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{{IPA notice}}
[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] native to the [[India]]n state of [[Gujarat]]. Much of its [[phonology]] is derived from [[Sanskrit]].

==Vowels==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! !! [[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Central vowel|Central]] !! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA|i}} || || colspan="2" | {{IPA|u}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| {{IPA|e}} || rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: center;" | {{IPA|ə}} || {{IPA|o}}
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| {{IPA|ɛ}} || {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| ({{IPA|æ}}) || colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|ɑ}}
|}

* Sanskrit's phonemic vowel length has been lost.{{sfnp|Mistry|2003|p=115}} Vowels are long when nasalized or in a final syllable.{{sfnp|Mistry|2003|p=116}}{{sfnp|Mistry|2003|p=116}}
* Gujarati contrasts oral and nasal, and [[Breathy voice|murmured]] and non-murmured vowels,{{sfnp|Mistry|2003|p=116}} except for {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}}.{{sfnp|Cardona|Suthar|2003|p=662}}
* In absolute word-final position the higher and lower vowels of the {{IPA|/e ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/o ɔ/}} sets vary.{{sfnp|Cardona|Suthar|2003|p=662}}
* {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ/}} developed in the 15th century. [[Old Gujarati language|Old Gujarati]] split into [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] and [[Middle Gujarati language|Middle Gujarati]].{{sfnp|Mistry|2003|pp=115–116}}
* English loanwords are a source of {{IPA|/æ/}}.{{sfnp|Mistry|1996|pp=391–393}}

==Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+[[Consonant]]s
|-
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Postal.]] /[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n}}
| {{IPAlink|ɳ}}
| || ||
|-
! rowspan="4" | [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
! [[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
| {{IPAlink|p}}
| {{IPAlink|t̪|t}}
| {{IPAlink|ʈ}}
| {{IPAlink|tʃ}}
| {{IPAlink|k}}
|
|-
! [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
| {{IPAlink|b}}
| {{IPAlink|d̪|d}}
| {{IPAlink|ɖ}}
| {{IPAlink|dʒ}}
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|
|-
! [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
| ({{IPA|pʰ}})
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
| {{IPA|ʈʰ}}
| {{IPA|tʃʰ}}
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
|
|-
! [[Breathy voice|murmured]]
| {{IPA|bʱ}}
| {{IPA|dʱ}}
| {{IPA|ɖʱ}}
| {{IPA|dʒʱ}}
| {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! [[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
| {{IPAlink|f}}
| {{IPAlink|s}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ʃ}}
| ||
|-
! [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|
| ({{IPAlink|z}})
| || ||
| {{IPAlink|ɦ}}
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| {{IPAlink|ʋ}}
| {{IPAlink|l}}
|
| {{IPAlink|j}}
| ||
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Flap consonant|Flap]]
|
| {{IPAlink|ɾ}}
| {{IPAlink|ɭ̆}}{{sfnp|Masica|1991|p=97}}
| || ||
|}

