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{{short description|Austroasiatic language}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Gta'
|nativename=Didayi ଡିଡାୟୀ
|region=[[India]]
|ethnicity={{sigfig|7370|2}} (2001 census)<ref name=e18/>
|speakers={{sigfig|3055|2}}
|date=1991 census
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austroasiatic
|fam2=[[Munda languages|Munda]]
|fam3=South
|script=[[Odia script|Odia]]
|iso3=gaq
|glotto=gata1239
|glottorefname=Gata<nowiki>'</nowiki>
}}

The '''Gta{{hamza}} language''' (also '''Gataʔ''', '''Gtaʔ''', '''Gata'''; also known as '''Gta Asa''', '''Didei''' or '''Didayi''' {{IPA-all|ɖiɖaːj(i)}}, '''Dire''') is an [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] language spoken by the Didayi people of [[India]]. It is notable for its [[sesquisyllabic]] phonology<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Munda languages|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|others=Anderson, Gregory D. S.|isbn=9780415328906|location=London|pages=682|oclc=225385744}}</ref> and [[vigesimal]] numeral system.

==Demographics==
Gta{{hamza}} is spoken by 3,000 people primarily in [[Malkangiri district]], [[Odisha]] as well as adjoining areas of [[Koraput district]].<ref name=":0" /> According to Anderson (2008), it is spoken by less than 4,500 people.

''[[Ethnologue]]'' reports the following locations.
*[[Odisha]] (47 villages): Kudumulgumma block and Chitrakonda block of [[Koraput district]] and [[Malkangiri district]], south of Bondo Hills; some in Khairput block
*[[East Godavari district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]

==Classification and dialects==
The Gta{{hamza}} language belongs to the South Munda subgroup of the [[Munda languages|Munda]] branch of the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic language family]].<ref name="e18" /> Within South Munda, Gta{{hamza}} is generally considered to be the first branch off a node that also subsumes the [[Bonda language|Remo]] and [[Gutob language|Gutob]] languages; this subgroup of South Munda is known as Gutob–Remo–Gataq. It is phonologically and morphologically divergent within that branch.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zide|first=Norman H.|date=1976|title=A Note on Gta? Echo Forms|series=Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications|pages=1335–1343|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |issn=0078-3188|jstor=20019204}}</ref>

Gta{{hamza}} has two main varieties, namely Plains Gta{{hamza}} and Hill Gta{{hamza}}.

== Phonology ==
Gta' has the 5 canonical vowels /a, e, i, o, u/, and sometimes a sixth vowel /æ/. To this can be added several nasalized counterparts: /ã, õ, ũ/ and sometimes /ĩ/. Gta' has the following consonants:<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!voiceless
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t̪|t}}
|{{IPA link|ʈ}}
|{{IPA link|c}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|{{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|{{IPA link|b}}
|[{{IPA link|d̪|d}}]
|{{IPA link|ɖ}}
|{{IPA link|ɟ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Flap consonant|Flap]]
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ}}
|{{IPA link|ɽ}}
|
|
|
|}

==Grammar==

===Nouns===
Nouns in Gtaʔ are primarily marked for case, number and possession.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6GzxBwAAQBAJ&dq=gta+language&pg=PA682 | title=The Munda Languages | isbn=9781317828860 | last1=Anderson | first1=Gregory D. S. | date=8 April 2015 }}</ref> Nouns also have two forms, one a free full form, the other a bound short form. These latter occur only when the noun is compounded with another noun or a verb for derivational purposes, and are hence labeled "combining forms". The combining form usually involves removing an affix or shortening the noun in some way. Some examples:
* ''ncu'' -> ''-cu-'' (oil)
* ''gsi'' -> ''-si-'' (louse)
* ''gbe'' -> ''-be-'' (bear)
* ''gnar'' -> ''-gar-'' (strip of bamboo)
* ''remwa'' -> ''-re-'' (person)

Combining forms occurring with verb stems can be echoed independently of the verb stems; those occurring with noun stems either remain intact or change at par with the main stems.
 
