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The '''Harijan Mandal''' was an [[B.R. Ambedkar|Ambedkarite]] [[political party]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The party was founded in 1951.<ref name="a"/> It was modelled on the [[Scheduled Castes Federation]].<ref name="Kshīrasāgara1994">{{cite book|author=Rāmacandra Kshīrasāgara|title=Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857-1956|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx218EFVU8MC&pg=PA92|date=1 January 1994|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-85880-43-3|page=92}}</ref> Unlike its predecessor, the All Jammu and Kashmir Harijan Mandal (founded in the 1920s), this organization was oriented towards electoral politics.<ref name="a">Saxena, Ashish and Vijaylaxmi Saxena. ''[http://www.politicsandreligionjournal.com/images/pdf_files/srpski/godina7_broj1/saxena3.pdf RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE, LOW CASTE HINDUS AND THE IDENTITY POLITICS: CONFIGURATION OF SOCIO-RELIGIOUS SPACE FOR WEAKER SECTIONS IN JAMMU CITY, J&K (INDIA)]''. p. 101</ref> It was led by Babu Milkhi Ram (president), Munshi Ram, Major Singh and Sain Das.<ref name="a"/><ref name="Kshīrasāgara1994"/><ref name="Sadasivan1977">{{cite book|author=S. N. Sadasivan|title=Party and democracy in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ2KAAAAMAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill|page=59}}</ref> The party was concentrated in [[Jammu]].<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/><ref name="Lal1972">{{cite book|author=Shiv Lal|title=Indian elections since independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fT1YAAAAMAAJ|year=1972|publisher=Election Archives|page=77}}</ref> It was opposed to the [[Jammu Praja Parishad]], which was dominated by upper caste Hindus.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> The party received government support during the reign of [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]].<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/><br />
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==Electoral history==<br />
The party fielded two candidates in the 1952 Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly election, Milkhi Ram being one of them. Both were defeated by [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]] candidates by large margins.<ref name="Kshīrasāgara1994"/><ref name="Quraishi1979">{{cite book|author=Zaheer Masood Quraishi|title=Elections and State Politics of India: A Case Study of Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLcHAAAAMAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Sundeep|page=47}}</ref> The party had received support from the Praja Parishad, which had withdrawn its candidates from the election.<ref name="Sharma2002">{{cite book|author=Yog Raj Sharma|title=Political Dynamics of Jammu and Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NEBuAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Radha Krishan Anand & Company|isbn=978-81-88256-02-0|page=315}}</ref> The party won one seat (Babu Milkhi Ram, representing Jammu ''tehsil'') in the [[1957 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1957 Jammu and Kashmir assembly election]].<ref name="Kshīrasāgara1994"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Role of Regional Political Parties in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sauMPCyhaXcC&pg=PA6|year=2007|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-191-5|page=6}}</ref><ref name="Commission1963">{{cite book|author=India. Election Commission|title=Report on the Third General Elections in India, 1962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVLVAAAAMAAJ|year=1963|publisher=Manager of Publications}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India: A Reference Annual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKcSAAAAIAAJ|year=1960|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|page=414}}</ref> It had contested all four seats reserves for Scheduled Castes.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> The election symbol of party was a ''standing lion''.<ref name="Commission1963"/><br />
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==Coalition politics==<br />
The party contested the 1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election as a constituent of the United Socialist Front (a coalition led by the [[Praja Socialist Party]], and which also included the [[Akali Dal]]).<ref>{{cite book|title=Link, Vol. 4,&nbsp;Eds. 26–51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tS1WAAAAYAAJ|year=1962|publisher=United India Periodicals|page=67}}</ref><ref name="Puri1962">{{cite book|author=Balraj Puri|title=Conduct of Elections in Jammu and Kashmir State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkIEAAAAMAAJ|year=1962|publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Praja Socialist Party|page=13}}</ref> The party fielded ten candidates, but none was elected. All in all, they got 13,743 votes (1.89% of the votes in the state).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf State Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu And Kashmir]''</ref> <br />
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==Dissolution==<br />
{{main|Republican Party of India}}<br />
After the 1962 election the party entered a phase of decline. It was dissolved in 1970.<ref name="a"/> Milkhi Ram later joined the [[Republican Party of India]] (RPI).<ref name="Kshīrasāgara1994"/> In 1984 after formation of [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP), the Jammu unit of RPI merged into BSP under [[Kanshi Ram]].<ref>{{cite web | title=BSP pays tributes to Babu Milkhi Ram | website=Daily Excelsior | date=2013-06-16 | url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/bsp-pays-tributes-to-babu-milkhi-ram/ | access-date=2020-10-12}}</ref><ref name="The Tribune, Chandigarh, India 2002">{{cite web | title=J&K poll: BSP worries Cong | website=The Tribune | date=2002-05-10 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020510/j&k.htm#1 | access-date=2020-10-12}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[List of Scheduled Castes in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
*[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties in India]]<br />
[[Category:Ambedkarite political parties]]<br />
[[Category:Ambedkarites]]<br />
[[Category:Dalit politics]]<br />
[[Category:Republican Party of India]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1970]]<br />
[[Category:1970 disestablishments in India]]</div>>BrownHairedGirl