* A fourth nasal [[phoneme]] is postulated for the [[Phone (phonetics)|phones]] {{IPA|[ɲ, ŋ]}} and the [[Nasal vowel|nasalization]] of a preceding vowel {{IPA|[Ṽ]}}.{{sfnp|Mistry|1997|p=659}}{{sfnp|Mistry|1997|p=659}} Before velar and palatal stops, there is variation between these; e.g. {{IPA|[mɑ̃ɡʋũ]}}~{{IPA|[mɑŋɡʋũ]}} ('ask for'), {{IPA|[ɦĩtʃko]}}~{{IPA|[ɦĩɲtʃko]}} ('swing').{{sfnp|Cardona|Suthar|2003|p=665}}
* Stops occurring at first members of clusters followed by consonants other than {{IPA|/ɾ, j, ʋ/}} are unreleased; they are optionally unreleased in final position. The absence of release entails deaspiration of voiceless stops.{{sfnp|Cardona|2003|p=665}}
* [[wikt:intervocalically|Intervocalically]] and with murmuring of vowels, the voiced aspirated stops {{IPA|/ɡʱ, dʱ, bʱ/}} have voiced [[spirant]] [[allophone]]s {{IPA|[ɣ, ð, β]}}. Spirantization of non-palatal voiceless aspirates has been reported as well,{{sfnp|Cardona|2003|p=665}} including {{IPA|/pʰ/}} being usually realized as {{IPA|[f]}} in the standard dialect.{{sfnp|Cardona|2003|p=665}}
*The two voiced retroflex plosives /ɖʱ, ɖ/ and the retroflex nasal /ɳ/ have flapped allophones [ɽʱ, ɽ, ɽ̃]. The plosives /ɖʱ, ɖ/ are unflapped initially, geminated, and after nasal vowels; and flapped intervocalically, finally, and before or after other consonants.{{sfnp|Masica|1991|p=97}} The nasal /ɳ/ is unflapped before retroflex plosives and intervocalically, and in final position varies freely between flapped and unflapped.{{sfnp|Mistry|1997|p=659}}
* {{IPA|/ʋ/}} has {{IPA|[v]}} and {{IPA|[w]}} as allophones.{{sfnp|Mistry|2001|p=275}}
* The distribution of [[sibilant]]s varies over dialects and registers.
** Some dialects only have {{IPA|[s]}}, others prefer {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, while another system has them non-contrasting, with {{IPA|[ʃ]}} occurring contiguous to palatal segments. Retroflex {{IPA|[ʂ]}} still appears in clusters in which it precedes another retroflex: {{IPA|[spəʂʈ]}} ('clear').{{sfnp|Mistry|1997|p=658}}
** Some speakers maintain {{IPA|[z]}} as well for [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[English language|English]] borrowings. Persian's {{IPA|/z/}}'s have by and large been transposed to {{IPA|/dʒ/}} and {{IPA|/dʒʱ/}}: {{IPA|/dʒindɡi/}} ('life') and {{IPA|/tʃidʒʱ/}} ('thing'). The same cannot be so easily said for English: {{IPA|/tʃiz/}} ('cheese').
** Lastly, a colloquial register has {{IPA|[s]}}, or both {{IPA|[s]}} and {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, replaced by voiceless {{IPA|[h]}}. For educated speakers speaking this register, this replacement does not extend to Sanskrit borrowings.{{sfnp|Cardona|2003|p=665}}

Phonotactical constraints include:
* {{IPA|/ɭ/}} and {{IPA|/ɳ/}} do not occur word-initially.{{sfnp|Mistry|2003|p=116}}
* [[Consonant cluster|Cluster]]s occur initially, medially, and finally. [[consonant length|Geminates]] occur only medially.{{sfnp|Mistry|2003|p=116}}
* Biconsonantal initial clusters beginning with stops have {{IPA|/ɾ/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/ʋ/}}, and {{IPA|/l/}} as second members.{{sfnp|Cardona|Suthar|2003|p=666}} In addition to these, in loans from Sanskrit the clusters {{IPA|/ɡn/}} and {{IPA|/kʃ/}} may occur. The occurrence of {{IPA|/ɾ/}} as a second member in consonantal clusters is one of Gujarati's conservative features as a modern Indo-Aryan language. For example, languages used in [[Edicts of Ashoka|Asokan inscriptions]] (3rd century BC) display contemporary regional variations, with words found in [[Gujarat]]'s Girnar inscriptions containing clusters with {{IPA|/ɾ/}} as the second member not having {{IPA|/ɾ/}} in their occurrence in inscriptions elsewhere. This is maintained even to today, with Gujarati {{IPA|/tɾ/}} corresponding to [[Hindi]] {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/tt/}}.{{sfnp|Mistry|2001|p=274}}
* Initially, s clusters biconsonantally with {{IPA|/ɾ, j, ʋ, n, m/}}, and non-palatal voiceless stops.{{sfnp|Cardona|Suthar|2003|p=666}}
* Triconsonantal initial clusters include {{IPA|/stɾ, spɾ, smɾ/}} - most of which occur in borrowings.{{sfnp|Cardona|Suthar|2003|p=666}}
* Geminates were previously treated as long consonants, but they are better analyzed as clusters of two identical segments. Two proofs for this:{{sfnp|Mistry|1997|p=659}}
** The ''u'' in geminated ''uccār'' "pronunciation" sounds more like the one in ''clustered'' ''udgār'' ('utterance') than the one in ''shortened'' ''ucāṭ'' ('anxiety').
** Geminates behave towards (that is, disallow) {{IPA|[ə]}}-deletion like clusters do.

