Bot at 23:57, 3 December 2022

2022-12-03T23:57:05Z

New page

{{Short description|Town in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hangal
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline = Hangal Tarakeshwara temple half (back).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Hangal Tarakeshwara temple
| pushpin_map = India#India Karnataka
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.767|N|75.126|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Haveri district|Haveri]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of Constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Constituency]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Haveri]]
| subdivision_type5 = Nearest Large City | subdivision_name5 = [[Hubli-Dharwad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 555
| population_total = 28159
| corrent populaton aprox = 45000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 581 104
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08379
| registration_plate = KA-27
| website = {{URL|hanagaltown.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =

}}

'''Hangal''', is a historic town in [[Karnataka]], It is {{cvt|80|km}} away from [[Hubli]] through [[National Highway 766E (India)|NH 766E]].

==Location==
Hangal lies about {{convert|75|km|mi}} south of the city of [[Hubli-Dharwad]], about {{convert|30|km|mi}} west of the [[Tungabhadra river]] and east of the [[Arabian sea]]. It is located on state road one, running north to south. A nearby body of water is the Anakere lake. The town is on level terrain in an agricultural district.<ref>[https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Hangal,+Karnataka+581104,+India/@14.743127,75.1124275,4280m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x3bb94fbb9511722d:0x9f94383ba1862cf6 "Hangal, Karnataka map."] Google.com Accessed 9 November 2015.</ref>

==History==
Hungal is recorded as ''Panungal'' in early documents. It was once the capital of a [[feudatory]] of the [[Kadambas]].<ref>[http://www.gazetteer.kar.nic.in/get_chap.asp "Handbook of Karnataka."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207050740/http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/get_chap.asp |date=7 December 2008 }} Gazetteer Accessed 11 August 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.nupam.com/postg1.html "The Kadambas of Hangal."] Nupam.com Accessed 11 August 2008</ref><ref>Moreas G. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RUX8-PzWohgC&pg=PA295 "The Kadamba Kula."] at Google books.co Accessed 9 March 2009.</ref><ref>[http://prabhu.50g.com/southind/kadamba/south_kadambah.html "The Kadambas of Hangal."] Prabhu.50g.com Accessed 11 August 2008.</ref> The [[Kadambas]] was an ancient dynasty of south India which ruled the region of the present-day state of [[Goa]] and nearby [[Konkan]] region from around {{nowrap|AD 485}} until the 11th century. They built temples in Hangal in the [[Jainism|Jain]] tradition.<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u01936000.html "General view of a small ruined Jain temple in the Fort, Hangal."] At Google Books.co Accessed 17 October 2008.</ref> In medieval epigraphs, it is known as Viratakote and Viratanagari, that is the fort and the city of Virata. According to local legends, it is believed to be the place where the [[Pandavas]] spent the thirteenth year of their exile.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Kadamba Kula: A History of Ancient and Mediaeval Karnataka|author=[[George M. Moraes]]|publisher=Asian Educational Services, 1995 - History - 504 pages|page=105}}</ref>

Hanagal is also known for Agnihotra (three Kunda shroutagni) which was practised by Shrotriya Samrat Brahmashri Chayanayaji—Girishastri Kashikar—for seven generations till 1973.

Around 1031, the [[Hoysalas]] took and held Hangal. In 1060, [[Mallikarjuna (Shilahara dynasty)|Mallikarjuna]] of the [[Shilahara]] laid siege to Hangal.<ref>[[George M. Moraes|Moraes G.]] [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=RUX8-PzWohgC&pg=PA132&dq=hangal&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBGoVChMI_NqNy8iAyQIVZ9ymCh2gCgHT#v=onepage&q=hangal&f=false "The Kadamba Kula: A History of Ancient and Mediaeval Karnataka."] Asian Educational Services, 1995 p129. {{ISBN|8120605950}}, 9788120605954.</ref>

In the 12th century, Hangal was held by the Kalalyani Chalukyas, rulers of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].<ref>Pigou W. [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/h/019pho0000965s1u00042000.html "Hungul, a temple."] 1857. At Bl.uk online gallery. Accessed 13 March 2009.</ref> The Chalukyas built temples in the [[Gadag]] architectural style, from grey-green coloured chloritic [[schist]].<ref>[http://prabhu.50g.com/southind/kadamba/south_kadambah.html "The Kadambas of Hangal."] Prabhu.50g.com Accessed 13 March 2009.</ref>

