ImportMaster at 10:53, 1 July 2022

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{{for-text|other dynasties claiming [[Haihaya]] descent|[[Kalachuri dynasty (disambiguation)]]}}
{{Infobox country
| common_name = Kalachuris of Ratnapura
| conventional_long_name = Kalachuris of Ratnapura
| year_start = 11th century
| year_end = 1740
| government_type = monarchy
| capital = [[Ratanpur|Ratnapura]]
| p1 = Kalachuris of Ratnapura
| s1 = Kingdom of Nagpur{{!}}Bhonsle dynasty
| today = [[India]]
}}
{{Location map+
|India
|float = right
|width = 280
|caption = Location of the dynasty's capitals in modern India
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|places =
{{location map~ |India |lat=21.2587|N |long=81.6311|E |label=Raipur |position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=22.2862|N |long=82.1623|E |label=Ratanpur|position=right}}
}}
The '''Haihaiyavansi Kingdom''' was a kingdom in the upper [[Mahanadi River]] basin in eastern India, comprising the central portion of present-day [[Chhattisgarh]] state and west-central [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. The kingdom was ruled by the Haihaiyavansi from the 12th to the 18th centuries AD. During the reign of the Haihayavanshi, there were thirty-six ''garhs'' (forts), and hence, the region of [[Chhattisgarh]] was named after the number of forts it had.<ref name="toponymy">{{cite book |last1=Sahu |first1=N. S. |title=Toponymy, a Genre in Onomastic Science: A Linguistic Study |date=1989 |publisher=Amar Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85061-76-4 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Toponymy_a_Genre_in_Onomastic_Science/I2ohAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Haihayavanshi+Kingdom&dq=Haihayavanshi+Kingdom&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref><ref name="geo">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=George |title=The Student's Geography of India: The Geography of British India : Political and Physical |date=1882 |publisher=John Murray |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Student_s_Geography_of_India/Bm0qAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Haihai+Bansi&pg=PA334&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref> In 1740, the Maratha general of [[Bhonsles of Nagpur|Nagpur]], [[Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar|Bhaskar Pant]] conquered the kingdom for [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mellor |first1=John Williams |last2=Weaver |first2=Thomas F. |last3=Lele |first3=Uma J. |title=Developing Rural India: Plan and Practice |date=1968 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-0296-8 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Developing_Rural_India/8dADAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=haihayabansi&dq=haihayabansi&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref> The Raipur branch of the kingdom survived until 1753, also being annexed by the [[Nagpur Kingdom|Marathas of Nagpur]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=India |first1=Archaeological Survey of |title=Reports |date=1884 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Reports/md3Hc7gYr7IC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=haihayabansi&pg=PA77&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref>

==Origin==
The kingdom originated as the eastern province of the tenth-century [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] or Chedi kingdom, which was centered in the upper [[Narmada River]] valley. The Kalachuris ruled from a capital at [[Tewar, Madhya Pradesh|Tewar]] (Tripuri) near modern [[Jabalpur]]. By the eleventh century the [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Ratnapura branch]], had settled in the upper Mahanadi basin, and in the twelfth century became independent. For over six centuries the upper Mahanadi basin remained under the control of the Haihayavanshi rajas claiming descent from the Ratnapura Kalachuris.

==History==
The kingdom was located east of the main routes between northern and southern India, and was spared the Muslim invasions of the 13th-16th centuries.<ref name="go">{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Behram H. |title=Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands |date=1984 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Gonds_of_the_Central_Indian_Highlands/X2gpF5bsAjUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Kingdom+of+chanda&pg=PA263&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref> On the accession of Suradeva, the twentieth king, the kingdom was divided between him at [[Ratanpur]] and his younger brother founded a younger branch at [[Raipur]] to the south.<ref name="naaf">{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=William Wilson |title=Naaf to Rangmagiri |date=1881 |publisher=Trübner |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Naaf_to_Rangmagiri/GYoIAAAAQAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Haihai+Bansi&pg=PA486&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref><ref name="past">{{cite book |last1=Dube |first1=Saurabh |title=Untouchable Pasts: Religion, Identity, and Power Among a Central Indian Community, 1780-1950 |date=19 March 1998 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3688-2 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Untouchable_Pasts/jl-dIbI5kKwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Haihayavanshi+Kingdom&pg=PA27&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref> It has been conjectured that the name Mahakosal, the greater Kosala, was made common for Dakshin Kosal or Chhattisgarh by the Chedi - Haihayavanshi rulers of this region to make their kingdom sound more dignified and their sovereignty seem more pronounced.<ref name="dewas">{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Dewas |date=1973 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Madhya_Pradesh_District_Gazetteers_Dewas/qIphAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Haihayavanshi+Kingdom&dq=Haihayavanshi+Kingdom&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref><ref name="durg">{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |title=Madhya Pradesh: Durg |date=1965 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Madhya_Pradesh_Durg/CEVuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Haihayavanshi+Kingdom&dq=Haihayavanshi+Kingdom&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref> The town of [[Amarkantak]] is said to have been built by the Haihayavanshis.<ref name="go"/>

===Maratha invasion===
{{Main|Siege of Ratanpur}}
The kingdom came under [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] suzerainty with the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] invasions of the 18th century. Marathas of the [[Bhonsles of Nagpur|Bhonsle clan of Nagpur]] established themselves in [[Berar Subah|Berar]] at the beginning of the 18th century, and conquered the neighboring [[Gonds of Deogarh|Gond kingdom of Deogarh]] in 1743.
The [[Bhonsles of Nagpur|Bhonsle Maratha armies]] passed through [[Chhattisgarh]] on their way to invade the Odia kingdoms in eastern India. Bhaskar Pant invaded the Haihaiyavanshi Kingdom at the close of 1740. According to Sir Charles Grant, his army is said to have consisted of 40,000 men, chiefly horse. The branch Haihaiyavanshi ruler of [[Raipur]], Amar Singh, did not oppose him. However, the Haihaiyavanshi ruler of [[Ratanpur, Chhattisgarh|Ratanpur]], Raghunath Singh offered resistance by shutting himself in his fort.

