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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Short description|Padshah Begum of Mughal Empire}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox royalty
| type =
| consort = yes
| name = Hamida Banu Begum
| title = [[Queen consort]] of the Mughal Empire<br>[[Queen mother]] of the Mughal Empire
| image = Hamida Banu Begum, wife of Mughal Emperor Humayun.jpg
| caption = Artistic portrait of Hamida Banu Begum
| also known as =
| moretext =
| succession = [[Padshah Begum]]
| predecessor = [[Bega Begum]]
| successor = [[Saliha Banu Begum]]
| coronation =
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Humayun]]|September 1541
|27 January 1556|end={{Abbr|d.|death}}}}
| issue = [[Akbar]] <br> Two daughters
| father = Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami
| mother = Mah Afroz Begum
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1527
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1604|8|29|1527|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Agra]], [[Mughal Empire]] (present-day [[India]])
| date of burial = 30 August 1604
| place of burial = [[Humayun's Tomb]], [[Delhi]]
| occupation =
| signature =
| religion = [[Shia Islam]]
}}
'''Hamida Banu Begum''' ({{circa}} 1527 – 29 August 1604), was the [[queen consort]] of the second Mughal emperor [[Humayun]] and the mother of his successor, the third Mughal emperor [[Akbar]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lal |first1=Muni |title=Shah Jahan |date=1986 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |page=xv |isbn=9780706929294 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__BtAAAAMAAJ&q=hamida+banu+Begum+August+29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=da>[http://www.thedailystar.net/2004/06/27/d406271502101.htm The Humayun Nama: Gulbadan Begum's forgotten chronicle] Yasmeen Murshed, [[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]], 27 June 2004.</ref> She was bestowed the title of '''Mariam Makani''' ({{lit|Dwelling with [[Mary in Islam|Mary]]}}), by her son, Akbar.<ref name="Findly">{{cite book|last1=Findly|first1=Ellison Banks|title=Nur Jahan, empress of Mughal India|date=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780195360608|page=94}}</ref> She also bore the title of [[Padshah Begum]] during the reign of Akbar.<ref>{{cite book |last=Badayuni|first=Abdul Qadir|volume=III|title=Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh|quote=Begum Pädshāh, the mother of his Majesty, busied herself in the ladies' apartments of the palace in interceding for the Shaikh and said to the Emperor. My son, he has an aged and decrepit mother in Ajmer.}}</ref>

==Family==
Hamida Banu Begum was born {{circa}} 1527 to a family of [[Persians|Persian]] descent.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Truschke|first=Audrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMJ1CwAAQBAJ&dq=Hamida+Banu+Begum+is+persian&pg=PT312|title=Culture of Encounters: Sanskrit at the Mughal Court|date=2016-03-01|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-54097-1|language=en}}</ref> Her father, Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami, a [[Shia]], was a [[preceptor]] to Mughal prince [[Hindal Mirza]], the youngest son of the first Mughal emperor, [[Babur]]. Ali Akbar Jami was also known as Mian Baba Dost, who belonged to the lineage of [[Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami|Ahmad Jami Zinda-fil]]. Hamida Banu's mother was Maah Afroz Begum, who married Ali Akbar Jami in [[Paat]], [[Sindh]]. As suggested by her lineage, Hamida was a devout [[Muslim]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Dr. B. P. Saha|title=Begams, concubines, and memsahibs|publisher=Vikas Pub. House|page=20}}</ref>

==Meeting with Humayun==
She met [[Humayun]], as a fourteen-year-old girl and frequenting Mirza Hindal's household, at a banquet given by his mother, Dildar Begum (Babur's wife and Humayun's step-mother) in [[Alwar]]. Humayun was in exile after his exodus from [[Delhi]], due to the armies of [[Sher Shah Suri]], who had ambitions of restoring [[Delhi Sultanate|Afghan rule in Delhi]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Royal Mughal ladies and their contributions |last= Mukherjee|first= Soma |publisher= Gyan Books|location= |isbn=81-212-07606 |date=2001 |page= 199|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC&dq=Hamida+Banu+Umerkot&pg=PA120}} </ref>