Gemination can serve as intensification. In some adjectives and adverbs, a singular consonant before the agreement vowel can be doubled for intensification.{{sfnp|Mistry|1997|p=670}} #VCũ → #VCCũ.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| big || {{IPA|[moʈũ]}} || {{IPA|[moʈʈũ]}} || ''big''
|-
| straight || {{IPA|[sidʱũ]}} || {{IPA|[siddʱũ]}} || ''straight''
|-
| considerably || {{IPA|[kʰɑsũ]}} || {{IPA|[kʰɑssũ]}} || ''considerably''
|}

==Stress==
The matter of [[Stress (linguistics)|stress]] is not quite clear:
* Stress is on the first [[syllable]] except when it doesn't have {{IPA|/a/}} and the second syllable does.{{sfnp|Mistry|1997|p=660}}
* Stress is barely perceptible.{{sfnp|Campbell|1991|p=?}}
* Stress typically falls on the penultimate syllable of a word, however, if the penultimate vowel in a word with more than two syllables is [[schwa]], stress falls on the preceding syllable.<ref>[http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=85&menu=004 UCLA Language Materials Project: Gujarati.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605044350/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=85&menu=004 |date=2011-06-05 }} Retrieved on 2007-04-29</ref>

==ə-deletion==
Schwa-deletion, along with a-reduction and {{IPA|[ʋ]}}-insertion, is a phonological process at work in the combination of [[morpheme]]s. It is a common feature among Indo-Aryan languages, referring to the deletion of a stem's final [[syllable]]'s {{IPA|/ə/}} before a suffix starting with a [[vowel]].{{sfnp|Mistry|1997|p=660}}

This does not apply for monosyllabic stems and consonant clusters. So, better put, #VCəC + V# → #VCCV#. It also doesn't apply when the addition is an ''o'' [[plural]] marker (''see [[Gujarati grammar#Nouns]]'') or ''e'' as an [[ergative case]] marker (''see [[Gujarati grammar#Postpositions]]'').{{sfnp|Mistry|1997|pp=661–662}}}} It ''sometimes'' doesn't apply for ''e'' as a [[locative]] marker.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Stem
! colspan="2" | Suffix
! colspan="2" | Suffixed stem
! C/V
! Del
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="6" | verb root || {{IPA|[keɭəʋ]}} || educate || {{IPA|[iʃ]}} || 1st person singular, future || {{IPA|[keɭʋiʃ]}} || will educate || CVCəC + VC → CVCCVC || rowspan="2" | Yes || Polysyllabic stem with {{IPA|/ə/}} in its final syllable, with a suffix starting with a vowel (verbal [[declension]]).
|-
| {{IPA|[səmədʒ]}} || understand || {{IPA|[jɑ]}} || masculine plural, perfective || {{IPA|[səmdʒjɑ]}} || understood || CVCəC + CV → CVCCCV || Polysyllabic stem with {{IPA|/ə/}} in its final syllable, with a suffix starting with a semi-vowel (verbal [[declension]]).
|-
| {{IPA|[utəɾ]}} || descend || {{IPA|[to]}} || masculine singular, imperfective || {{IPA|[utəɾto]}} || descending || VCəC + CV → VCəCCV || rowspan="4" | No || Suffix starting with a consonant.
|-
| {{IPA|[təɾ]}} || swim, float || {{IPA|[ɛ]}} || 2nd person singular, present || {{IPA|[təɾɛ]}} || swimming, floating || CəC + V → CəCV || Monosyllabic.
|-
| {{IPA|[ʋəɾɳəʋ]}} || describe || {{IPA|[i]}} || feminine, perfective || {{IPA|[ʋəɾɳəʋi]}} || described || CVCCəC + VC → CVCCəCVC || Consonant cluster.
|-
| {{IPA|[ɑɭoʈ]}} || wallow, roll || {{IPA|[iʃũ]}} || 1st person plural, future || {{IPA|[ɑɭoʈiʃũ]}} || will wallow, roll || VCoC + VCV → VCoCVCV || Non-ə.
|-
| rowspan="4" | noun || {{IPA|[ɑɭəs]}} || laziness || {{IPA|[ũ]}} || adjectival marker || {{IPA|[ɑɭsũ]}} || lazy || VCəC + V → VCCV || rowspan="2" | Yes || Polysyllabic stem with {{IPA|/ə/}} in its final syllable, with a suffix starting with a vowel (adjectival marking).
|-
| {{IPA|[ʋəkʰət]}} || time || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[e]}} || rowspan="2" | locative marker || {{IPA|[ʋəkte]}} || at (the) time || CVCəC + V → CVCCV || Sometimes yes — ''e'' as a locative marker.
|-
| {{IPA|[diʋəs]}} || day || {{IPA|[diʋəse]}} || on (the) day || CVCəC + V → CVCəCV || rowspan="2" | No || Sometimes no — ''e'' as a locative marker.
|-
| {{IPA|[ɾəmət]}} || game || {{IPA|[o]}} || plural marker || {{IPA|[ɾəməto]}} || games || CVCəC + V → CVCəCV || Plural ''o'' number marker suffix.
|-
| adjective || {{IPA|[ɡəɾəm]}} || hot || {{IPA|[i]}} || noun marker || {{IPA|[ɡəɾmi]}} || heat || CVCəC + V → CVCCV || Yes || Polysyllabic stem with {{IPA|/ə/}} in its final syllable, with a suffix starting with a vowel (noun marking).
|}

