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{{Short description|Religious figure and third Guru of the Sant Nirankari mission}}
{{Distinguish|Gurbachan Singh Manochahal|Gurbachan Singh Salaria}}
{{For|the Indian Olympic athlete|Gurbachan Singh (athlete)}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| background = #0095DE
| religion = [[Sant Nirankari Mission]]
| name = Gurbachan Singh
| predecessor = Avtar Singh
| title = 3rd Satguru of Sant Nirankari Mission
| successor = [[Hardev Singh]]
| birth_date = 10 December 1930
| death_date = {{death date and age|1980|4|24|1930|12|10|df=yes}}
| father = Avtar Singh
| mother = Budhwanti
| spouse = Kulwant Kaur
| children = [[Hardev Singh]]
| image = Gurbachan Singh of the Sant Nirankari sect.png
| caption = Official portrait
| occupation = {{nowrap|Head of the [[Sant Nirankari Mission]]}}<br>(1962–1980)
| honorific prefix = Satguru Baba
| honorific suffix = Ji Maharaj
| period = 1962-1980
}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
'''Gurbachan Singh''' (10 December 1930 – 24 April 1980) was the third [[satguru]] of the [[Sant Nirankari Mission|Sant Nirankari]] mission,<ref name="History">{{cite web |title=SNM History – Baba Gurbachan Singh Ji |url=http://www.nirankari.com/history/hist4.htm |work=Sant Nirankari Mission |publisher=Sant Nirankari Mandal (Regd.) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |location=Delhi, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714184417/http://www.nirankari.com/history/hist4.htm |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> considered to be [[Heterodoxy|heterodox]] by mainstream [[Sikhs]].<ref name="Pritpal Singh Bindra">{{cite web |url=http://bindra.net/s-022.html |title=Nirankaris and Sant (Neo-)Nirankaris |author=Pritpal Singh Bindra |date=30 August 2009 |work=Essays on Sikhism |accessdate=13 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723025013/http://bindra.net/s-022.html |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was born in [[Peshawar]] (modern-day Pakistan).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baba Gurbachan Singh Ji Maharaj (10th Dec 1930- 24th April 1980) |url=https://www.nirankari.org/legacy/baba-gurbachan-singh-ji-maharaj-10th-dec-1930-24th-april-1980/ |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=Sant Nirankari Mission |language=en-US}}</ref> He was declared next Satguru by his father and predecessor Baba Avtar Singh in 1962. He was assassinated in 1980 following a clash with [[Sikh]] fundamentalists.

== Early life ==

Gurbachan Singh was born to Avtar Singh and his wife Budhwanti. He completed his [[middle school]] education in Peshawar, and then matriculated from the Khalsa School in [[Rawalpindi]]. He had to abandon his higher studies due to the violence during the [[partition of India]] in 1947. He married Kulwant Kaur, the daughter of Bhai Manna Singh, 22 April 1947.

In 1947, the Singh family migrated from the present-day Pakistan to present-day India. Gurbachan Singh established an auto parts business, first in [[Jalandhar]] and then in [[Delhi]]. Later, he started taking interest in the congregations of his father.

Gurbachan Singh was declared as the next satguru by his father on 3 December 1962 at [[Paharganj]] in Delhi. At the two conferences of the mission in [[Mussoorie]] (1965 and 1973), he made important changes to the organisation and established a code of conduct.

