CleanupBot II at 23:37, 13 August 2023

2023-08-13T23:37:59Z

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{{Short description|Finely chopped meat}}
{{Distinguish|mincemeat|MINCE}}
{{Redirect|Keema|the Estonian village|Keema, Estonia|Syrian village|Kimah}}
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{{Globalize|date=March 2011}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2017}}
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[[File:Sausage making-H-1.jpg|thumb|Ground meat in [[sausage making]]]]
[[File:Ground beef USDA.jpg|thumb|Ground beef in an industrial grinder|alt=]]
'''Ground meat''', called '''mince''' or '''minced meat''' outside North America, is meat finely chopped by a [[meat grinder]] or a chopping knife. A common type of ground [[meat]] is [[ground beef]], but many other types of meats are prepared in a similar fashion, including [[pork]], [[veal]], [[Lamb and mutton|lamb]], [[goat meat]], and [[poultry]].

==Dishes==
Ground meat is used in a wide variety of dishes, by itself, or mixed with other ingredients. It may be formed into [[meatball]]s which are then fried, baked, steamed, or braised. They may be cooked on a [[skewer]] to produce dishes such as ''[[adana kebabı]]'' and ''[[ćevapi]]''. It may be formed into [[patty|patties]] which are then grilled or fried ([[hamburger]]), breaded and fried (''[[menchi-katsu]]'', [[Pozharsky cutlet|Pozharsky]] cutlet), or braised ([[Salisbury steak]]). It may be formed into [[meatloaf|meatloaves]] or [[pâtés]] and baked. It may also be used as a filling or stuffing for [[meat pies]] and ''[[börek]]s'', and also as [[stuffing]]. It may be made into meat [[sauce]] such as [[ragù]], which in turn is used in dishes like [[pastitsio]] and [[moussaka]], or mixed with sauce and served on a bun as a [[sloppy joe]] sandwich. It may also be cooked with beans, tomatoes, and/or spices to make [[chili con carne]].

===Indian subcontinent===
[[File:Keema Pao with Hari Chutney.jpg|thumb|Keema curry in a bun (''pau''), a popular Mumbai street food.]]
In the [[Indian subcontinent]], minced meat is used in a variety of dishes such as a [[stewing|stewed]] or [[frying|fried]] [[curry]] dish of minced [[beef]], [[Lamb and mutton#Indian subcontinent|mutton]] (i.e., [[goat meat]] or chevon) or other kinds of meat with [[green peas]] or potatoes. It usually includes [[ghee]]/[[butter]], onions, garlic, [[ginger]], [[chili pepper|chili]]s, and spices. Minced meat is called ''keema'' or ''qeema'' in the Indian subcontinent.<ref>[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: {{lang|hi|क़ीमा}} {{small|([[Devanagari]])}}, {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|قیمہ}}}} {{small|([[Nastaliq]])}}, ({{IPA-hns|ˈqiːma|pron}}); [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: কীমা.</ref> ''Keema'' can be grilled on a skewer and is then called [[Seekh kebab|''seekh'' kebab]], or it is used as a filling for [[samosa]]s or [[Naan bread|naan]].

The word ultimately comes from the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] word ''qıyma'' meaning 'minced meat', and is thus related to the [[Persian language|Persian]] ''[[gheimeh|qeyme]]'', [[Turkish language|Turkish]] ''kıyma'', and [[Greek language|Greek]] ''kimás''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Platts | first=John | title=A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi, and English| publisher= W. H. Allen & Co | year=1884 | location=London | url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.6:1:1270.platts| isbn=81-215-0098-2 | page=797}}</ref><ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', [http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/61014917 ''s.v.'']</ref>

==Food safety==
Ground meat has [[food safety]] concerns very different from whole cuts of meat. If undercooked, it can lead to [[food poisoning]]. In a whole cut from an animal, the interior of the meat is essentially [[sterilization (microbiology)|sterile]], even before cooking; any bacterial contamination is on the outer surface of the meat. This is why, for example, it is typically safe for humans to consume steak that is cooked "rare" in such a way that the interior of the cut remains red in colour - the searing of the exterior of the meat is enough to kill any bacteria on the surface. However, when meat is ground, bacterial contamination from the surface can be distributed throughout the meat. If ground beef is not well cooked all the way through, there is a significant chance that enough pathogenic bacteria will survive to cause illness. Moreover, the warming will speed the reproduction of bacteria.<ref>Committee on the Review of the USDA E. coli O157:H7, "Farm-to-Table Process Risk Assessment", Slaughter Module in ''Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Ground Beef: Review of a Draft Risk Assessment'', 2002, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.</ref><ref>Honikel, K. O., "Minced Meats", in ''Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences'', Jensen, W. K., et al., eds., 2004, Elsevier, New York.</ref> Undercooked [[Jack in the Box (restaurant)#Food safety|Jack in the Box]] hamburgers contaminated in this manner were responsible for four deaths and the illness of hundreds of people in 1993.<ref>[http://www.ou.edu/deptcomm/dodjcc/groups/02C2/Jack%20in%20the%20Box.htm Case Study]: Jack in the Box ''E. coli'' crisis</ref>

To ensure the safety of ground meat distributed through the [[National School Lunch Program]], food banks, federal food and nutrition programs, the [[United States Department of Agriculture]] has established food safety and quality requirements for the ground beef that it purchases. A 2010 [[United States National Research Council]] report reviewed the scientific basis of the Department's ground beef safety standards, evaluated how the standards compare to those used by large retail and commercial food service purchasers of ground beef, and looked at ways to establish periodic evaluations of the Federal Purchase Ground Beef Program.<ref>[http://www.dels.nas.edu/Report/Evaluation-Food-Safety/13069]: National Research Council report An Evaluation of the Food Safety Requirements of the Federal Purchase of Ground Beef Program</ref> The report found that although the safety requirements could be strengthened using scientific concepts, the prevention of future outbreaks of food-borne disease will depend on eliminating contamination during production and ensuring meat is properly cooked before it is served.<ref>[http://www.dels.nas.edu/Materials/Report-In-Brief/4332-Ground-Beef] The report in Brief An Evaluation of the Food Safety Requirements of the Federal Purchase of Ground Beef Program</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Minced meat}}

* [[Forcemeat]]
* [[Mincemeat]]
* [[Pink slime]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Meat}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ground meat| ]]
[[Category:Meat industry]]

Ground meat - Revision history

CleanupBot II at 23:37, 13 August 2023