==ɑ-reduction==
A stem's final syllable's {{IPA|/ɑ/}} will reduce to {{IPA|/ə/}} before a suffix starting with {{IPA|/ɑ/}}. #ɑC(C) + ɑ# → #eC(C)ɑ#. This can be seen in the derivation of nouns from adjective stems, and in the formation of passive and causative forms of verb stems.{{sfnp|Mistry|1997|p=662}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" | Stem
! Suffix
! colspan="3" | Suffixed Stem
! Reduced
|-
| rowspan="2" | cut || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[kɑp]}} || {{IPA|[ɑ]}} || {{IPA|[kəpɑ]}} || be cut || Passive || rowspan="2" | Yes
|-
| {{IPA|[ɑʋ]}} || {{IPA|[kəpɑʋ]}} || cause to cut || Causative
|-
| rowspan="2" | cause to cut || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[kəpɑʋ]}} || {{IPA|[ɑ]}} || {{IPA|[kəpɑʋɑ]}} || cause to be cut || Causative Passive || rowspan="2" | No{{efn|name=n1}}
|-
| {{IPA|[ɖɑʋ]}} || {{IPA|[kəpɑʋɖɑʋ]}} || cause to cause to cut || Double Causative
|-
| use || {{IPA|[ʋɑpəɾ]}} || {{IPA|[ɑ]}} || {{IPA|[ʋəpɾɑ]}}{{efn|name=n2}} || be used || Passive || rowspan="2" | Yes
|-
| long || {{IPA|[lɑmb]}} || {{IPA|[ɑi]}} || {{IPA|[ləmbɑi]}} || length || Noun
|}
{{notelist|refs={{efn|name=n1|It does not happen a second time.}} {{efn|name=n2|It can take place after an ə-deletion. #ɑCəC + ɑ# → #əCCɑ#.}}}}

=={{IPA|[ʋ]}}-insertion==
Between a stem ending in a vowel and its suffix starting with a vowel, a {{IPA|[ʋ]}} is inserted.{{sfnp|Mistry|1997|p=663}} #V + V# → #VʋV#. This can be seen in the formation of passive and causative forms of verb stems.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" | Stem !! Suffix !! colspan="2" | Suffixed stem
|-
| see || {{IPA|[dʒo]}} || {{IPA|[ɑ]}} || {{IPA|[dʒoʋɑ]}} || be seen
|-
| sing || {{IPA|[ɡɑ]}} || {{IPA|[ɑɽ]}} || {{IPA|[ɡəʋɑɽ]}} || cause to sing
|}

The second example shows an ɑ-reduction as well.

==ə-insertion==
ə finds itself inserted between the emphatic [[Grammatical particle|particle]] {{IPA|/dʒ/}} and consonant-terminating words it postpositions.{{sfnp|Cardona|Suthar|2003|p=667}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| one || {{IPA|[ek]}} || {{IPA|[ekədʒ]}} || ''one''
|-
| that || {{IPA|[e]}} || {{IPA|[edʒ]}} || ''that''
|}

==Murmur==
{{IPA|/ɦ/}} serves as a source for [[Breathy voice|murmur]], of which there are three rules:{{sfnp|Mistry|1997|pp=666–668}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" | Rule !! Formal{{efn|name=fn1}} !! Casual !! English
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1 || rowspan="2" | Word-initial {{IPA|ɦV → V̤}}{{efn|name=fn2}} || {{IPA|[ɦəʋe]}} || {{IPA|[ə̤ʋe]}} || now
|-
| {{IPA|[ɦɑɽkũ]}} || {{IPA|[ɑ̤ɽkũ]}} || bone
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2 || rowspan="3" | {{IPA|əɦV}}non-high → {{IPA|V̤}}non-high, ''more open'' || {{IPA|[səɦelũ]}} || {{IPA|[sɛ̤lũ]}} || easy
|-
| {{IPA|[bəɦoɭũ]}} || {{IPA|[bɔ̤ɭũ]}} || large
|-
| {{IPA|[dəɦɑɽo]}} || {{IPA|[da̤ɽo]}}{{efn|name=fn3}} || day
|-
| rowspan="2" | 3 || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ə/aɦV}}high → {{IPA|ə̤/ɑ̤}} (glide) || {{IPA|[ɾəɦi]}} || {{IPA|[ɾə̤j]}} || stayed
|-
| {{IPA|[bəɦu]}} || {{IPA|[bə̤ʋ]}} || very
|}

