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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{short description|9th-century epic poem by Ratnākara}}<br />
{{italicize title}}<br />
'''''Haravijaya''''' ({{langx|sa|हरविजयम्|translit=Haravijayam|translit-std=IAST|translation=Śiva's Victory}}){{sfn|Smith|1985|p=1}} is a Sanskrit ''[[mahākāvya]]'' written by [[Ratnākara]]. The poem narrates [[Śiva]]'s victory over [[Andhaka]]. It also describes Śiva's iconographic features and gives an exposition of Śaiva philosophy. ''Haravijaya'' is the longest extant Sanskrit ''mahākāvya'', containing a total of 4351 verses in fifty ''sarga''s (cantos).<br />
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== Authorship ==<br />
{{main|Ratnākara}}<br />
In the ''[[Prashasti|praśasti]]'' of ''Haravijaya'', Ratnākara, its author, speaks of himself as the son of Amṛtabhānu, a descendant of Durgadatta from Gangāhrada. According to Kalhaṇa's ''[[Rajatarangini|Rājataraṅgiṇī]]'', he gained fame during the reign of [[Avantivarman of Kashmir|Avantivarman]] ({{reign|855|883|era=CE}}), but the colophons of ''Haravijaya'' suggest it was composed during the reign of [[Karkota dynasty#Cippatajayapida|Cippaṭa Jayāpīḍa]], between 826 and 838 CE. From the theme of his poem, it can be assumed that he was a practitioner of [[Kashmir Shaivism|Kashmiri Śaivism]]; [[Alexis Sanderson]] states that the poem's hymns to Śiva and [[Pārvatī]] in canto 6 and 47 respectively are the earliest dateable evidence of the presence of [[Mantra marga|Mantramārgic Śaivism]] in Kashmir.{{sfn|Pasedach|2011|p=2}} He also authored the ''Vakroktipañcāśikā'', containing fifty verses of dialogue between Śiva and Pārvatī, employing the device of ''vakrokti'' ("punning conversation");{{sfn|Smith|1985|p=22}} this is possibly his only other preserved work.<ref>{{harvnb|Pasedach|2011|p=2–3}}: "Another work called Dhvanigāthāpañjikā, according to [Warder(1988), pp. 157-158], appears to be by some later Ratnākara, also [Smith(1985), p.22] doubts the identy of its author with the one of the Haravijaya."</ref><br />
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== Summary ==<br />
''Haravijaya'' is the longest extant Sanskrit ''mahākāvya'', containing a total of 4351 verses in fifty ''sarga''s (cantos).{{Sfnm|Smith|1985|1p=3|Pasedach|2017|2p=4}} The poem narrates Śiva's victory over Andhaka. In accordance with ''mahākāvya'' convention, the poem explores many aspects of life, including nature, seasons, love, and a battle. It also describes Śiva's iconographic features and gives an exposition of Śaiva philosophy in canto six. The poem belongs to a later phase of ''kāvya'' development, emphasising display of knowledge and command of poetical devices. The poet liberally uses concepts and technical terms from various [[śāstra]]s on the fields described in the poem.{{sfn|Pasedach|2011|p=3–4}}<br />
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== Reception ==<br />
''Haravijaya'' has been praised in many Sanskrit anthologies and works on rhetorics<ref>{{harvnb|Pasedach|2017|p=5}}: "Ratnākara and his work found mention and praise in Sanskrit anthologies and<br />
works of alaṃkāraśāstra. [...] See S. K. {{harvnb|Sharma|1990}}, Appendix II for a comprehensive list."</ref> and is also held in high esteem by modern Indian Sanskrit scholars. [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rājaśekhara]] complemented Ratnākara with the following verse:{{sfn|Pasedach|2011|p=6–7}}<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=<poem><br />
''mā sma santi hi catvāraḥ prāyo ratnākarā ime''<br />
''itīva sa kṛto dhātrā kavī ratnākaro ’paraḥ''<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
<poem>Thinking the four oceans were not enough,<br />
the creator<br />
made another ocean,<br />
the poet Ratnākara.</poem><br />
|multiline=yes<br />
