Merajul Islam at 15:47, 28 January 2022

2022-01-28T15:47:13Z

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{{short description|Academic search service by Google}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Google Scholar
| logo = [[File:Google Scholar logo 2015.PNG|250px]]
| caption = Google Scholar Official Logo
| url = {{URL|scholar.google.com}}
| commercial =
| type = [[Bibliographic database]]
| language =
| registration = Optional
| owner = [[Google]]
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2004|11|20}}
| current_status = Active
| revenue =
}}
'''Google Scholar''' is a freely accessible [[web search engine]] that indexes the full text or [[metadata]] of [[Academic publishing|scholarly literature]] across an array of publishing formats and disciplines. Released in [[beta release|beta]] in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes most [[peer review|peer-reviewed]] online [[academic journal]]s and books, conference papers, [[thesis|theses]] and [[dissertation]]s, [[preprint]]s, [[abstract (summary)|abstracts]], [[technical report]]s, and other scholarly literature, including [[legal opinion|court opinions]] and [[patent]]s.<ref name="Google Scholar Content Coverage">{{cite web|title=Search Tips: Content Coverage|url=https://scholar.google.com/intl/us/scholar/help.html#coverage|website=Google Scholar|access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref> While [[Google]] does not publish the size of Google Scholar's database, scientometric researchers estimated it to contain roughly 389 million documents including articles, citations and patents making it the world's largest academic search engine in January 2018.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gusenbauer|first=Michael|date=2018-11-10|title=Google Scholar to overshadow them all? Comparing the sizes of 12 academic search engines and bibliographic databases|journal=Scientometrics|volume=118|pages=177–214|language=en|doi=10.1007/s11192-018-2958-5|s2cid=53249161|issn=0138-9130|url=https://resolver.obvsg.at/urn:nbn:at:at-ubl:3-289|doi-access=free}} {{open access}}</ref> Previously, the size was estimated at 160 million documents as of May 2014.<ref>Orduña-Malea, E., Ayllón, J. M., Martín-Martín, A., & Delgado López-Cózar, E. (2015). Methods for estimating the size of Google Scholar. ''Scientometrics'', ''104''(3), 931–49. [https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1506/1506.03009.pdf ArXiv] {{free access}}</ref> An earlier statistical estimate published in [[PLOS ONE]] using a [[Mark and recapture]] method estimated approximately 80–90% coverage of all articles published in English with an estimate of 100 million.<ref name="nat_22_5_2014">''Trend Watch'' (2014) [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] '''509'''(7501), 405 – discussing Madian Khabsa and C Lee Giles (2014) [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0093949 ''The Number of Scholarly Documents on the Public Web''], [[PLOS ONE]] '''9''', e93949.</ref> This estimate also determined how many documents were freely available on the internet.

Google Scholar has been criticized for not vetting journals and for including [[Predatory open access publishing|predatory journals]] in its index.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/science/predatory-journals-academics.html|title=Many Academics Are Eager to Publish in Worthless Journals|first=Gina|last=Kolata|date=30 October 2017|access-date=2 November 2017|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>

The University of Michigan Library and other libraries whose collections Google scanned for [[Google Books]] and Google Scholar retained copies of the scans and have used them to create the [[HathiTrust Digital Library]].<ref name=umlibrary>"[T]he University of Michigan’s work with Google encompasses a number of activities and Google products (e.g., Google Scholar)".{{cite web |author=The UM-Google Project (aka MDP) |title=UM Library/Google Digitization Partnership FAQ, August 2005 |date=August 2005 |publisher=University of Michigan Library |url=https://apps.lib.umich.edu/files/services/mdp/faq.pdf |access-date=2021-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922011914/https://apps.lib.umich.edu/files/services/mdp/faq.pdf |archive-date=2020-09-22 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Jennifer Howard |title=What Happened to Google's Effort to Scan Millions of University Library Books? |date=10 August 2017 |publisher=EdSurge |url=https://www.edsurge.com/news/2017-08-10-what-happened-to-google-s-effort-to-scan-millions-of-university-library-books |access-date=2021-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810204507/https://www.edsurge.com/news/2017-08-10-what-happened-to-google-s-effort-to-scan-millions-of-university-library-books |archive-date=2017-08-17 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Merajul Islam]]

Google Scholar - Revision history

Merajul Islam at 15:47, 28 January 2022