== Clashes with orthodox Sikhs ==
{{Further|1978 Sikh–Nirankari clash}}
In 1978, the [[Sant Nirankari Mission]]<ref name="Articles, Poems and Plays">{{cite web |title=Articles, Poems and Plays – Montreal Branch |url=http://www.nirankari.com/montreal/articles.html |work=Sant Nirankari Mission |publisher=Sant Nirankari Mandal (Regd.) |accessdate=14 December 2010 |location=Delhi, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725131004/http://www.nirankari.com/montreal/articles.html |archive-date=25 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> from [[Delhi]] and other parts of the [[Indian sub-continent]] gathered a congregation at [[Amritsar]]. A clash would soon erupt between orthodox Sikh groups and the Sant Nirankaris, although the cause and instigator of the clash is disputed and unclear. The orthodox Sikhs had a negative perception of the Sant Nirankaris due to perceived "offences" committed against their religion, remarks made, and the Sant Nirankari practice of a ''dehdhari'' guru (living/physical human guru), which mainstream Sikhs ceased to follow since the death of Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name="Brian2001" /><ref name="SATP">{{cite web |date=31 December 2001 |title=Punjab: The Knights of Falsehood – Psalms of Terror |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/nightsoffalsehood/falsehood4.htm |accessdate=13 December 2010 |work=South Asia Terrorism Portal |publisher=Institute for Conflict Management |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Furthermore, mainline Sikhs were vexed by the Sant Nirankari practice of devotees touching the feet of the Nirankari guru, Avtar Singh, in the presence of the Guru Granth Sahib.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singal |first=R. L. |title=Our Failures and Frustrations Since 1947 |publisher=Intellectual Publishing House |year=1995 |pages=82}}</ref> An SGPC white-paper authored by [[Kapur Singh Ghuman|Kapur Singh]] charges Avtar Singh with installing the Guru Granth Sahib on a lower platform than him, emulating Sikh practices, insulting the Sikh scripture, and a myriad of other issues which mainstream Sikhs interpreted very negatively.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kapur |title=They Massacre Sikhs: A White Paper by the Sikh Religious Parliament (Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee) |publisher=Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee |year=1978 |pages=16–25}}</ref> The SGPC claimed that the Sant Nirankari mission's aim was to absorb Sikhism into Hinduism and "mislead and beguile Sikhs", as part of a greater conspiracy orchestrated by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party. The central issue was that Sikhs believed Gurbachan Singh had elevated himself to a position of authority higher than the Sikh scripture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jeffrey |first=Robin |title=What’s Happening to India?: Punjab, Ethnic Conflict, and the Test for Federalism |date=Jul 27, 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781349234103 |edition=2nd |pages=87–88}}</ref>

A few orthodox Sikhs of [[Akhand Kirtani Jatha]] and [[Damdami Taksal]] marched from the [[Harmandir Sahib|Darbar Sahib]] to protest the Nirankari congregation, whom they considered [[heterodox]]. In the [[1978 Sikh-Nirankari clash|resulting violence]], 15 individuals including thirteen Khalsa Sikhs and two Sant Nirankaris were killed.<ref name="Brian2001">{{cite book | author=Brian Keith Axel | title=The Nation's Tortured Body: Violence, Representation, and the Formation of a Sikh "Diaspora" | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj8yJsixw8QC&pg=PA123 | accessdate=14 March 2013 | year=2001 | publisher=Duke University Press | isbn=978-0-8223-2615-1 | page=123 }}</ref> The [[Jatha]] leader [[Bhai Fauja Singh]] was also among the Sikhs killed.

On 25 September 1978, Gurbachan Singh arrived in [[Kanpur]]. A group of protesters arrived at the [[Nirankari Bhawan]] to protest against his presence.<ref name="All About Sikhs">{{cite web |url=http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/historical-events/sikh-history-kanpur-massacre-1978.html |title=Sikh History:Kanpur Massacre 1978 |publisher=Gateway to Sikhism |accessdate=13 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206014831/http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/historical-events/sikh-history-kanpur-massacre-1978.html |archive-date=6 December 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 28 September 1978, anticipating fresh trouble, the [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab Government]] barred Nirankari Chief Gurbachan Singh from entering [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] for six months. The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] later rescinded the ban.<ref name="All About Sikhs" />

On 6 October 1978, a [[Hukamnama|Hukumnama]] by the [[Jathedar of the Akal Takht]] was issued, calling upon Sikhs to socially boycott the Nirankaris.<ref name="All About Sikhs" /> The Nirankaris claimed to have been attacked by "fanatics" and that ensuing criminal cases against Nirankaris were "false cases".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enlightening the World: MY EXPERIMENT WITH TRUTH - TRUTH BECOMES BITTER |url=https://www.nirankari.org/literature/books/enlightening_the_world/FromTheAuthor.htm |access-date=26 September 2025 |website=Nirankari}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Master - AMRITSAR INCIDENT |url=https://www.nirankari.org/literature/books/great_master/great_master1.htm |access-date=26 September 2025 |website=Nirankari}}</ref>