|title=''[[Sūktimuktāvalī]]'' 4.77<br />
|source=translated by David Smith}}<br />
<br />
Durgaprasad and Parab cite a contemporary opinion in their 1890 edition of the ''Haravijaya'':{{sfn|Smith|1985|p=4}}<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=<poem>''dugdhābdhīnāṃ sahasraṃ na kusumalasitaṃ sadvasantāyutaṃ vā'' <br />
:''koṭir vā pārvaṇānāṃ suṣamaśāśabhṛtāṃ neṣadoṣātanānām'' <br />
''sampūrṇaṃ vā sudhābhiḥ puraṭaghaṭaśataṃ hanta dhvanvantareno'' <br />
:''pāṇiṣṭhaṃ cāru ratnākarasukavigirāṃ merulakṣaṃ na mūlyam''</poem><br />
<br />
<poem>Not a thousand milk oceans, <br />
nor ten thousand springtimes <br />
shining with flowers, <br />
nor ten million splendid moons of autumn, <br />
not a hundred lovely golden pots full of nectar <br />
in Dhanvantari’s hand, <br />
no, not a hundred thousand Merus, <br />
are worth the poem of the excellent poet Ratnākara.</poem><br />
|multiline=yes<br />
|author=Sadāśivaśaṅkaraśāstrin<br />
|source=translated by David Smith}}<br />
<br />
== Commentaries ==<br />
Peter Pasedach lists three commentaries on the poem: ''Viṣamapadoddyotā'' by Alaka, ''Laghupañcikā'' by Ratnakaṇṭha, and ''Haravijayasāravivaraṇa'' by Utpala.{{sfn|Pasedach|2011|p=4–6}}<br />
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== Editions ==<br />
An edition of the work was published in 1890, prepared by Pandit Durgaprasad and Kasinath Pandurang Parab for the Kāvyamālā series. It contains Alaka's commentary up to canto 46. Another edition of the text, from 1982, was prepared by Dr. Goparaju Rama for the Ganganatha Jha Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapitha Text Series and published in two volumes. It is a [[critical edition]] based on six manuscripts without any serious variation, and only contains Ratnākara's verses, without any commentary.{{sfn|Pasedach|2011|p=7–9}}<br />
* {{cite book |editor1=Pandit Durgaprasad |editor2=Kasinath Pandurang Parab| title=The Haravijaya of Rājānaka Ratnākara with the Commentary of Rājānaka Alaka |orig-date=1st pub. 1890 from Nirnaya Sagar Press|year=1982 |ref=none|publisher=Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan}}<br />
* {{cite book |editor=Goparaju Rama |ref=none|title=Haravijayam by Rājānaka Ratnākara | publisher=Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan |year=1982}}<br />
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== References ==<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Santosh Kumari |title=The Haravijaya of Ratnākara (A Criticism)|publisher=Bankey Bihari Prakashan |year=1990}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=David |title=Ratnākara's ''Haravijaya'': An Introduction to the Sanskrit Court Epic |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1985 |isbn=0195617274}}<br />
* {{cite thesis |last=Pasedach |first=Peter |date=2011 |title=The Haravijaya of Ratnākara and the Commentaries thereon by Utpala and Ratnakaṇṭha: Sargas 1 and 2 |url=https://muk.li/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/magisterarbeit.pdf |degree=MA |publisher=[[Universität Hamburg]] |docket= |access-date=1 September 2024}}<br />
* {{cite thesis |last=Pasedach |first=Peter |date=2017 |title=''Bhagavatstutivarṇana'' or the Description of the Praise of the Divine: A Critical Edition of Text and Commentaries, and Annotated Translation of the Sixth Canto of Ratnākara's ''Haravijaya'' |url=https://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/bitstream/ediss/8140/1/Dissertation.pdf |degree=PhD |publisher=Universität Hamburg |docket= |access-date=1 September 2024}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:9th-century poems]]<br />
[[Category:Epic poems in Sanskrit]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Indian poems]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu poetry]]<br />
[[Category:9th-century Sanskrit literature]]</div>VYVEwan7971