Ajay Kumar at 15:11, 7 September 2023

2023-09-07T15:11:58Z

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{{short description|Hindu yogi and saint}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Gorakhnath
| image = Gorakshanath.jpg
| caption = Statue of Gorakhnath performing yogic [[meditation]] in [[lotus position]] at Laxmangarh temple, India
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| philosophy = [[Hatha yoga]]
| sect = ''[[Nath Sampradaya]]'' (sect of [[Shaivism]])
| honors = Mahayogi
| founder = Nath monasteries and temples
| guru = [[Matsyendranath]]
| known_for = [[Hatha yoga]],{{sfn|Guy L. Beck|1995|pp=102–103}}<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica">{{cite web |title=Hatha Yoga |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |year=2007 |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hatha-Yoga |access-date=3 April 2017}}</ref> Nath Yogi organisation, Gurkhas, Gorakhpur
| literary_works =
}}

'''Gorakhnath''' (also known as '''Goraksanath''',<ref>{{cite book |author=Bruce M. Sullivan |title=Historical Dictionary of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvhGP8NRx4QC |year=1997|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-3327-2|pages=96, 149}}</ref> c. early 11th century) was a [[Hindu]] [[yogi]], [[saint]] who was the influential founder of the [[Nath]] Hindu monastic movement in [[India]]{{sfn|Briggs|1938|p=228}} He is considered one of the two notable disciples of [[Matsyendranath]]. His followers are called [[yogi]]s, ''Gorakhnathi'', ''Darshani'' or ''Kanphata''.{{sfn|Briggs|1938|p=1}}

He was one of nine saints also known as [[Navnath]] and is widely popular in Maharashtra, India.{{sfn|Briggs|1938|pp=228–250}} [[Hagiography|Hagiographies]] describe him as more than a human teacher and someone outside the laws of time who appeared on earth in different ages.{{sfn|Briggs|1938|p=249}} Historians state Gorakhnath lived sometime during the first half of the 2nd millennium CE, but they disagree in which century. Estimates based on archaeology and text range from Briggs' 11th to 12th century{{sfn|Briggs|1938|p=249}} to Grierson's estimate of the 14th century.{{sfn|Briggs|1938|pp=228–230}}

Gorakhnath is considered a ''Maha-yogi'' (or great yogi) in the Hindu tradition.{{sfn|Akshaya Kumar Banerjea|1983|pp=23–25}} He did not emphasise a specific metaphysical theory or a particular Truth, but emphasised that the search for Truth and the spiritual life is a valuable and normal goal of man.{{sfn|Akshaya Kumar Banerjea|1983|pp=23–25}} Gorakhnath championed [[Yoga]], spiritual discipline and an ethical life of self-determination as a means to reaching [[samadhi]] and one's own spiritual truths.{{sfn|Akshaya Kumar Banerjea|1983|pp=23–25}}

Gorakhnath, his ideas and yogis have been highly popular in rural India, with monasteries and temples dedicated to him found in many states of India, particularly in the eponymous city of [[Gorakhpur]].<ref name="whitesiddhayogi7">{{Citation|last=White|first=David Gordon|title=The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India|pages=7–8|year=2012|publisher=University of Chicago Press|author-link=David Gordon White}}</ref><ref name=lorenzenmunozx>David N. Lorenzen and Adrián Muñoz (2012), Yogi Heroes and Poets: Histories and Legends of the Naths, SUNY Press, {{ISBN|978-1438438900}}, pp. x–xi</ref>

==Biography==
===Historian accounts===
[[File:Guru Nanak in-discussion with Gorakhnath, painting from an 1830's Janamsakhi (life stories) 02.jpg|thumb|Painting from an 1830's Janamsakhi manuscript depicting a meeting and discussion between Gorakhnath (wearing orange) and Guru Nanak (wearing green).]]
Historians vary in their estimate on when Gorakhnath lived. Estimates based on archaeology and text range from Briggs' 11th to 12th century{{sfn|Briggs|1938|p=249}} to [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar|Baba Farid]] documents and [[Dnyaneshwari|Jnanesvari]] manuscripts leading Abbott to connect Gorakhnath to the 13th century,{{sfn|Briggs|1938|pp=230, 242–243}} to Grierson, who, relying on evidence discovered in Gujarat, suggests the 14th century.{{sfn|Briggs|1938|pp=230, 242–243}} His influence is found in the numerous references to him in the poetry of [[Kabir]] and of [[Guru Nanak]] of [[Sikhism]], which describe him as a very powerful leader with a large following, thereby suggesting he likely lived around the time these spiritual leaders lived in India.{{sfn|Briggs|1938|pp=236–242}}