''Examples''
 
Type 1: sur-cu ''to fry in oil'' > sur-ca, sur-ci, sar-ca, s?r-cf, sar-cu.
 
gag-bo? ''to tie onto the head''
 
gag-ba?, gig-bT?, gag-bT?, gTg-ba?, gig-bo?.
 
"tur-t?a ''to graze cattle'' >
 
tar-ti, t?r-ti, tar-t?a, t?r-t?a.
 
 
Type 2: kula-re ''kinsman'' >
 
ka I a-re, k?I i-re.
 
sari-ja ''paddy flower'' >
 
sara-ja, s?ri-j?, si ri-ja.
 
ra-ko ''peacock feather'' >
 
bara-ka, bir?-k?, bir?-ko.
 
ult-so ''mango wood'' >
 
ala-sa, ?l?-sf, ala-so, Mi-so.
 
huQ-be ''baby bear'' >
 
har?-ba, h?tj-b?, harj-be, h?n-be.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mahapatra|first1=K.|title=Echo Formation in Gta?|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/mahapatra1976echo.pdf}}</ref>

===Echo formation===
'''Rules of formation'''
 
''Rule#'' 1. Echo-words are formed by changing only the vowels of the base word.

''Rule#'' 2. The echo-word must differ from the base word. The vowel of univocalic base words is reflected as either /a/ or /}/ in the echo-word. For base-word /u, e, o/ the vowel /a/ is preferred, while for base word /e/ the vowel /I/ is preferred.

''Rule#'' 3. The vowels of disyllabic base words are reflected in the echo-word as follows:
*a. Both vowels are reflected as either /a/ or /?/; or
*b. Only one of the base-word vowels is reflected as /a/ or /]/ while the other is reflected unchanged; or
*c. The first vowel (Vl) changes to /u/ while the second (V^) changes to /a/.
''Rule#'' 4. In the case of trisyllabic base words, one, two or all three of the vowels (in adjacent syllables) are reflected as either /a/ or /}/.

''Rule#'' 5. The echo-forms of compound words, irrespective of their vocalic structure, are derived as follows:
*a. In the case of compound verbs consisting of two verb stems, one or both stems undergo change, depending on their relationship with each other;
*b. Nominal combining forms occurring with verb stems change independently; those attached to noun stems change only at par with the main stem.
*c. In verbal constructions incorporating a prefix, both the prefix and the stem change as a unit.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mahapatra|first1=K.|title=Echo Formation in Gta?|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/mahapatra1976echo.pdf}}</ref>

===Categories of echo forms===
#A-forms, indicating gross variety;
#I-forms, indicating diminutive or tender variety ;
#U/a-forms, indicating variety different from a related category
#Partially changed forms, indicating inferior variety : a-forms, indicating grossness and ?-forms, indicating tenderness.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mahapatra|first1=K.|title=Echo Formation in Gta?|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/mahapatra1976echo.pdf}}</ref>

==Numeral system==
Gta' numeral system is [[vigesimal]].<ref>Ghosh, Arun. (n.d.). [http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/ Numeral Systems of the World's Languages]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421165028/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/|date=2014-04-21}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Gta' Numeral system
|-
| 1. muiŋ || 21. mũikuɽi muiŋ /ekustɔra
|-
| 2. mbar || 22. mũikuɽi mbar
|-
| 3. ɲji || 23. mũikuɽi ɲji
|-
| 4. õ || 24. mũikuɽi hõ
|-
| 5. malʷe|| 25. mũikuɽi malikliɡˀ
|-
| 6. tur || 26. mũikuɽi turukliɡˀ
|-
| 7. ɡul || 27. mũikuɽi gukliɡˀ
|-
| 8. tma /aʈʈa || 28. mũikuɽi tomakliɡˀ / mũikuɽi tma
|-
| 9. sontiŋ /nɔʈa || 29. mũikuɽi sontiŋkliɡˀ
|-
| 10. ɡʷa / dɔsʈa || 30. mũikuɽi ɡʷa ( 20 + 10) / tirisʈa
|-
| 11. ɡʷamiŋ / eɡaʈa|| 40. mbarkuɽi ( 2 x 20)/ calistɔra
|-
| 12. ɡombar /baroʈa || 50. mbarkuɽi ɡʷa ( 20 + 10) /pɔcas
|-
| 13. ɡoɲji /teroʈa || 60. ɲjikuɽi ( 3 x 20) / saʈe
|-
| 14. ɡohõ /coudoʈa || 70. ɲjikuɽi ɡʷa / suturi
|-
| 15. ɡomal / pɔndrɔʈa || 80. ōkuɽi ( 4 x 20)
|-
| 16. ɡotur / soloːʈa || 90. ōkuɽi ɡʷa
|-
| 17. ɡogu / sɔtroʈa || 100. malkuɽi ( 5 x 20) /soetɔra
|-
| 18. ɡotma / aʈɾa ||
|-
| 19. ɡososiŋ / unisʈa ||
|-
| 20. ɡosolɡa /kuɽitɔra /kuɽeta ||
|}

