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{{Short description|The sixth Sikh Guru and founder of the Akali Sena}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| name = Guru Hargobind
| image = Guru Hargobind.jpg
| caption = Commissioned portrait of Guru Hargobind
| birth_name = Hargobind
| birth_date = {{Birth-date|19 June 1595}}
| birth_place = Guru Ki Wadali, [[Amritsar]], [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{Death-date and age|28 February 1644|19 June 1595}}<ref name=eos>{{cite book |chapter=HARGOBIND, GURU (1595–1644)| chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/n245 |author=Fauja Singh |title= Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala|access-date=8 December 2019|year=2009}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Kiratpur Sahib]], [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]])}}
| nationality =
| other_names = The Sixth Master Saccha Paatshah The Master of Miri Piri Sixth Nanak
| known_for = * Building the [[Akal Takhat]]
* First Guru to engage in warfare
* Advising the Sikhs to take part in military training and martial arts
* Establish the [[Miri piri]]
* Founding [[Kiratpur Sahib]] and Hargobindpur
* Supervising the creation of the [[Taus (instrument)|Taus]]
Fighting the following battles:
* [[Battle of Rohilla]]
* [[Battle of Kartarpur]]
* [[Battle of Amritsar (1634)]]
* [[Battle of Lahira]] or Gurusar
* Battle of Hargobindpur (September 1629)
| predecessor = [[Guru Arjan]]
| successor = [[Guru Har Rai]]
| spouse = [[Mata Nanaki]], Mata Damodari, and Mata Marvahi
| children = [[Baba Gurditta]] (1613–1638) Baba Suraj Mal (1618–1698) Baba Ani Rai (1633–1678) Baba Atal Rai (1619–1627) [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] (1621–1675) Bibi Veero (1628–1705)
| parents = [[Guru Arjan]] and Mata Ganga
| office1 = 6th Guru of the Sikhs
| native_name = ਗੁਰੂ ਹਰਿਗੋਬਿੰਦ
| native_name_lang = pa
| native name lang = pa
| signature = Autograph of Guru Hargobind.jpg
}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
'''Gurū Hargobind''' ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਗੁਰੂ ਹਰਿਗੋਬਿੰਦ, pronunciation: {{IPA-pa|gʊɾuː ɦəɾᵊgoːbɪn̯d̯ᵊ|}}l 19 June 1595 – 28 February 1644), revered as the ''sixth Nānak'', was the sixth of ten Gurus of the [[Sikhism|Sikh religion]]. He had become Guru at the young age of eleven, after the execution of his father, [[Guru Arjan]], by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Jahangir]].<ref name=hssyan>HS Syan (2013), Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century, IB Tauris, {{ISBN|978-1780762500}}, pages 48–55</ref>

Guru Hargobind introduced the process of militarization to [[Sikhism]], likely as a response to his father's execution and to protect the Sikh community.<ref>{{cite book|author=John F. Richards|title=The Mughal Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA97|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-56603-2|pages=97–98, 177–178}}</ref><ref name=britannicahargobind>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hargobind Hargobind: Sikh Guru], Encyclopedia Britannica, Quote: "Hargobind, sixth Sikh Guru, who developed a strong Sikh army and gave the Sikh religion its military character, in accord with the instructions of his father, Guru Arjan (1563–1606), the first Sikh martyr, who had been executed on the order of the Mughal emperor Jahangir."; "After Jahāngīr’s death (1627) the new Mughal emperor, Shāh Jahān, persecuted the Sikh community in earnest. The Sikhs under Hargobind Sahib defeated Shāh Jahān’s armies four times, crushing the myth of Mughal invincibility. To the Sikh ideals of his predecessor, Guru Hargobind thus added another: the right and duty of the Sikhs to defend their faith by the sword if necessary."</ref> He symbolized it by wearing two swords, representing the dual concept of [[Miri piri|''mīrī'' and ''pīrī'']] (temporal power and spiritual authority). In front of the [[Harmandir Sahib]] in Amritsar, Guru Hargobind constructed the [[Akal Takht]] (''the throne of the timeless one''). The Akal Takht represents the highest seat of earthly authority of the [[Khalsa]] (the collective body of the Sikhs) today.