Historical texts imply that Gorakhnath was originally a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] in a region influenced by Shaivism, and he converted to Hinduism championing [[Shiva]] and [[Yoga]].{{sfn|Briggs|1938|pp=229, 233–235}} Gorakhnath led a life as a passionate exponent of ideas of Kumarila and [[Adi Shankara]] that championed the Yogic and [[Advaita Vedanta]] interpretation of the Upanishads.{{sfn|Akshaya Kumar Banerjea|1983|pp=xli, 303–307}} Gorakhnath considered the controversy between [[Dualistic cosmology#Theistic dualism|dualism]] and [[Nonduality (spirituality)|nondualism]] spiritual theories in medieval India as useless from practice point of view, he emphasised that the choice is of the yogi, that the spiritual discipline and practice by either path leads to "perfectly illumined samadhi state of the individual phenomenal consciousness", states Banerjea.{{sfn|Akshaya Kumar Banerjea|1983|pp=xli, 307–312}}

===Hagiographic accounts===
The hagiography on Gorakhnath describe him to have appeared on earth several times.{{sfn|Briggs|1938|p=249}} The legends do not provide a time or place where he was born, and consider him to be superhuman.{{sfn|Briggs|1938|p=229}} North Indian hagiographies suggest he originated from northwest India ([[Punjab region|Punjab]], with some mentioning [[Peshawar]]).{{sfn|Briggs|1938|p=229}} Other hagiographies on Gorakhnath in [[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]] suggest he originated from eastern region of India ([[Assam]]).{{sfn|Briggs|1938|p=229}}

These hagiographies are inconsistent, and offer varying records of the spiritual descent of Gorakhnath. All name [[Adi Nath|Adinath]] and [[Matsyendranath]] as two teachers preceding him in the succession. Though one account lists five [[guru]]s preceding Adinath and another lists six teachers between Matsyendranath and Gorakhnath, current tradition has Adinath identified with Lord [[Shiva]] as the direct teacher of [[Matsyendranath]], who was himself the direct teacher of Gorakhnath.{{sfn|Briggs|1938|pp=229–231}}

==Nath Sampradaya==
The [[Nath|Nath tradition]] states that its traditions existed before Gorakhnath, but the movement's greatest expansion happened under the guidance and inspiration of Gorakhnath. He produced a number of writings and even today is considered the greatest of the [[Nath]]s. It has been purported that Gorakhnath wrote the first books on [[Laya yoga]]. In India there are many caves, many with temples built over them, where it is said that Gorakhnath spent time in meditation. According to [[Bhagawan Nityananda]], the samadhi shrine (tomb) of Gorakhnath is at Nath Mandir near the [[Vajreshwari temple]] about one kilometre from Ganeshpuri, [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhagawannityananda.org/bn5.html|title=Discipleship|access-date=13 May 2007|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905173447/http://www.bhagawannityananda.org/bn5.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to legends Gorakhnath and Matsyendranath did penance in Kadri Temple at Mangalore, Karnataka. They are also instrumental in laying Shivlingam at Kadri and Dharmasthala.

The temple of ''Gorakhnath'' is also situated on hill called Garbhagiri near Vambori, Tal Rahuri; Dist Ahmednagar. There is also a famous temple of Gorakhnath in the state of Odisha.

===Gorakhnath Math===
[[File:Gorakhnath mandir.jpg|thumb|Gorakhnath mandir in Gorakhpur, India]]
The [[Gorakhnath Math]] is a monastery of the Nath monastic group named after the medieval saint, Gorakhnath (c. 11th century), of the Nath sampradaya. The math and town of [[Gorakhpur]] in Uttar Pradesh is named after him. The monastery and the temple perform various cultural and social activities and serve as the cultural hub of the city. The monastery also publishes texts on the philosophy of Gorakhnath.{{sfn|Akshaya Kumar Banerjea|1983|p={{page needed|date=August 2020}}}}

The math was established in the late 18th century with simultaneous grants of land to muslim holy man, Baba Roshan Ali Shah and Baba Gorakhnath by the Asaf-ud Daula, the [[Nawab of Awadh]].The tomb of Roshan Ali and the Gorakhnath temple on the opposite sides of the city form the core of the identity of Gorakhpur.The math is situated in a Muslim majority area, and until 1980s the Math asyncretic identity with devotees and visitors from diverse communal background.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Shashank |title=Khichdi Mela in Gorakhnath Math : Symbols, Ideas and Motivations |journal=Society and Culture in South Asia |date=July 2017 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=135–156 |doi=10.1177/2393861717706296 |s2cid=157212381 |language=en |issn=2393-8617}}</ref>