== Death ==

In 1980, Ranjit Singh, a member of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha, managed to obtain employment at the Nirankari headquarters in [[Delhi]] as a carpenter. On the evening of 24 April 1980, he waited with an automatic rifle in a room of the guest house. Ranjit Singh and his accomplice Kabal Singh shot Gurbachan Singh through a window when he returned from a public function at about 11pm for justice against the 28 Sikhs he killed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirankari head Baba Gurbachan Singh shot dead |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19800515-nirankari-head-baba-gurbachan-singh-shot-dead-806668-2014-01-28 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandhu |first=Amandeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KimgEAAAQBAJ&dq=gurbachan+singh+killed+ranjit+singh&pg=PT73 |title=Panjab: Journeys Through Fault Lines |date=2022-12-05 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5492-859-8 |language=en}}</ref> Ranjit Singh managed to escape. The [[First Information Report]] named twenty people for the murder, including several known associates of [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]], who was also charged with conspiracy to commit murder.<ref name="Sikh Times">{{cite web |url=http://www.sikhtimes.com/bios_060604a.html |title=Biographies – Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale: Five Myths |author=Puneet Singh Lamba |date=6 June 2004 |publisher=The Sikh Times |location=Toronto, Ontario |oclc=284842558 |accessdate=13 December 2010 |quote=After the assassination of the Nirankari leader Gurbachan Singh on April 24, 1980, Bhindranwale is universally acknowledged to have remarked that if he ever met Bhaii Ranjit Singh, the suspected killer, he would weigh him in gold (i.e. reward him with his weight in gold). }}</ref> Ranjit Singh surrendered in 1983, and was in jail for 13 years. In 1990, while still in [[Tihar Jail]], he was named the Akal Takht Jathedar,<ref name="India Today">{{cite news |title=Chandigarh: Brittle Peace |author=India Today The Nation [Newnotes] |author-link=India Today |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20101997/newsnot.html#peace |newspaper=India Today |publisher=India Today Group |location=New Delhi |issn=0254-8399 |oclc=2675526 |date=20 October 1997 |accessdate=13 December 2010 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034625/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20101997/newsnot.html#peace |url-status=dead }}</ref> and took over the post when he was released in 1996. According to a ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' report, Ranjit Singh said about the murder: "I have no regrets. I did it for the [[Panth]] (religion)."<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite news|title=Sikh politics at a key turn |first=Vishal |last=Thapar |url=http://www.media-watch.org/articles/0299/307.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |publisher=HT Media Ltd |location=New Delhi |oclc=232114063 |date=14 February 1999 |accessdate=13 December 2010 |quote=Fundamentalism comes easy to Bhai Ranjit Singh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311010926/http://www.media-watch.org/articles/0299/307.html |archive-date=11 March 2007 |url-status=unfit }}</ref> In 1997, the [[Delhi High Court]] upheld his conviction and cancelled the bail. Ranjit Singh refused to surrender. The government quickly ordered a remission of his remaining sentence to avoid a confrontation.<ref name="Indian Kanoon">{{cite court |litigants= Bhaii Ranjit Singh vs State |vol= |reporter= |opinion=1997 VAD Delhi 689, 69 (1997) DLT 188 |pinpoint= |court=Delhi High Court |date=3 October 1997 |url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/319244/ |quote=(1) This is an appeal by the appellant Bhaii Ranjit Singh under Sub-section 2 of Section 374 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, against conviction by judgment dated 26th March, 1993 and order of sentence dated 27th March, 1993, passed by the Additional Sessions Judge, Delhi, in Sessions Case No. 33 of 1984. }}</ref><ref name="Frontline">{{cite journal |author=Frontline |author-link=Frontline (magazine) |date=15–28 November 1997 |title=A Jathedar is free |journal=Frontline |volume=14 |issue=23 |location=Chennai, Madras, India |publisher=Kasturi and Sons Ltd |issn=0970-1710 |oclc=12086614 |accessdate=13 December 2010 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1423/14231220.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008141646/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1423/14231220.htm |archive-date=8 October 2007 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

Gurbachan Singh was succeeded by his son [[Hardev Singh]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Gurbachan}}

[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:Assassinated Indian people]]
[[Category:People murdered in Delhi]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:20th-century religious leaders]]
[[Category:1980 murders in India]]

Gurbachan Singh - Revision history

Infycle Technologies at 14:35, 26 September 2025