According to Sir Charles Grant, Raghunath Singh was bowed down with a heavy sorrow, which was the loss of his only son. He refused to take any interest in the government for nearly a year. At best, he was a feeble man, but now worn out with years and afflicted in mind. The ''raja'' made no effort to defend his kingdom and waited till Bhaskar Pant reached his capital. Even then, there was no resistance from the defenders. Bhaskar Pant bought his guns to play on the fort, and soon a part of the palace was in ruins. At this point, one of the ''[[Rana (title)|Ranis]]'' (queen) named Laxmi hoisted a white flag on the ramparts of the fort. The gates for opened, and the invading Marathas entered the fort and looted the city.<ref name="central"/><ref name="africa and asia">{{cite book |title=Estudios de Asia y Africa |date=2002 |publisher=El Colegio de México. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Estudios_de_Asia_y_Africa/6_i5AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Haihayavanshi+Kingdom&dq=Haihayavanshi+Kingdom&printsec=frontcover |language=es}}</ref><ref name="bilaspur">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Zakiya Tasneem |title=Bilaspur: A Study in Urban Geography |date=1994 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-049-9 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Bilaspur/zNf01j_2knsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Bhaskar+Pant&pg=PA14&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref><ref name="naaf"/>

A fine of one lakh rupees was imposed on the town and all the wealth that remained in the treasury was seized. Then the country was pillaged in all directions by the Maratha army. However, Raghunath Singh was not harmed in any manner and allowed to rule at [[Ratanpur, Chhattisgarh|Ratanpur]] under the suzerainty of the Marathas. Having crushed the Haihaiyavanshi king, the nominal overlord of the many petty chieftains and surrounding states, the Marathas demanded that the petty rulers submit to them, and the rulers did.<ref name="central">{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Charles |title=The Gazetteer of the Central Provinces of India |date=1870 |publisher=Education Society's Press |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Gazetteer_of_the_Central_Provinces_o/PbcBAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Bhaskar+Pant&pg=PA94&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref>

[[Raigarh]] fell to the Bhonsles in 1741, and by 1742 Maratha control over the kingdom was firmly established.<ref name="past">{{cite book |last1=Dube |first1=Saurabh |title=Untouchable Pasts: Religion, Identity, and Power Among a Central Indian Community, 1780-1950 |date=19 March 1998 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3688-2 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Untouchable_Pasts/jl-dIbI5kKwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Haihayavanshi+Kingdom&pg=PA27&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref>

==Administration==
As per writer Saurabh Dube, the two kingdoms were each subdivided into 18 districts which were known as ''garhs'' (forts), and were under the charge of ''[[Thakur (title)|thakurs]]'' or ''[[Dewan|diwans]]'', who owed allegiance to the [[Rajput]] king.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dube |first1=Saurabh |title=Untouchable Pasts: Religion, Identity, and Power Among a Central Indian Community, 1780-1950 |date=19 March 1998 |page=27|publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3688-2 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Untouchable_Pasts/jl-dIbI5kKwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Haihayavanshi+Kingdom&pg=PA27&printsec=frontcover |quote= The two kingdoms were each subdivided into 18 districts known as ''garhs'' (forts), which were under the charge of ''thakurs'' or ''diwans'', who owed allegiance to the Rajput King.|language=en}}</ref> The ''garh'' was also known as ''chaurasi'' (eighty-four) because it was meant to be made up of 84 villages. The ''garhs'' were in turn made up of smaller units called ''taluks''. The ''taluk'', which was supposed to contain 12 villages and was also known as ''bahron'' (twelve) was held by a ''dao'' or ''barhainya'' whose authority in the unit closely resembled that of the ''[[Dewan|diwan]]'' within the ''taluk''. The village was held by a ''gaonthia'' or headman.<ref name="past"/>

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Charles |title=The Gazetteer of the Central Provinces of India |date=1870 |publisher=Education Society's Press |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Gazetteer_of_the_Central_Provinces_o/PbcBAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Bhaskar+Pant&pg=PA94&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Zakiya Tasneem |title=Bilaspur: A Study in Urban Geography |date=1994 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-049-9 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Bilaspur/zNf01j_2knsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Bhaskar+Pant&pg=PA14&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=William Wilson |title=Naaf to Rangmagiri |date=1881 |publisher=Trübner |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Naaf_to_Rangmagiri/GYoIAAAAQAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Haihai+Bansi&pg=PA486&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}

==See also==
*[[Heheya Kingdom]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', Volume 6. 1908-1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford.
* McEldowney, Philip F. (1980). ''Colonial Administration and Social Developments in middle India: The Central Provinces, 1861-1921.'' Ph.D. dissertation.

[[Category:Medieval India]]
[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of India]]
[[Category:History of Chhattisgarh]]

Haihaiyavanshi Kingdom - Revision history

ImportMaster at 10:53, 1 July 2022