==Influence==

===''Hatha yoga''===
Some scholars associate the origins of [[Hatha yoga]] with the [[Nath]] yogis, in particular Gorakhnath and his guru [[Matsyendranath]].<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica"/><ref name=mallinsongnyogi>{{cite journal| author=[[James Mallinson (author)|James Mallinson]] |year=2014 |url=https://www.academia.edu/5304343 |title=The Yogīs' Latest Trick |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |series=Third Series |volume=24 |pages=165–180 |doi=10.1017/S1356186313000734 |s2cid=161393103 |quote=That these Nāth Yogīs were the originators and foremost exponents of haṭhayoga is a given of all historical studies of yoga. But these Yogīs were in fact the willing and complicit beneficiaries of the semantic confusion which has caught out White and many other scholars|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{sfn|Gerald James Larson|Ram Shankar Bhattacharya|Karl H. Potter|2008|p=140}} According to British indologist [[James Mallinson (author)|James Mallinson]], this association is false.<ref name=mallinsongnyogi/> In his view, the origins of hatha yoga should be associated with the [[Dashanami Sampradaya]] of [[Advaita Vedanta]]{{sfn|James Mallinson|2011|pp=331–332 with footnote 22}} (Hinduism), the mystical figure of [[Dattatreya]],{{sfn|James Mallinson|2012|pp=26–27}} and the [[Ramananda|Rāmānandīs]].{{sfn|James Mallinson|2012|pp=26–27, Quote: "Thee key practices of hathayoga—including complex, non-seated āsanas [...] whose first descriptions are found in Pāñcarātrika sources—originated among the forerunners of the Dasnāmīs and Rāmānandīs."}}

While the origins of Hatha yoga are disputed, according to Guy Beck, a professor of Religious Studies known for his studies on Yoga and music, "the connections between Goraknath, the Kanphatas and Hatha yoga are beyond question".{{sfn|Guy L. Beck|1995|pp=102–103}}

===''Langars'' (community kitchens)===
[[File:Fresco depicting Gorakhnath from Udasi Chitta Akhara in Amritsar.jpg|thumb|Fresco depicting Gorakhnath from Udasi Chitta Akhara in Amritsar]]
According to Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, a professor in Asian languages and cultures, the Gorakhnath orders were operating free community kitchens in [[Punjab]] before Guru Nanak founded Sikhism.<ref name="Mandair2013p252">{{cite book |author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BEP0Ty-GuVEC|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4411-1708-3|page=25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair: Bloomsbury Publishing (US) |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/author/arvindpal-singh-mandair/ |website=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref> Gorakhnath shrines have continued to operate a ''[[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]]'' and provide a free meal to pilgrims who visit.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Geaves|first=Ron|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o2fXAAAAMAAJ|title=Saivism in the Diaspora: Contemporary Forms of Skanda Worship|date=2007|publisher=Equinox Pub.|isbn=978-1-84553-234-5|language=en|page=145}}</ref>

===Nepal===
{{main|Gurkha}}
The [[Gurkhas]] of Nepal take their name from this saint.{{sfn|Gerald James Larson|Ram Shankar Bhattacharya|Karl H. Potter|2008|pp=440–441}} [[Gorkha]], a historical district of Nepal, is named after him.

There is a cave with his paduka (footprints) and an idol of him.<ref name="nepcen2018">{{Cite web| title = Gorkha: The Historical Landmark of Nepal| work = Nepal Sanctuary Treks| access-date = 15 June 2020| date = 10 September 2018| url = https://www.nepalsanctuarytreks.com/gorkha/}}</ref> Every year on the day of Baisakh Purnima there is a great celebration in Gorkha at his cave, called Rot Mahotsav; it has been celebrated for the last seven hundred years.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gauron |first1=Julianne |title=Nepal's Rot Festival at Gorhka's Durbar Palace |url=https://www.snowontheroad.com/recent-travels-1 |website=SNOW ON THE ROAD |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Brief Introduction |url=http://ddcgorkha.gov.np/en/brief-introduction/ |website=District Coordination Committee Office Gorkha }}</ref>

A legend asserts, state William Northey and John Morris, that a disciple of Machendra by name Gorakhnath, once visited Nepal and retired to a little hill near Deo Patan. There he meditated in an unmovable state for twelve years. The locals built a temple in his honour there, and it has since been remembered with.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Northey |first1=W. B. |last2=Morris |first2=C. J. |date=2001 |title=The Gurkhas: Their Manners, Customs, and Country. |publisher=Asian Educational Services}}</ref>