When negotiations for Humayun's marriage with Hamida Banu Begum were going on, both Hamida and Hindal bitterly opposed the marriage proposal, possibly because they were involved with each other.<ref name=Eraly2000>{{cite book|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne : The Saga of the Great Mughals|year=2000|publisher=Penguin books|isbn=9780141001432|pages=65, 526|edition=[Rev. ed.].}}</ref> It seems probable that Hamida was in love with Hindal, though there is only circumstantial evidence for it.<ref name=Eraly2000/> In her book the ''Humayun-nama'', Hindal's sister and Hamida's close friend, [[Gulbadan Begum]], pointed out that Hamida was frequently seen in her brother's palace during those days, and even in the palace of their mother, Dildar Begum.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wade|first=Bonnie C.|title=Imaging Sound : an Ethnomusicological Study of Music, Art, and Culture in Mughal India|year=1998|publisher=Univ. of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226868417|page=62|url=https://archive.org/details/imagingsoundethn0000wade}}</ref>

Initially, Hamida refused to meet the emperor; eventually after forty days of pursuit and at the insistence of Dildar Begum, she agreed to marry him. She refers to her initial reluctance in the ''Humayunama'',<ref name="Mukherjee, p.120">Mukherjee, p.120</ref>

{{Cquote |I shall marry someone; but he shall be a man whose collar my hand can touch, and not one whose skirt it does not reach.}}

==Marriage==
[[File:Young Akbar Recognizes His Motherfrom anAkbarnama.jpg|thumb|Young Akbar recognizes his mother. An illustration from the ''[[Akbarnama]]''.]]
The marriage took place on a day chosen by the Emperor, an avid astrologer himself, employing his [[astrolabe]], at mid-day on a Monday in September, 1541 ([[Jumada al-awwal]] 948 [[Hijri year|AH]]) at Patr (known as [[Paat]], [[Dadu District]] of [[Sindh]]). Thus, she became his junior wife, after [[Bega Begum]] (later known as Haji Begum, after ''[[Hajj]]''), who was his first wife and chief consort.<ref name=da/><ref>[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D03601021%26ct%3D129%26rqs%3D160%26rqs%3D161 Nasiruddin Humayun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305073517/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D03601021%26ct%3D129%26rqs%3D160%26rqs%3D161 |date=5 March 2016 }} The Muntakhabu-’rūkh by [[Al-Badauni|Al-Badāoni]], [[Packard Humanities Institute]].</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Faces of the feminine in ancient, medieval, and modern India |last= Bose |first=Mandakranta |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location= US|isbn= 0-19-512229-1|page=203|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lNOUSo6Eb-oC&q=Hamida+Banu&pg=PA203|access-date=6 August 2009}}</ref> The marriage became "politically beneficial" to [[Humayun]], as he got help from the rival [[Shia muslims|Shia]] groups during times of war.<ref name="Mukherjee, p.120"/>

A year after a perilous journey through the desert, on 22 August 1542, she and Emperor Humayun reached at the [[Umerkot]] ruled by Rana Prasad, a [[Hindu]] Sodha Rajput, at a small desert town, where the Rana gave them asylum. Two months later, she gave birth future Emperor, [[Akbar]], on the early morning of 15 October 1542 (fourth day of [[Rajab]], 949 AH), he was given the name Humayun had heard in his dream at Lahore – the Emperor Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar.<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/gulbadan/part10.html Part 10:..the birth of Akbar] ''Humayun nama'' by [[Gulbadan Begum]].</ref><ref>[http://www.oriold.uzh.ch/static/hegira.html Conversion of Islamic and Christian dates (Dual)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801034114/http://www.oriold.uzh.ch/static/hegira.html |date=1 August 2009 }} As per the date converter Akbar's birth date, as per ''Humayun nama'', of 04 [[Rajab]], 949 AH, corresponds to 14 October 1542.</ref><ref>[http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/a/amarkot.html Amarkot Genealogy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831102343/http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/a/amarkot.html |date=31 August 2009 }} [[Queensland University]].</ref><ref>{{EB1911|wstitle=Akbar, Jellaladin Mahommed}}.</ref><ref name=gr>{{cite book |title=The empire of the great Mughals |last=Schimmel|first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |author2=Burzine K. Waghmar|year=2004 |publisher=[[Reaktion Books]] |isbn=1-86189-185-7 |page=146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7sewQQzOHUC&q=Hamida+Banu+Umerkot&pg=PA146 }}.</ref>