==Biography==
Guru Hargobind was born in ''Gurū kī Waḍālī'', in a Sodhi Khatri Family in a village {{convert|7|km}} west of Amritsar,<ref name=eos/><ref name=hssingha>HS Singha (2009), Sikh Studies, Book 7, Hemkunt Press, {{ISBN|978-8170102458}}, pages 18–19</ref> the only son of [[Guru Arjan]], the fifth Sikh Guru. He suffered from smallpox as a child. According to hagiographies written by the orthodox Sikh tradition he survived a poisoning attempt by his uncle [[Prithi Chand]], as well as another attempt on his life, when a [[cobra]] was thrown at him. He studied religious texts with [[Bhai Gurdas]] and trained in swordsmanship and archery with [[Baba Buddha|Baba Budda]] (not to be confused with the [[Buddha|Gautama Buddha]]).<ref name=eos/>

On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan, five days before his own death, selected his son Hargobind as his successor and instructed his son to start a military tradition to protect the Sikh people and always keep himself surrounded by armed Sikhs for protection.<ref name=pashaura/> Shortly afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir. <ref name=pashaura>Pashaura Singh (2005), [http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620214905/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf |date=20 June 2010 }}, Journal of Philosophical Society, 12(1), pp. 29–62</ref><ref>Louis E. Fenech, Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition, Oxford University Press, pages 118–121</ref> Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606.<ref name=hssyan/><ref name=hssingha/> He put on two swords: one indicated his spiritual authority (''pīrī'') and the other, his temporal authority (''mīrī'').<ref name=hssyan/><ref name=mah>{{cite book |title=Muslim Rule In India|author=V. D. Mahajan |year=1970|publisher=S. Chand, New Delhi, p.223}}</ref> He followed his martyred father's advice and always kept himself surrounded by armed Sikhs for protection. The number fifty-two was special in his life, and his retinue consisted of fifty-two armed men.<ref name=eos/> He thus founded the military tradition in the Sikh faith.<ref name=hssyan/><ref name=pashaura/>

Guru Hargobind had three wives: Damodari, Nanaki, and Marvahi.<ref name=eos/><ref>Fenech and McLeod (2014), Historical Dictionary of Sikhism, 3rd Edition, Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|978-1442236004}}, page 145</ref> He had children from three wives. Two of his eldest sons from the first wife died during his lifetime. [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], his son from Mata Nanaki, became the ninth Sikh Guru.<ref>{{cite book |author=W. H. McLeod |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA88 |year=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6 |page=88 }}</ref> The Sodhis of Anandpur Sahib<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&dq=suraj+mal+sodhi+anandpur+sahib&pg=PA296 |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |date=2014-06-11 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |language=en}}</ref> are the descendants of Baba Suraj Mal Sodhi, one of Guru Hargobind's sons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suraj Mal - SikhiWiki, free Sikh encyclopedia. |url=https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Suraj_Mal |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=www.sikhiwiki.org}}</ref>

The Guru was a martial artist (''shastarvidyā'') and he encouraged people to maintain physical fitness and keep their bodies ready for physical combat. He had his own Darbar (court). The arming and training of some of his devoted followers began. The Guru came to possess seven hundred horses and his Risaldari (army) grew to three hundred horsemen and sixty musketeers.<ref name=grewal62>Grewal, J.S. ''Sikh History from Persian Sources: Translations of Major Texts'' {{ISBN|978-8185229171}}, p. 62 "Guru Hargobind, son of Guru Arjan, ate meat and took to hunting. Most of their [the Guru's] followers adopted his practice."</ref>

He nominated his grandson to succeed him as the seventh [[Guru Har Rai]]. He died in 1644 at Kiratpur Sahib, a town situated on the banks of river Sutlej, and was cremated on the banks of [[River Sutlej]], where now stands Gurdwara Patalpuri Sahib.<ref name=eos/>