On 14 July 1800, English forces took Hangal from [[Dhondopant Gokhale|Dhoondia Punt Gocklah]], a [[Marhatta]] rebel deserter.<ref>Wellesley A. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=alc_AAAAYAAJ&dq=hangal&source=gbs_navlinks_s "The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington, K. G. During His Various Campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries, and France: India, 1794-1805."] J. Murray, 1834 p69 at Google Books accessed 8 November 2015.</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Hangal Taluk.jpg|thumb|left|Hangal Taluk Map]]
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>[http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16 "Census of India 2001."] Census commission of India. Accessed 1 November 2008.</ref> Hangal had a population of 25,011. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Hangal had an average literacy rate of 64%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 67%, and female literacy was 60%. 14% of the population is under six years of age.
==Politics==
[[Srinivas Mane]] of [[Indian National Congress]] party is the MLA representing the [[Hangal (Vidhana Sabha constituency)]] since 2 November 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hanagal Bypoll: Setback for K'taka CM Bommai in Home Turf, Cong Win Boosts Party's Morale |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/hanagal-sindgi-karnataka-bengaluru-basavaraj-bommai-congress-bjp-4393967.html |access-date=2 November 2021 |work=News18 |date=2 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Transport==
Hangal is approximately {{convert|370|km|mi}} from [[Bengaluru]] and {{convert|40|km|mi}} from [[Haveri]]. The town can be reached from Bengaluru via [[Chitradurga]] and [[Haveri]] and from [[Dharwad]] via [[Hubli]] and [[Shiggavi]]. The nearest rail head is at Haveri (railway station code HVR).

==Temples==
Hangal has many historic temples related to the [[Chalukyas]] and the [[Hoysalas]].

===Tarakeshwara Temple===
{{main article|Tarakeshwara Temple}}
[[File:Hangal Tarakeshwara temple first half.jpg|180px|thumb|right|Hangal Tarakeshwara temple]]
The [[Tarakeshwara Temple]] is a large structure decorated with images and pillars dating to the [[Chalukya]] era in the mid-12th century and dedicated to the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Hindu pantheon|god]] [[Shiva]] in his [[avatar|form]] as Tarakeshwara.<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/h/019pho0000965s1u00042000.html "Tarakeshwara temple."] Bl.uk online gallery. Accessed 17 October 2008.</ref><ref>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka_dharwad.asp "Alphabetical list of monuments - Karnataka - Dharwad."] Asi.nic.India accessed 13 March 2009.</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/architecturalant031185mbp/architecturalant031185mbp_djvu.txt "The Architectural Antiquities of western India."] Archive.org Accessed 17 October 2008.</ref> The images include scenes from the [[Ramayana]].<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u01930000.html "General view from the south-west of the Tarakeshvara Temple, Hangal."] Bl.uk online gallery. Accessed 13 March 2009.</ref>

The outer walls are designed with miniature [[shikara]]s of both [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] and [[Nagara architecture|Nagara]] style. The pillars of the open main hall are lathe turned wood. They have a bell shaped section and other decorations including elephants and diamond shaped motifs in bands. The elephants are carved so there appears to be a space between their trunks and the pillars. The band motifs vary in detail. The temple main hall has a large domed ceiling. It consists of concentric circles of cusped [[Molding (decorative)|mouldings]]. At the apex, the ceiling falls [[rosette (design)|rosette]] or [[pendant]] design. The overlying roof is a stepped pyramid shape.

Nearby is the ''ramal'', an [[octagon]]al piece of stone in a corbelled [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]] shape. It is {{convert|30|ft|m}} and is supported on eight pillars. There are memorial stones carved with religious (''Mastigallu'') and military (''Veeragallu'') scenes. Eight of them are guardians of eight cardinal points.<ref>[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Vg0IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA417&dq=hangal&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBmoVChMI_NqNy8iAyQIVZ9ymCh2gCgHT#v=onepage&q=hangal&f=false "Murray's handbook for India, part two, Bombay."] John Murray 1819 p417. Accessed at Google Books 9 November 2015.</ref>

There is a sanctuary adjoining the main hall. The Nandi pavilion rests on twelve pillars and contains balcony seating. There is also a Ganesha temple of the Nagara style (northern curvilinear) shikhara (miniature temple decorations.)

===Jain temple at the fort===
[[File:Hangal temple at horticulture department 1.JPG|thumb|180px|right|Temple at the department of horticulture]]

The Jain temple in the Hangal fort is located on the premises of the department of horticulture. It dates to 1150 AD.<ref>[http://www.indiastudies.org/site_list.htm "List of Monuments"] India studies.org Accessed 30 March 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081201182255/http://www.indiastudies.org/site_list.htm] Archive.org Accessed 1 December 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/v/019pho000001003u01933000.html "View from the north Jain temple."] Bl.uk Online gallery. Accessed 30 March 2009.</ref> The temple in the [[Hoysala]] style is beautifully decorated but there is need of conservation and restoration.<ref>Hardy A. [https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C&pg=RA1-PA224 "Indian Temple Architecture."] At Google Books. Accessed 30 March 2009.</ref> The temple was built on a stepped plan. It had an open hall and sanctuary, now in ruins. The sculptural decoration included flowers, garlands, torana, animals, birds and deities. It was especially elaborate in the upper portion of the walls. The temple walls are also decorated with thin [[pilaster]]s. The open hall has lathe turned pillars.