In coming years, she took on numerous tough journeys to follow her husband, who was still in flight. First, in the beginning of the following December, she and her new born went into camp at Jūn, after traveling for ten or twelve days. Then in 1543, she made the perilous journey from Sindh, which had [[Qandahar]] for its goal, but in course of which Humayun had to take hasty flight from Shal-mastan, "through a desert and waterless waste". Leaving her little son behind, she accompanied her husband to Persia, here they visited the shrines of her ancestor, Ahmad-e Jami and Shiites shrine, of [[Ardabil]] in [[Iran]], the place of origin of [[Safavid dynasty]], which helped them immensely in the following years. In 1544, at a camp at [[Sabzawar]], 93 miles south of [[Herat]], she gave birth to a daughter, who along with her full sister died on the return journey from Persia.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Akbarnama Vol-II |pages=86}}</ref> Thereafter, she returned from Persia with the army given to Humayun by [[Safavid dynasty|Shah of Iran]], [[Tahmasp I]], and at [[Kandahar]] met Dildar Begum, and her son, Mirza Hindal. Thus it was not until 15 November 1545 (Ramdan 10th, 952 AH) that she saw her son Akbar again, the scene of young Akbar recognizing his mother amongst a group of women has been keenly illustrated in Akbar's biography, ''[[Akbarnama]]''. In 1548, she and Akbar accompanied Humayun to Kabul.<ref name=gr/>

==Akbar's reign==
[[File:Akbar's mother travels by boat to Agra.jpg|thumb|Akbar's mother travels by boat to Agra. An illustration from the ''[[Akbarnama]]''.]]
During the reign of [[Akbar]], there are many instances where imperial ladies interfered in matters of the court to ask pardon for a wrongdoer. She used her influence to secure a pardon for state offenders.<ref>Mukherjee, p.130</ref>

Meanwhile, Sher Shah Suri died in May 1545, and after that his son and successor, [[Islam Shah]] died too in 1554, disintegrating the [[Suri dynasty]] rule. In November 1554, when Humayun set out for India, she stayed back in [[Kabul]]. Though he took control of Delhi in 1555, he died within a year of his return, by falling down the steps of his library at [[Purana Qila]], [[Delhi]], in 1556 at the age of 47, leaving behind a thirteen-year-old heir, Akbar, who was to become one of greatest emperors of the empire. Hamida Banu joined Akbar from Kabul, only during his second year of reign, 1557 CE, and stayed with him thereafter, she even intervened in politics on various occasions, most notably during the ouster of Mughal minister, [[Bairam Khan]], when Akbar came of age in 1560.<ref name=gr/>

[[File:Birth of jahangir.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Painting from [[Jahangirnama]] describing the birth of [[Jahangir|prince Salim]] where Mariam Makani is seated beside [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], her daughter-in-law and mother of prince Salim.]]

In later years, she raised her granddaughter, [[Shahzada Khanam]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Emperor|first=Jahangir|title=Jahangirnama|pages=37}}</ref>

==Death and aftermath==
[[File:Humayun Delhi 2.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Cenotaph]] of Hamida Banu Begum along with that of [[Dara Shikoh]] and others, in a side chamber of [[Humayun's Tomb, Delhi]].]]
She was buried at Humayun's Tomb after her death on 29 August 1604 (19th Shahriyar, 1013 [[Hijri year|AH]]) in [[Agra]], just a year before the death of her son Akbar and almost half a century after death of her husband, Humayun. Throughout her years, she was held in high regard by her son Akbar, as English traveler [[Thomas Coryat]] recorded, Akbar carrying her [[palanquin]] himself across the river, during one of her journeys from Lahore to Agra. Later when [[Prince Salim]], future emperor Jahangir, revolted against his father Akbar, she took upon the case of her grandson, and a reconciliation ensued thereafter, even though Salim had plotted and got Akbar's favorite minister [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abu'l-Fazl]] killed. Akbar shaved his head and chin only on two occasions, one at the death of foster-mother [[Jiji Anga]] and another at the death of his mother.<ref>[http://www.anusha.com/pafg111.htm Genealogy of Hamida Begum]</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= The Mughals of India|last= Mukhia |first=Harbans |year=2004 |publisher=Wiley |location= India|isbn=81-265-1877-4|page= 115|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZYsjlmtSmAC&q=Hamida+Banu&pg=PA115 }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lNOUSo6Eb-oC&dq=hamida+banu+Begum&pg=PA203 Hamida Banu] ''Faces of the feminine in ancient, medieval, and modern India'', by Mandakranta Bose. Oxford University Press US, 2000. {{ISBN|0-19-512229-1}}. ''Page 203''.</ref>{{Failed verification|date=December 2022}}

