172.70.91.63 at 23:07, 9 August 2022

2022-08-09T23:07:53Z

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{{short description|Species of bird}}
{{Merge|Polyplectron biclcaratum}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Polyplectron bicalcaratum -Birmingham Nature Centre, England-8a.jpg
| image_caption= At [[Birmingham Nature Centre]], England
| image2 =Grey Peacock-Pheasant - Polyplectron bicalcaratum bicalcaratum.ogg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22736199/0 |title=''Polyplectron bicalcaratum'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2013 |access-date=26 November 2013}}</ref>
| genus = Polyplectron
| species = bicalcaratum
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = [[#Systematics|See text]]
| synonyms =
''Pavo bicalcaratus'' Linnaeus, 1758<ref name = "BritMuseum">{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fos-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA23 | title = List of the Specimens of Birds in the Collection of the British Museum | location = London, UK | volume = 5 | first = George Robert | last = Gray | year = 1867 | publisher = [[British Museum]] | page = 23}}</ref> 
''Polyplectron chinquis'' Temminck, 1815<ref name = "BritMuseum"/>
}}
[[File:Eperonnier chinquis MHNT.jpg|thumb|''Polyplectron bicalcaratum'']]

The '''gray peacock-pheasant''' (''Polyplectron bicalcaratum''), also known as '''Burmese peacock-pheasant''', is a large [[Asia]]n member of the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Galliformes]]. It is the [[List of national birds|national bird]] of [[Myanmar]].

==Description==
It is a large [[pheasant]], up to 76 cm long and greyish brown with finely spotted green [[Eyespot (mimicry)|eyespot]]s, an elongated bushy crest, bare pink or yellow facial skin, white throat, and grey [[Iris (anatomy)|iris]], [[Beak|bill]] and legs. The sexes are rather similar, but the female is smaller, darker and less ornamented than the male. The young resemble the female.

==Distribution and ecology==
The grey peacock-pheasant is distributed in lowland and hill forests of [[Bangladesh]], [[Northeast India]] and [[Southeast Asia]], but excluding most of [[Indochina]] as well as the entire [[Malayan Peninsula]]. The diet consists mainly of seeds, termites, fruits and invertebrates. The female usually lays two eggs.

==Status and conservation==
Widespread throughout its large range, the grey peacock-pheasant is evaluated as a Species of [[Least Concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] of Threatened Species. It is listed on [[CITES Appendix II]], restricting trade in wild-caught birds to preserve its stocks.<ref>BLI (2008)</ref>

==Systematics==
Three [[subspecies]] are recognized today as good, while an additional one is of unclear validity:
* ''P. b. bicalcaratum'' Linnaeus, 1758 – '''Common grey peacock-pheasant'''
* ''P. b. ghigii'' [[Jean Theodore Delacour|Delacour]] & Jabouille, 1924 – '''Ghigi's grey peacock-pheasant'''
* ''P. b. bailyi'' [[Percy Lowe|Lowe]], 1925 – '''Lowe's grey peacock-pheasant''' (disputed)
* ''P. b. bakeri'' Lowe, 1925 – '''Northern grey peacock-pheasant'''

One previous subspecies, the '''[[Hainan peacock-pheasant]]''' (''P. b. katsumatae''), has since been given approved species (AS) status by the [[International Ornithological Congress|IOC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/updates-PS.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-06-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618055751/http://www.worldbirdnames.org/updates-PS.html |archive-date=2010-06-18 }}</ref>

Lowe's grey peacock-pheasant was described from a captive bird of unknown provenance.<ref>Lowe (1924)</ref> Similar examples have turned up on occasion, but the validity and – if distinct – home range of this [[taxon]] remains unknown. It was theorized to inhabit western [[Assam]] or the eastern [[Himalayas]], but this is based on conjecture.

The [[phylogeny]] of this species is fairly enigmatic. [[mtDNA]] [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']] and [[D-loop]] as well as the [[nuclear DNA|nuclear]] [[ovomucoid]] [[intron]] G [[DNA sequence|sequence]] data confirms that it belongs to a largely Continental Asian [[clade]] together with [[Germain's peacock-pheasant]] (''P. germaini''), but also the "brown" southern species [[bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant]] (''P. chalcurum'') and [[mountain peacock-pheasant]] (''P. inopinatum'').<ref name = kimballetal2001>Kimball ''et al.'' (2001)</ref>

The ovomucin sequence seems to have [[convergent evolution|evolved convergently]] or with a decreased [[mutation]]al rate on the grey and the bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant. Though they are quite similar on the molecular level, the distance and interspersed populations of their closest relatives argue against a much more recently shared common ancestry between them versus the other two "northern" peacock-pheasants. Also, the cytochrome ''b'' and D-loop data does not support a closer relationship between ''P. bicalcaratus'' and ''P. chalcurum''; overall, as it seems the four species' ancestors separated during a very short timespan.<ref name = kimballetal2001 />

Note however that in the absence of dedicated [[phylogeographic]] studies, the molecular data is only of limited value in this species, the most [[Morphology (biology)|morphologically]] diverse and widespread [[peacock-pheasant]]: There is no data on the origin and number of specimens, but it is unlikely that more than one or two individuals – possibly of captive origin and undeterminable [[subspecies|subspecific]] allocation – were sampled. All that can be reasonably assumed is that the grey peacock-pheasant [[evolution|evolved]] on mainland Southeast Asia, probably during the [[Late Pliocene]] to [[Early Pleistocene]] 3.6-1 [[million years ago]].<ref>Kimball ''et al.'' (2001); note that the uncalibrated [[molecular clock]] method used here is an outdated technique. The presumed 2% mutation rate is appropriate for small short-lived [[Neoaves]], but probably not for larger and more ancestral birds like [[Galliformes]].</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* Kimball, Rebecca T.; Braun, Edward L.; Ligon, J. David; Lucchini, Vittorio & Randi, Ettore (2001): A molecular phylogeny of the peacock-pheasants (Galliformes: ''Polyplectron'' spp.) indicates loss and reduction of ornamental traits and display behaviours. ''[[Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|Biol. J. Linn. Soc.]]'' '''73'''(2): 187–198. {{doi|10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01356.x}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20080515223557/http://www.gbwf.org/pheasants/polyplectron.pdf PDF fulltext]
* Lowe, Percy R. (1924): Some notes on the genus ''Polyplectron''. ''[[Ibis (journal)|Ibis]]'' '''67'''(2): 476–484. {{doi|10.1111/j.1474-919X.1925.tb02935.x}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Polyplectron bicalcaratum}}
* [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=278&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet]

{{Phasianidae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q748957}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:peacock-pheasant, grey}}
[[Category:Polyplectron|grey peacock-pheasant]]
[[Category:Birds of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Birds of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Birds of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Birds of Northeast India]]
[[Category:Birds of Laos]]
[[Category:Birds of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Birds of Thailand]]
[[Category:Birds of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Birds of Yunnan]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|grey peacock-pheasant]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|grey peacock-pheasant]]

Grey peacock-pheasant - Revision history

172.70.91.63 at 23:07, 9 August 2022