>Tacyarg at 08:18, 7 July 2021

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{{More citations needed|date=February 2016}}
[[File:Mohenjo-daro.jpg|260px|thumb|The Great Bath of [[Mohenjo-daro]] ([[Pakistan]])]]
'''Harappa architecture ''' is the [[architecture]] of the [[Indus Valley Civilization]], an ancient society of people who lived during circa [[3300 BCE]] to [[1300 BCE]] in the [[Indus Valley]] of modern-day India and Pakistan.

The civilization's cities were noted for their urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, clusters of large non-residential buildings, and new techniques in handicraft ([[carnelian]] products, seal carving) and metallurgy (copper, bronze, lead, and tin).{{Sfn|Wright|2009|pp=115–125}} Its large urban centres of [[Mohenjo-daro]] and [[Harappa]] very likely grew to containing between 30,000 and 60,000 individuals,{{Sfn|Dyson|2018|p=29}}{{refn|group=note|Dyson: "Mohenjo-daro and Harappa may each have contained between 30,000 and 60,000 people (perhaps more in the former case). Water transport was crucial for the provisioning of these and other cities. That said, the vast majority of people lived in rural areas. At the height of the Indus valley civilization the subcontinent may have contained 4-6 million people."{{Sfn|Dyson|2018|p=29}}}} and the civilisation itself during its florescence may have contained between one and five million individuals.{{Sfn|McIntosh|2008|p=187}}{{refn|group=note|McIntosh: "The enormous potential of the greater Indus region offered scope for huge population increase; by the end of the Mature Harappan period, the Harappans are estimated to have numbered somewhere between I and 5 million, probably well below the region's carrying capacity."{{Sfn|McIntosh|2008|p=187}}}}

== Town planning ==
[[File:Moen Jo Daro (The Mond of the Deads).jpg|thumb|Regularity of streets and buildings suggests the influence of ancient [[urban planning]] in Mohenjo-daro's construction.]]

Mohenjo-daro has a [[planned city|planned layout]] with [[wikt:rectilinear|rectilinear]] buildings arranged on a [[grid plan]].<ref>Mohan Pant and Shjui Fumo, "[https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jaabe/4/1/4_1_51/_pdf The Grid and Modular Measures in The Town Planning of Mohenjodaro and Kathmandu Valley: A Study on Modular Measures in Block and Plot Divisions in the Planning of Mohenjodaro and Sirkap (Pakistan), and Thimi (Kathmandu Valley)]"; ''Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering'' 59, May 2005.</ref> Most were built of fired and mortared [[brick]]; some incorporated sun-dried [[mud-brick]] and wooden superstructures.

Sites were often raised, or built on man made hills.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://anthrojournal.com/issue/october-2011/article/exploring-the-use-of-monumental-public-architecture-and-sculpture-in-the-harappan-society|title=ANTHROJOURNAL|website=anthrojournal.com|access-date=2018-11-21}}</ref> This could be to combat flooding in the nearby areas. Another aspect of the architecture is they often built walls around their entire cities. This could have served several different needs. Many believe that the walls were built as defensive structures, where “Large and impressive construction works can be used to intimidate potential attackers (Trigger 1990),” . It was also an obvious feature to show the city was strong and powerful by being able to divert resources and labor to make such a large structure and not focus all of their energy on survival. This was not the only purpose for the wall, it is thought that the wall also served as protection from floods. There is also evidence of a tapering at the bottom of the wall to guide the water away from the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/world-history-beginnings/ancient-india/a/the-indus-river-valley-civilizations|title=Indus River Valley civilizations|website=Khan Academy|language=en|access-date=2018-11-21}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/695/harappa-an-overview-of-harappan-architecture-and-t/|title=Harappa: An Overview of Harappan Architecture and Town Planning|work=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref>

