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Halbi language - Revision history
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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken in India}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Halbi<br />
| nativename = हलबी<br />
| image = Halbi language.svg<br />
| imagecaption = The word "Halbi" written in Devanagari script<br />
| states = [[India]]<br />
| region = [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], and [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| ethnicity = [[Halba (tribe)|Halba]]<br />
| speakers = 766,297<br />
| date = 2011 census<br />
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref><br />
| familycolor = Indo-European<br />
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]<br />
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]<br />
| fam4 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]<br />
| fam5 = [[Halbic languages|Halbic]]<br />
| script = [[Odia script|Odia]], [[Devanagari]]<br />
| iso3 = hlb<br />
| lingua = 59-AAF-tb<br />
| glotto = halb1244<br />
| glottoname = Halbi<br />
| map = Halbi map.png<br />
| mapcaption = Halbi-speaking region<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Halbi''' (also Bastari, Halba, Halvas, Halabi, Halvi) is an [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern Indo-Aryan]] language, transitional between [[Odia language|Odia]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<ref>Masica (1991)</ref> It is spoken by at least 766,297 people across the central part of [[India]]. <br />
<br />
The Mehari (or Mahari) dialect is mutually intelligible with the other dialects only with difficulty. There are an estimated 200,000 second-language speakers (as of 2001). In Chhattisgarh educated people are fluent in [[Hindi]]. Some first language speakers use [[Bhatri language|Bhatri]] as second language.<br />
<br />
Halbi is often used as a trade language, but there is a low literacy rate. It is written in the [[Odia script|Odia]] and [[Devanagari]] scripts.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}} It uses SOV word order (subject-object-verb), makes strong use of [[affix]]es, and places adjectives before nouns. <br />
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== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
Halbi has 6 vowels: /a, e, ɘ, i, o, u/. All vowels show contrastive vowel nasalization.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://phoible.org/inventories/view/1727#tipa|title=PHOIBLE 2.0 -|website=phoible.org|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! colspan="2" |<br />
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br />
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br />
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br />
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br />
![[Glottal stop|Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br />
|m<br />
|n<br />
|<br />
|ŋ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]<br />
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small><br />
|p<br />
|t<br />
|<br />
|k<br />
|ʔ<br />
|-<br />
![[Aspirated consonant|<small>aspirated</small>]]<br />
|pʰ<br />
|tʰ<br />
|<br />
|kʰ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]<br />
|b<br />
|d<br />
|<br />
|g<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
![[Breathy voice|<small>breathy</small>]]<br />
|bʱ<br />
|dʱ<br />
|<br />
|gʱ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]<br />
!<small>voiceless</small><br />
|<br />
|t͡s<br />
|cç<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|ɟʝ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]<br />
!<small>voiceless</small><br />
|f<br />
|s<br />
|ç<br />
|<br />
|h<br />
|-<br />
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]<br />
|v<br />
|z<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]<br />
|<br />
|l<br />
|j<br />
|w<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]<br />
|<br />
|r<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Languages of India}}<br />
{{Eastern Indo-Aryan languages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of India]]<br />
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{IndoAryan-lang-stub}}</div>
Ajay Kumar