==Neighboring languages==
Gtaʔ echo-formation shows some striking similarities with echo-formation in neighboring Munda languages such as Remo and Gorum as well as in the Desia dialect of Oriya spoken in the Koraput Munda region. The most conspicuous feature they have in common with Gtaʔ is that echo-words in all three of these languages are also derived from base words by changes in the vowels alone.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mahapatra|first1=K.|title=Echo Formation in Gta?|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/mahapatra1976echo.pdf}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
 

==Further reading==
*Anderson, Gregory D.S. (n.d.). [http://www.livingtongues.org/hotspots/hotspot.GSA.munda.Gta.html#GtaPayPal Gtaʔ (Didey) Language – Munda Languages Project – Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages].
*Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2001. "A new classification of South Munda: Evidence from comparative verb morphology". Indian Linguistics 62.1: 21–36.
*Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2008. "Gtaʔ." In: Gregory D.S. Anderson (ed.), ''The Munda Languages''. London / New York. [Routledge Language Family Series]. 682–763.
*Bauer, Christian. 1993. Review of: Robert Parkin: ''A guide to Austroasiatic speakers and their languages''. (Oceanic Linguistics, Special Publication, no. 23.) ix, 198, [xv] pp. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991. In: ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', vol. 56, issue 1 (February 1993), pp. 193–194.
*DeArmond, R. (1976). [http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Munda.html Proto-Gutob-Remo-Gtaq Stressed Monosyllabic Vowels and Initial Consonants]. Austroasiatic Studies Part I, 13, 213–227. Munda. (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2015
*Odden, D. (1987). "Arguments against the Vowel Plane" in ''Gtaʔ Linguistic Inquiry'', 18(3), 523–529.
*Parkin, R. (1988). "Marriage, Behaviour and Generation among the Munda of Eastern India". ''Zeitschrift für Ethnologie'', 113(1), 69–80.
*[[Paul Sidwell|Sidwell, P.]], & Jenny, M. (2014). ''The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages'' (2 vols). Leiden: Brill.
*Stampe, D. (1965). "Recent Work in Munda Linguistics I". ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', 31(4), 332–341.
*Zide, N. (1976). "A Note on Gtaʔ Echo Forms", in P. Jenner, L. Thompson, and S. Starosta, eds., ''Austroasiatic Studies'', University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.

==External links==
* [http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/austroasiatic/AA/Munda/Dictionaries/Gta_Chatterji Online Gtaʔ Dictionary (Chatterji)]
* [http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/austroasiatic/AA/Munda/Dictionaries/Gta_Mahapatra Online Gtaʔ Dictionary (Mahapatra)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071220050136/http://munda.chikyu.ac.jp/ Toshiki Osada's Munda Site (with information on Gta{{hamza}}, Gutob, Ho, Mundari)]
* [http://globalrecordings.net/en/program/C24630/ Gta' Audio Recording]
* [http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4186 Gta']
{{Austroasiatic languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gta' language}}
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Munda languages]]

Gtaʼ language - Revision history

UpdateBot at 06:19, 12 June 2022