The city could be split into two different sections: an upper "acropolis" and a "lower town". The lower town consisted of lower valued residential building located on the eastern side of the city, while the upper acropolis would be on the western side of the city which contained the higher value buildings and public buildings. The acropolis was a “parallelogram that was 400–500 yards north-south and 200–300 yards east-west”<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=Daniel|date=June 18, 1984|title=Ideology and the Harappan Civilization|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/anthropology/v3922/pdfs/miller.pdf|journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology|volume=4|pages=34–71|doi=10.1016/0278-4165(85)90013-3}}</ref> It was also thought that the acropolis area would be built on the highest part of the mound in the city showing the importance and status of the area was much higher than the rest of the area. Another feature which suggests the acropolis is of higher importance is that the fortifications around the area where bigger and stronger than those around the rest of the city.<ref name=":0" />

=== Indus Valley civilisation Architecture ===
In Indus Valley civilisation architecture we will read about

# Town planning
# public bath
# Granaries
# Dockyard

=== Feature of Indus Valley civilisation Architecture- ===

# Art of the Indus Valley civilisation architecture was indigenous and without any influence.
# sculpture have no integral role in architecture. They found separately.
# Concentration of utility factor rather than aesthetic factor because they are traders.

'''Town Planning-'''

* In IVC, roads cut on right angle and majorly are in rectangular shape.
* there were presence of multi storey buildings.
* Town planning can be divide on 2 forms – 1. Citadel (upper part or political, economy rich and VIP area). 2. Non Citadel
* Citadel for Elite class.
* Houses are created from stone, mud-brick and wood.
* Assembly halls are also found there.

'''Public bath-'''

* Public bath was used for rituals and ceremonies.
* There were Small rooms along with the bath.
* no leakages and cracks on stairs.
* Bricks use for making public bath.

'''Granaries'''-

* Granaries are found In citadel to save from rats and the other reason were the people from citadel were prosperous.
* These are also found at Lothal Dockyard to facilitate import and export.

'''Drainage system-'''

* There is a modern system use for drainage which were temporarily covered to cure the blockages.

'''Lothal Dockyard-'''

* The Dockyard is away from the main current to avoid deposition of silt.
* There is a Lock gate (wooden) system too, to avoid tidal flow.[https://www.focuscivil.online/indus-valley-civilisation-architecture/]

[[File:Cut brick, Indus Valley Tradition, Harappan Phase, Chanhu Daro, Pakistan, c. 2500-1900 BC - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC09716.JPG|thumb|Cut brick from [[Chanhudaro]] ([[Pakistan]]); circa 2500-1900 BC; [[Royal Ontario Museum]] ([[Toronto]], [[Canada]])]]

== Buildings and materials ==
The materials of houses depended on the location of the building. If the house was more rural the bricks would be mud. If the house was in an urban area then the bricks would be baked. The bricks were made in ratios of 1x2x4. “Houses range from 1–2 stories in height, with a central courtyard around which the rooms are arranged”<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Harappan revival ==
{{see also|Revivalism (architecture)}}
[[File:Mohenjo-daro museum building.JPG|thumb|The [[Mohenjo-daro Museum]], in Pakistan]]
There are few buildings built in the Harappan Revival style. The best well-known is the [[Mohenjo-daro Museum]]. It is made of bricks with a very similar color to the buildings from [[Mohenjo-daro]] or [[Harappa]]. One entrance has a geometric pattern made of bricks similar to those of the original gates.

== See also ==
* [[Lothal]]
* [[Dholavira]]
* [[Mehrgarh]]
* [[Sokhta Koh]]
* [[Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]

== References ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160723142707/http://www.ignca.nic.in/nl002308.htm Harappan Civilization: An Analysis in Modern Context]
* [http://www.harappa.com/indus4/e1.html Recent Indus Discoveries]
* [http://www.ancientindia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg23/worksheet.html How Indus Towns Developed]
*[https://www.focuscivil.online/indus-valley-civilisation-architecture/ INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION ARCHITECTURE]
* [http://www.harappa.com/indus3/e5.html Harappa.com on tools]

<references />

== Notes ==

{{reflist|group=note}}{{Architecture of India}}
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation]]
[[Category:Architecture of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani architectural history]]
[[Category:Architectural history]]
[[Category:Indian architectural history]]

Harappan architecture - Revision history

>Tacyarg at 08:18, 7 July 2021