.<br />
<br />
== Sample text ==<br />
The given sample text is Article 1 from the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.<ref>{{cite web |title=मानेय अधिकार ता सार्वभैम घोषना |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/gno.pdf |language=gon}}</ref><br />
<br />
===English===<br />
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<br />
<br />
===Northern Gondi===<br />
{{lang|gon|सब् माने कुन् गौरव् अरु अधिकार् ना मांला ते जनंजात् सुतन्तर्ता अरु बराबर् ता हक् पुट्ताल। अवेन् भायि लेह्का माने मासि बेव्हार् कियाना आन्द।}}<br />
<br />
===Romanisation (ISO 15919)===<br />
Sab māne kun gaurav aru adhikār nā māmlā tē janamjāt sutantartā aru barābar tā hak puṭtāla. Aven bhāyi lehkā māne māsi bevhār kiyānā ānda.<br />
<!--<br />
===IPA===<br />
/ǁ/--><br />
<br />
==Dialects==<br />
Most of the Gondi dialects are still inadequately recorded and described. The more important dialects are Dorla, [[Koya language|Koya]], [[Madiya language|Madiya]], [[Muria language|Muria]], and Raj Gond. Some basic [[phonology|phonologic]] features separate the northwestern dialects from the southeastern. One is the treatment of the original initial ''s'', which is preserved in northern and western Gondi, while farther to the south and east it has been changed to ''h''; in some other dialects it has been lost completely. Other dialectal variations in the Gondi language are the alteration of initial ''r'' with initial ''l'' and a change of ''e'' and ''o'' to ''a''.<br />
<br />
In 2015, the ISO 639 code for the "Southern Gondi language", "ggo", was deprecated and split into two codes, Aheri Gondi (esg) and Adilabad Gondi (wsg).<ref>{{Cite web|title=2015-062 {{!}} ISO 639-3|url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2015-062|access-date=2020-07-15|website=iso639-3.sil.org|archive-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213003632/https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2015-062|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Penny|first=Mark|date=2015-08-24|title=ISO 639-3 Registration AuthorityRequest for Change toISO 639-3 Language CodeChange Request Number: 2015-062(completed by Registration authority)|url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2015/2015-062.pdf|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213003631/https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2015/2015-062.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Writing==<br />
{{main article|Gondi writing}}<br />
<br />
Gondi writing can be split into two categories: that using its own writing systems and that using writing systems also used for other languages.<br />
<br />
For lack of a widespread native script, Gondi is often written in [[Devanagari]] and [[Telugu script]]s.<br />
<br />
In 1928, Munshi Mangal Singh Masaram designed a native script based on Brahmi characters and in the same format of an Indian alphasyllabary. This script did not become widely used,{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} although it is being encoded in [[Unicode]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n3841.pdf|title=Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Gondi Script in the UCS|access-date=30 June 2010|archive-date=23 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323190607/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3841.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Most Gonds remain illiterate.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}<br />
<br />
A native script that dates up to 1750 has been discovered by a group of researchers from the University of Hyderabad. It's usually named [[Gunjala Gondi Lipi]], after the place where it was found. According to Maharashtra Oriental Manuscripts Library and Research Centre of India, a dozen [[manuscript]]s were found in this script. Programs to create awareness and promotion of this script among the [[Gondi people]] are in development stage. The Gunjala Gondi Lipi has witnessed a surge in prominence, and well-supported efforts are being undertaken in villages of northern [[Andhra Pradesh]] to widen its usage.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Beine, David K. 1994. [https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/52565 A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Gondi-speaking Communities of Central India]. M.A. thesis. San Diego State University. 516 p.<br />
* [[Charles Chenevix Trench|Chenevix Trench, Charles]]. ''Grammar of Gondi: As Spoken in the Betul District, Central Provinces, India; with Vocabulary, Folk-Tales, Stories and Songs of the Gonds / Volume 1 - Grammar''. Madras: Government Press, 1919.<br />
* Hivale, Shamrao, and [[Verrier Elwin]]. ''Songs of the Forest; The Folk Poetry of the Gonds''. London: G. Allen & Unwin, ltd, 1935.<br />
* Moss, Clement F. ''An Introduction to the Grammar of the Gondi Language''. [Jubbalpore?]: Literature Committee of the Evangelical National Missionary Society of Sweden, 1950.<br />
* Pagdi, Setumadhava Rao. ''A Grammar of the Gondi Language''. [Hyderabad-Dn: s.n, 1954.<br />
* Subrahmanyam, P. S. ''Descriptive Grammar of Gondi'' Annamalainagar: Annamalai University, 1968.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Wiktionary cat}}<br />
{{Incubator|code= esg|lang=Aheri Gondi}}<br />
{{Incubator|code= wsg|lang=Adilabad Gondi}}<br />
<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180503233044/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/lsi/5466AK Parable of the prodigal son in Gondi language, (''Audio recording dated 1917'')]<br />
* [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023063799#page/n135/mode/2up Specimen of the languages of the Gond tribes]<br />
* [https://www.gondwana.in/en/gondi-dictionary Gondi-English-Hindi-Marathi-Telugu dictionary]<br />
<br />
{{Dravidian languages}}<br />
{{Languages of India}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gondi Language}}<br />
[[Category:Gondi language| ]]<br />
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]<br />
[[Category:Dravidian languages]]<br />
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]<br />
[[Category:Vulnerable languages]]<br />
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]</div>Christi2099