{{notelist|refs={{efn|name=fn1|Gujarati spelling reflects this mode. The script has no direct notation for murmur.}} {{efn|name=fn2|Rule 1 creates allomorphs for nouns. For example, {{IPA|/ɦəd/}} ('limit') by itself can be {{IPA|ə̤d}}, but can only be {{IPA|ɦəd}} in {{IPA|beɦəd}} ('limitless').}} {{efn|name=fn3|More open.}}}}

The table below compares declensions of the verbs {{IPA|[kəɾʋũ]}} ('to do') and {{IPA|[kɛ̤ʋũ]}} ('to say'). The former follows the regular pattern of the stable root {{IPA|/kəɾ/}} serving as a point for characteristic suffixations. The latter, on the other hand, is deviant and irregular in this respect.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! Infinitive !! Perfective !! Imperative !! 1sg. Future
|-
| {{IPA|[kəɾʋũ]}} || {{IPA|[kəɾjũ]}} || {{IPA|[kəɾo]}} || {{IPA|[kəɾiʃ]}}
|-
| {{IPA|[kɛ̤ʋũ]}} || {{IPA|[kəɦjũ]}} || {{IPA|[kɔ̤]}} || {{IPA|[kə̤jʃ]}}
|}

The {{IPA|[kɛ̤ʋũ]}} situation can be explained through murmur. If to a formal or historical root of {{IPA|/kəɦe/}} these rules are considered then predicted, explained, and made regular is the irregularity that is {{IPA|[kɛ̤ʋũ]}} ([[Gujarati script#Romanization|romanized]] as ''kahevũ'').

Thus below are the declensions of {{IPA|[kɛ̤ʋũ]}} {{IPA|/ɦ/}}-possessing, murmur-eliciting root {{IPA|/kəɦe/}}, this time with the application of the murmur rules on the root shown, also to which a preceding rule must be taken into account:

: 0. A final root vowel gets deleted before a suffix starting with a non-consonant.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! Rule !! Infinitive !! Perfective !! Imperative !! 1sg. Future
|-
| || {{IPA|[kəɦe-ʋũ]}} || {{IPA|[kəɦe-jũ]}} || {{IPA|[kəɦe-o]}} || {{IPA|[kəɦe-iʃ]}}
|-
| 0 || || {{IPA|[kəɦ-jũ]}} || {{IPA|[kəɦ-o]}} || {{IPA|[kəɦ-iʃ]}}
|-
| 2 || {{IPA|[kɛ̤-ʋũ]}} || || {{IPA|[kɔ̤]}} ||
|-
| 3 || || || || {{IPA|[kə̤-jʃ]}}
|-
| → || {{IPA|[kɛ̤ʋũ]}} || {{IPA|[kəɦjũ]}} || {{IPA|[kɔ̤]}} || {{IPA|[kə̤jʃ]}}
|}

However, in the end not all instances of {{IPA|/ɦ/}} become murmured and not all murmur comes from instances of {{IPA|/ɦ/}}.

One other predictable source for murmur is voiced aspirated stops. A clear vowel followed by a voiced aspirated stop can vary with a pair gaining murmur and losing aspiration: {{IPA|#VCʱ ←→ #V̤C}}.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

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}}
* {{citation
| last= Mistry
| first= P.J.
| year= 2003
| chapter= Gujarati
| editor-last= Frawley
| editor-first= William
| title= International Encyclopedia of Linguistics
| edition= 2nd
| place= Oxford
| publisher= Oxford University Press
| volume= 2
}}
* {{citation
| last= Pandit
| first= P.B.
| title= Historical Phonology of Gujarati Vowels
| journal= Language
| volume= 37
| issue= 1
| year= 1961
| pages= 54–66
| doi= 10.2307/411249
| jstor= 411249
| publisher= Linguistic Society of America
}}
* {{citation
| last= Turner
| first= Ralph Lilley
| title= Gujarati Phonology
| journal= Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
| year= 1921
| pages= 505–544
}}
* {{citation
| last= Turner
| first= Ralph Lilley
| title= Indo-Aryan Nasals in Gujarati
| journal= Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
| year= 1915
| pages= 1033–1038
}}

{{Gujarati language}}
{{Language phonologies}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujarati Phonology}}
[[Category:Gujarati language]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan phonologies]]

Gujarati phonology - Revision history

>Nardog at 03:50, 8 June 2021