==Relations with other rulers==

[[File:Guru Hargobind is released from Gwalior Fort by Jahangir's order.jpg|thumb|Guru Hargobind is released from Gwalior Fort by Jahangir's order]]
Guru Hargobind led the Sikh response against Mughal power after [[Guru Arjan]]'s execution. He nominally accepted [[Shah Jahan]]'s authority but resisted the Islamic persecution, fighting four wars against Shah Jahan's armies. His attempts to transform the Sikh community brought him in conflict with the Mughal authority.<ref name=britannicahargobind/><ref>{{cite book |author=HS Syan|year=2013|title=Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century|publisher=IB Tauris|isbn=978-1780762500| pages = 48–49, 98|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RzzxcEL4C0C&pg=PA48}}</ref>

===Jahangir===
Along with the execution of Guru Arjan by Mughal Emperor Jahangir, Guru Hargobind from the very start was a dedicated enemy of the Mughal rule. He advised Sikhs to arm and fight the Mughals.<ref name=mah/> The death of his father at the hands of Jahangir prompted him to emphasise the military dimension of the Sikh community. He symbolically wore two swords, which represented ''[[miri piri]]''. He built a fort to defend [[Amritsar|Ramdaspur]] and created a formal court, [[Akal Takht]].<ref name="Phyllis2004">{{cite book|title= Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia, Volume 1|author= Phyllis G. Jestice|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC&pg=PA345|publisher= [[ABC-CLIO]]|year= 2004|isbn= 9781576073551|pages= 345, 346}}</ref>

Jahangir responded by jailing the 14-year-old Guru Hargobind at [[Gwalior Fort]] in 1609, on the pretext that the fine imposed on Guru Arjan had not been paid by the Sikhs and Guru Hargobind.<ref name=mandair48/> It is not clear as to how much time he spent as a prisoner. The year of his release appears to have been either 1611 or 1612, when Guru Hargobind was about 16 years old.<ref name=mandair48/> Persian records, such as ''Dabistān-e Mazāhib'' suggest he was kept in jail for twelve years, including over 1617–1619 in Gwalior, after which he and his camp were kept under Muslim army's surveillance by Jahangir.<ref name=eos/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Sikh Review, Volumes 42–43, Issues 491–497|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1XPXAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Sikh Cultural Centre|pages=15–16}}</ref>

It is unclear why he was released. Scholars suggest that Jahangir had more or less reverted to tolerant policies of Akbar by about 1611 after he felt secure about his throne, and the Sunnis and Naqshbandhi court officials at the Mughal court had fallen out of his favour. Another theory states that Jahangir discovered the circumstances and felt Guru Hargobind was harmless, so he ordered his release.<ref name="Phyllis2004"/><ref name=mandair48>{{cite book|title= Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|author= Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BEP0Ty-GuVEC&pg=PA48|publisher= [[A & C Black]]|year= 2013|isbn= 9781441117083|page= 48}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= The Sikhs : Their Journey Of Five Hundred Years|author= Raj Pal Singh|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ra19YSPDliQC&pg=PA21|publisher= Pentagon Press|year= 2004|isbn= 9788186505465|pages= 22, 23}}</ref>

According to Surjit Singh Gandhi, 52 Rajas who were imprisoned in the fort as hostages for "millions of rupees" and for opposing the Mughal empire were dismayed as they were losing a spiritual mentor. Guru Hargobind requested the Rajas to be freed along with him as well and stood surety for their loyal behavior. Jahangir ordered their release as well. Guru Hargobind got a special gown stitched which had 52 [[hem]]s. As Guru Hargobind left the fort, the captive kings caught the hems of the cloak and came out along with him.<ref name=surjitgandhi>{{cite book|title= History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 C.E|author= Surjit Singh Gandhi|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vZFBp89UInUC&pg=PA505|publisher= Atlantic Publishers & Dist.|year= 2007|isbn= 9788126908585|page= 52}}</ref>