===Veerabhadra Temple===
The Veerabhadra temple is also located at the Hangal fort. Although highly decorated, it is in need of restoration work.<ref>[http://www.shaivam.org/siddhanta/spka.htm "Karnataka Temples."] Shaivam.org Accessed 12 January 2009.</ref>

===Billeshwara Temple===
[[File:Hangal Billeshwara temple 1.JPG|180px|thumb|right|Billeshwara temple]]
The Billeshwara temple is in the [[Hoysala]] style. This temple has elaborately carved jambs on the doorframe of the ''garbhagudi''. At the bottom of each side, there are five carved figures. [[Manmatha]] is in the central projection. [[Rati]] is at his side. [[Daksha]] (the goat headed deity) is also present and all are flanked by attendants. The temple has a sanctuary face which is incomplete. The temple outer walls are decorated with designs of temple towers and carved diamond shaped depressions. The square panels show carved serpents with intertwined tails, animals, musicians, and foliage.

{| class="wikitable" style="border-color:transparent; background: transparent; width: 100%; margin: 0; text-align: center;" align="center"
|-
! <div style="font-size:120%; color:black; background-color:#FFC569; vertical-align:top;">Photo Gallery </div>
|-
|style="text-align: center; width: 100%; " |
<gallery perrow="5" widths="135px" heights="115px>
File:Hangal_Tarakeshwara_photo1.jpg | Hangal Tarakeshwara temple, Karnataka, India
File:Hangal_Tarakeshwara_photo2.jpg | Hangal Tarakeshwara temple, Karnataka, India
File:Hangal_Tarakeshwara_photo3.jpg | Hangal Tarakeshwara temple, Karnataka, India
File:Hangal_Tarakeshwara_photo4.jpg | Hangal Tarakeshwara temple, Karnataka, India
File:Hangal_Tarakeshwara_photo5.jpg | Hangal Tarakeshwara temple, Karnataka, India
File:Hangal_Tarakeshwara_photo6.jpg | Hangal Tarakeshwara temple, Karnataka, India
File:Hangal_Tarakeshwara_photo7.jpg | Hangal Tarakeshwara temple, Karnataka, India
File:Hangal_Tarakeshwara_photo8.jpg | Hangal Tarakeshwara temple, Karnataka, India
Image:Hangal Tarakeshwara pillars.jpg|Pillars at the Tarakeshwara temple
Image:Hangal Tarakeshwara domical ceiling.JPG|Domed ceiling in Tarakeshwara temple
File:Hangal Sabha mantapa Tarateshwara.jpg | Domed ceiling in the main hall at Tarateshwara temple
File:Hangal Billeshwara temple 2.JPG | Billeshwara temple
File:Hangal Kumareswara math 1.JPG | Kumaraswamy matha
File:Hangal temple at horticulture department 2.JPG | Temple at the department of horticulture
File:Hangal Tarakeshwara entrance to Garbhagudi.jpg | Entrance to Garbhagudi temple
</gallery>
|}



==See also==
{|
|-valign=top
|
* [[Akki Alur]]
* [[Kadambas]]
* [[Western Chalukyas]]
* [[Banavasi]]
* [[Halasi]]
* [[Kundgol]]
* [[Balligavi]]
* [[Haveri]]
* Sagara
* Belagalpeth-Nissimeshwara Nalagipawadmath Temple
|
* [[North Karnataka]]
* [[Tourism in North Karnataka]]
* [[Lakshmeshwar]]
* [[Chaudayyadanapura]]
* [[Galaganatha]]
* [[Dilwara Temples]], [[Mount Abu]], [[Rajasthan]]
* [[Kaitabheshvara Temple, Kubatur]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Hangal}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726213344/http://www.karsha.org/ViewAll.aspx?RulerID=KAD_H Coins issued by the Kadambas of Hangal]
* [http://www.baldwin.co.uk/auctions/53part1-INDIAN-COINS-1.pdf Kadambas of Hangal, Toyimadeva, gold pagoda.]
* [http://www.baldwin.co.uk/auctions/53part1-INDIAN-COINS-1.pdf Kadambas of Hangal, Shanti Varma gold punchmarked coin (1075-1094 AD)]
* [http://maps.google.co.in/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Hangal&aq=&sll=15.12599,75.473011&sspn=0.001176,0.001719&g=Dambal,+Lakkundi,+Karnataka&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Hangal,+Haveri,+Karnataka&ll=14.765094,75.123742&spn=0.001178,0.001719&t=h&z=19 Hangal Tarakeshwara temple complex on Google Maps]

{{Historical Places in Karnataka}}
{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}

[[Category:Chalukya dynasty]]
[[Category:Kadambas]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Haveri district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Haveri district]]
[[Category:Forts in Karnataka]]
[[Category:12th-century Jain temples]]

Hangal - Revision history

Bot at 23:57, 3 December 2022