She was given the title, ''[[Maryam (name)|Maryam]]-makānī'', dwelling with [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]] as she was considered, 'epitome of innocence' by Akbar.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20080704141039/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/28/stories/2003042800730200.htm Mausoleum that Humayun never built]}} [[The Hindu]], 28 April 2003.</ref> She has been referred to as ''"Hazrat"'' in court chronicles of her son, Akbar and her grandson, Jahangir. Details of her life are also found in ''Humayun Nama'', written by [[Gulbadan Begum]], sister of [[Humayun]],<ref>''Humayun-Nama : The History of Humayun'' by Gul-Badan Begam. Translated by Annette S. Beveridge. New Delhi, Goodword, 2001,{{ISBN|81-87570-99-7}}. ''Page 149''.</ref><ref>[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D07701010%26ct%3D56%26rqs%3D677%26rqs%3D678%26rqs%3D680%26rqs%3D684%26rqs%3D702%26rqs%3D703%26rqs%3D720%26rqs%3D721 LXXXIII. Ḥamīda-bānū Begam Maryam-makānī] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012934/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D07701010%26ct%3D56%26rqs%3D677%26rqs%3D678%26rqs%3D680%26rqs%3D684%26rqs%3D702%26rqs%3D703%26rqs%3D720%26rqs%3D721 |date=5 March 2016 }} ''Humayun-nama'' Chapter 57, Appendix A. Biographical Notices of the Women mentioned by [[Babur|Babar]], [[Gulbadan Begum]], and Haidar.''LXXXIII.''. [[Packard Humanities Institute]]</ref> as well as in ''[[Akbarnama]]'' and ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'', both written during the reign of her son, Akbar.

==In popular culture==
* She is portrayed by [[Nargis]] in the 1945 Indian epic film [[Humayun (film)|''Humayun'']].
* In ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'', a 2008 Indian epic film, directed by [[Ashutosh Gowariker]], the character of Hamida Bano was portrayed by [[Poonam Sinha]].<ref>{{IMDb title|449994|Jodhaa Akbar}}</ref>
* From 18 June 2013, Zee TV started airing a TV series titled ''[[Jodha Akbar]]'' with [[Rajat Tokas]] and [[Paridhi Sharma]] in the lead. Hamida Banu Begum is portrayed as a main character and is played by Chhaya Phadkar.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}
*[[Rishina Kandhari]] portrayed Hamida Banu Begum in the 2017 Indian television series ''[[Akbar - Rakht Se Takht Ka Safar|Akbar Rakht Se Takht Ka Safar]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* ''Humayun-Nama : The History of Humayun'' by [[Gulbadan Begum]], Tr. by Annette S. Beveridge (1902). New Delhi, Goodword, 2001. {{ISBN|81-87570-99-7}}.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100802030308/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D07701010%26ct%3D0 E-book at Packard Institute] [http://www.columbiauniversity.org/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/gulbadan/index.html Excerpts at Columbia Univ.]
* {{cite book|author1=Begam Gulbadam|author2=Annette S. Beveridge|title=The history of Humayun = Humayun-nama|year=1902|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N0WSBgAAQBAJ&q=turki+woman+married+to&pg=PA249|publisher=Begam Gulbadam|pages=249–|id=GGKEY:NDSD0TGDPA1}}
* {{Cite book|title = The Mughals of India|last = Mukhia|first = Harbans|publisher = Wiley-Blackwell|year = 2004|isbn = 9780631185550|location = Malden, MA|author-link = Harbans Mukhia}}

==External links==

* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/gulbadan/part09.html ''Humayun nama'', Chapter 9:..marriage of Hamida-banu Begam and Humayun]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Begum, Hamida Banu}}
[[Category:Wives of Humayun]]
[[Category:1527 births]]
[[Category:1604 deaths]]
[[Category:Queen mothers]]
[[Category:Akbar]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:Mothers of Mughal emperors]]
[[Category:16th-century Iranian women]]
[[Category:17th-century Iranian women]]

Hamida Banu Begum - Revision history

WikiDwarfBOT at 03:02, 22 July 2023