After his release, Guru Hargobind more discreetly strengthened the Sikh army and reconsolidated the Sikh community.<ref name=mandair48/> His relations with Jahangir remained mostly friendly. He accompanied Jahangir to Kashmir and Rajputana and subdued Tara Chand of Nalagarh, who had continued for a long time in open rebellion and all efforts to subdue him had failed.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3sApBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|title= The Sikh Shrines in Jammu & Kashmir|author= Jasbir Singh Sarna|isbn= 9788186741306|page= 28|year= 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vZFBp89UInUC&pg=PA506|title= History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E|author= Surjit Singh Gandhi|publisher= Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|isbn= 9788126908592|page= 506|year= 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FdPFkAsDJVgC&pg=PA57 |title= A History of the Sikhs from the Origin of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej|author= [[Joseph Davey Cunningham]], H.L.O. Garrett|publisher= [[Asian Educational Services]]|isbn= 9788120609501|year= 2012|page= 57}}</ref> During Jahangir's reign, Guru Hargobind fought a battle against the Mughals at [[Battle of Rohilla|Rohilla]]. The battle was in response to the militarisation of the Sikhs. The Mughals who were led by Governor Abdul Khan were defeated by the Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jaques|first=Tony|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbMFCZyAcnQC|access-date=31 July 2010|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5|page=860|year=2007}}</ref>

===Shah Jahan===
During the reign of [[Shah Jahan]] that started in 1627, relations became bitter again. Shah Jahan was intolerant. He destroyed the Sikh [[baoli]] at [[Lahore]].<ref>Sikhism Origin and Development By Dalbir Singh Dhillon, p121 "In the year A. D. 1632, Shah Jahan revived his religious policy and issued ... of his policy, the Gurdwara and a Baoli at Lahore was destroyed and a mosque was erected over its place"</ref> In 1628, Shah Jahan's hunting party plundered some of Guru Hargobind's property, which triggered the first armed conflict.<ref name=mandair49>{{cite book|title= Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|author= Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BEP0Ty-GuVEC&pg=PA49|publisher= [[A & C Black]]|year= 2013|isbn= 9781441117083|pages= 48–49}}</ref>

Guru Hargobind's army fought battles with the Mughal armies of Shah Jahan at [[Amritsar]], [[Kartarpur, India|Kartarpur]] and elsewhere. Guru Hargobind defeated the Mughal troops near [[Amritsar]] in the [[Battle of Amritsar (1634)|Battle of Amritsar]] in 1634. The Guru was again attacked by a provincial detachment of Mughals, but the attackers were routed and their leaders slain.<ref name=cunn/> Guru Hargobind also led his armies against the provincial [[Muslim]] [[governor]]s.<ref name=cun>{{cite book | last = Cunningham | first = Joseph Davey | title = A History Of The Sikhs | edition = 1853 | publisher = John Murray | location = London | pages = 53 }}</ref> The Guru anticipated the return of a larger Mughal force, so retreated into [[Shivalik Hills]] to strengthen his defenses and army, with a base in Kiratpur where he continued to stay till his death.<ref name=mandair49/>

Painde Khan was appointed the leader of the provincial troops by Shah Jahan and marched upon the Guru. Guru Hargobind was attacked, but he won this battle as well.<ref name=cunn>{{cite book | last = Cunningham | first = Joseph Davey | title = A History Of The Sikhs | edition = 1853 | publisher = John Murray | location = London | pages = 55 }}</ref> Guru Hargobind also fought the [[Battle of Kartarpur]]. Chandu Shah, Guru Arjan's killer, was killed through torture by the Sikhs of Guru Hargobind, a thick iron ring was put around his nose and he was dragged on the floor till the man who killed Guru Arjan, who became a Sikh, poured hot sand on him from the same ladle which was used on Guru Arjan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gujral |first=Maninder S. |date=2000-12-19 |title=CHANDU SHAH |url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/biographical/hindu-bhagats-and-poets-and-punjabi-officials/chandu-shah/ |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=The Sikh Encyclopedia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandu Shah - SikhiWiki, free Sikh encyclopedia. |url=https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Chandu_Shah |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=www.sikhiwiki.org}}</ref>