===''Siddhar'' tradition===
In the [[Siddhar]] tradition of [[Tamil Nadu]], Gorakhnath is one of the 18 esteemed [[Siddhar|Siddhars]] of yore, and is better known as [[Korakkar]].<ref>{{cite thesis |author= R. N. Hema |date= December 2019 |title= Biography of the 18 Siddhars |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338534110 |publisher= National Institute of Siddha}}</ref> [[Siddhar]] [[Agastya]] and [[Siddhar]] [[Bogar|Bhogar]] were his [[guru|gurus]]. There is a temple in Vadukku Poigainallur, [[Nagapattinam]], Tamil Nadu which specifically houses his [[Jiva|Jeeva]] [[Samadhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=18 Siddhars |url=https://soonyata.home.xs4all.nl/18siddhars.htm
|access-date=12 May 2023 |website=www.satsang-darshan.com}}</ref> According to one account, he spent much of his youth in the [[Velliangiri Mountains]], [[Coimbatore]].

There are various other shrines in respect of [[Korakkar]]; located in [[Perur]], [[Thiruchendur]] and [[Trincomalee]], to name a few. [[Korakkar]] Caves are found in both [[Sathuragiri Hills|Sathuragiri]] and the [[Kolli Hills]], where he is noted to have practised his sadhana. Like his colleagues, the 18 [[Siddhar|Siddhars]], [[Korakkar]] also penned much cryptic [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poetry pertaining to Medicine, Philosophy and Alchemy. He was one of the first to use [[Cannabis]] in his medicinal preparations for certain ailments, and as such the plant has another less well known name, Korakkar Mooligai (Korakkar's Herb).<ref>{{cite thesis |author= R. N. Hema |date= December 2019 |title= Biography of the 18 Siddhars |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338534110 |publisher= National Institute of Siddha}}</ref>

===West Bengal – Assam – Tripura - Bangladesh===
The [[Bengali Hindu]] community in Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and Assam and the country Bangladesh have a sizeable number of people belonging to the ''Nath Sampradaya'', variously named as ''Nath'' or ''Yogi Nath'', who have taken the name from Gorakhnath.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Briggs |first1=George Weston |title=Gorakhnāth and the Kānphaṭa Yogīs |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0564-4 |page=243 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYsNzdUZ9lAC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhaṭṭācārya |first1=Āśutosha |title=Folklore of Bengal |date=1978 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |page=124,132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bgiAAAAMAAJ&q=nath++Community+of+bengal+gorakhnath |language=en}}</ref> They were marginalised in Medieval Bengal.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Debnath |first1=Kunal |title=The Naths of Bengal and Their Marginalisation During the Early Medieval Period |journal=Studies in People's History |date=June 2023 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=45–56 |doi=10.1177/23484489231157499 |s2cid=259185097 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/23484489231157499 |language=en |issn=2348-4489}}</ref>

==Works==
[[Romola Butalia]], an Indian writer of Yoga history, lists the works attributed to Gorakhnath as including the ''Gorakṣaśataka'', ''Goraksha Samhita'', ''Goraksha Gita'', ''Siddha Siddhanta Paddhati'', ''Yoga Martanda'', ''Yoga Siddhanta Paddhati'', ''[[Yogabīja]]'', ''[[Yogacintamani]]''.{{cn|date=March 2022}}

===''Siddha Siddhanta Paddhati''===
The ''Siddha Siddhanta Paddhati'' is a [[Hatha Yoga]] Sanskrit text attributed to Gorakhnath by the [[Nath]] tradition. According to [[Georg Feuerstein|Feuerstein]] (1991: p. 105), it is "one of the earliest hatha yoga scriptures, the ''Siddha Siddhanta Paddhati'', contains many verses that describe the [[avadhuta]]" (liberated) yogi.<ref>[[Georg Feuerstein|Feuerstein, Georg]] (1991). 'Holy Madness'. In ''[[Yoga Journal]]'' May/June 1991. With calligraphy by Robin Spaan. Source: [https://books.google.com/books?id=lekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA105 p. 105] (accessed: 29 February 2011)</ref>{{sfn|Gerald James Larson|Ram Shankar Bhattacharya|Karl H. Potter|2008|p=453}}