Guru Hargobind lost his eldest son Baba Gurdita in 1638. Shah Jahan attempted political means to undermine the Sikh tradition, by dividing and influencing the succession.<ref name=mandair49/> The Mughal ruler gave land grants to Baba Gurdita's eldest son Dhir Mal, living in Kartarpur, and attempted to encourage Sikhs to recognise Dhir Mal as the rightful successor to Guru Hargobind. Dhir Mal issued statements in favour of the Mughal state, and critical of his grandfather. Guru Hargobind died at [[Kiratpur Sahib|Kiratpur]] [[Rupnagar]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]], on 28 February 1644, but before his death, he rejected his eldest grandson Dhir Mal's politics, and nominated Guru Har Rai (Dhir Mal's younger brother) instead to succeed him as the Guru.<ref name=mandair49/> The pattern was repeated when Guru Har Rai chose his second son as his successor instead of his eldest son.

=== Samarth Ramdas and Guru Hargobind ===
[[File:Samarth ramdas & guru hargovindaji.jpg|thumb|Guru Hargobind and Samarth Ramdas]]

According to Sikh tradition based on an old Punjabi manuscript Panjah Sakhian, [[Samarth Ramdas]] met Guru Hargobind (1595–1644) at Srinagar in the Garhval hills. The meeting, corroborated in a Marathi source, Ramdas Swami's Bakhar, by Hanumant Swami, written in 1793, probably took place in the early 1630s during Samarth Ramdas's pilgrimage travels in the north and Guru Hargobind's journey to Nanakmata in the east. It is said that as they came face to face with each other, Guru Hargobind had just returned from a hunting excursion. He was fully armed and rode a horse. "I had heard that you occupied the Gaddi of Guru Nanak", said the Maratha saint Ramdas, and asked what sort of ''sadhu'' was he. Guru Hargobind replied, "Internally a hermit, and externally a prince. Arms mean protection to the poor and destruction of the tyrant. Guru Nanak had not renounced the world but had renounced [[Maya (illusion)|Maya]]".<ref name="sangat">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Sangat |title=The Sikhs In History |date=2010 |publisher=Singh Brothers |isbn=978-8172052768 |page=48 |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/TheSikhsInHistory/page/n63/mode/2up}}</ref>

==Battles and skirmishes==

# [[Battle of Rohilla|Battle of Rohilla (1621)]]
# [[Battle of Amritsar (1634)]]
# [[Battle of Lahira]], 1634
# [[Battle for Maham]]
# Battle of Patiala
# [[Battle of Kartarpur]], 1635
# Battle of Phagwara, 1635<ref name="Harbans Kaur Sagoo">{{cite book |author=Harbans Kaur Sagoo |url=https://archive.org/details/BandaSinghBahadurAndSikhSovereignty/page/n1/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |year=2001 |isbn=9788176293006 |location= |page=38}}</ref>

==Popular culture==
The animated Punjabi movie ''Dastaan-E-Miri Piri'' is about Guru Hargobind and his contribution to the Sikh faith and community.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10469048/?ref_=wl_li_tt | title=Dastaan-E-Miri Piri | website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Guru Arjan with a young Hargobind.jpg|Guru Arjan (seated, middle) with a young Hargobind (left).
File:Guru Hargobind depicted alongside Ani Rai and Atal Rai.jpg|Guru Hargobind depicted alongside Ani Rai and Atal Rai.
File:Guru Hargobind out riding.jpg|Guru Hargobind out riding.
File:Bhai Rupa with Guru Hargobind.jpg|Bhai Rupa Chand (right) with Guru Hargobind (left).
File:Fresco artwork of Guru Hargobind.jpg|Fresco artwork of Guru Hargobind (seated).
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer (2012), ''SIKH HISTORY in 10 volumes'', Sikh University Press.

==External links==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001911/http://www.scys-online.org/site/G6.html Guru Hargobind]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Guru Arjan]]
| title = [[Sikh gurus|Sikh Guru]]|years=25 May 1606 – 3 March 1644
| after = [[Guru Har Rai]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Sikhism|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hargobind, Guru}}
[[Category:1595 births]]
[[Category:1644 deaths]]
[[Category:Sikh warriors]]
[[Category:Sikh gurus]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]

Guru Hargobind - Revision history

CleanupBot II at 00:06, 14 August 2023