The ''Siddha Siddhanta Paddhati'' text is based on an [[Advaita Vedanta|advaita (nonduality)]] framework, where the yogi sees "himself in all beings, and all in himself" including the identity of the individual soul ([[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]]) with the universal ([[Brahman]]).{{sfn|Gerald James Larson|Ram Shankar Bhattacharya|Karl H. Potter|2008|pp=440–441}} This idea appears in the text in various forms, such as the following:

{{Quote|
The four varna (castes) are perceived to be located in the nature of the individual, i.e. Brahmana in ''sadacara'' (righteous conduct), Ksatriya in ''saurya'' (valor and courage), Vaisya in ''vyavasaya'' (business), and Sudra in ''seva'' (service). A yogin experiences all men and women of all races and castes within himself. Therefore he has no hatred for anybody. He has love for every being.
|Gorakhnath|''Siddha Siddhanta Paddhati III.6-8'' (Translator: D Shastri){{sfn|Gerald James Larson|Ram Shankar Bhattacharya|Karl H. Potter|2008|p=440}}}}

==See also==
*''[[Gorakh Aya]]''
*''[[Maya Machhindra]]''
*[[Gorakhnath Temple]]
*[[Yogi Nath]]
*[[Gorakh Hill]]
*[[Korakkar]]
*[[Ghorahi|Ratan Nath Temple]]
*[[Tilla Jogian]]
*[[List of Hindu gurus and saints]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
{{Refbegin|30em}}

* {{cite book |author=Akshaya Kumar Banerjea |year=1983 |title=Philosophy of Gorakhnath with Goraksha-Vacana-Sangraha |location=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-8120805347}}
* {{cite book |last=Briggs |first=G.W. |year=1938 |title=Gorakhnath and the Kanphata Yogis |edition=6th |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-8120805644}} (2009 Reprint)
* {{cite book |author=Guy L. Beck |title=Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgybmMnWpaUC |year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1261-1}}
* {{cite book |author1=Gerald James Larson |author1-link=Gerald James Larson |author2=Ram Shankar Bhattacharya|author3=Karl H. Potter|title=Yoga: India's Philosophy of Meditation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6pURGdBBmIC |year=2008|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-3349-4}}
* {{cite book| author= James Mallinson |author-link=James Mallinson (author) | editor= Knut Jacobsen | year= 2011| chapter= Siddhi and Mahāsiddhi |title=Early Haṭhayoga in Yoga Powers: Extraordinary Capacities Attained Through Meditation and Concentration |location=Leiden | publisher= Brill Academic| pages= 327–344}}
* {{cite journal| author=James Mallinson |author-link=James Mallinson (author) |date= March 2012| title= Yoga and Yogis | journal= Namarupa| volume=3 | issue= 15| pages= 1–27 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3490868}}
* {{cite journal| author=James Mallinson |author-link=James Mallinson (author) |title= Haṭhayoga's Philosophy: A Fortuitous Union of Non-Dualities| year=2014 | journal= Journal of Indian Philosophy| volume= 42| number= 1| pages= 225–247 |doi=10.1007/s10781-013-9217-0 |s2cid=170326576 }}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
*Adityanath (2005). ''[http://www.nathorder.org/wiki/Gorakhnath Gorakhnath]{{Dead link|date=December 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''. Retrieved 7 March 2006.
* [[Romola Butalia]] (2003). ''In the Presence of the Masters''. Delhi, India: Motilal Banarsidass. {{ISBN|81-208-1947-0}}
*Dhallapiccola, Anna. ''[[Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend]]''. {{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}}
* Gordan Djurdjevic & Shukdev Singh, ''Sayings of Gorakhnāth: Annotated Translation of the Gorakh Bānī'', {{ISBN|9780199977673}}, Oxford University Press, 2019.
*Mahendranath, Shri Gurudev. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090202120028/http://www.mahendranath.org/paganindia.mhtml ''Notes on Pagan India'']. Retrieved 7 March 2006.

==External links==

* {{Internet Archive author}}
* [http://faculty.washington.edu/kpotter/ckeyt/txt3.htm Bibliography of Goraksanatha's works, Item 666], Karl Potter, University of Washington

{{Hatha yoga}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gorakhnath}}
[[Category:11th-century births]]
[[Category:Ascetics]]
[[Category:Indian Shaivite religious leaders]]
[[Category:Mahasiddhas]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu yogis]]
[[Category:Inchegeri Sampradaya]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Spiritual practice]]
[[Category:Spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Tantra]]
[[Category:Medieval Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Place of death unknown]]
[[Category:Place of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Navnath]]

Gorakhnath - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 15:11, 7 September 2023