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{{Infobox scholar
| name = Harold A. Gould
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| caption = Harold A. Gould
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| alma_mater = [[University of Saint Louis]]
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| main_interests = Indian society and civilization
| principal_ideas = Desacralization of Hindu caste system<br />
Grass roots politics
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'''Harold Alton Gould''' is an American [[anthropologist]] specializing in Indian society and civilization. He is an author of numerous books on various aspects of Indian society including the caste system, religion, politics and international relations.<ref name=SAGE>[http://www.sagepub.com/authorDetails.nav?contribId=524460 Harold A. Gould, SAGE Publications]</ref>

== Life and career ==
Gould received his PhD in anthropology at the [[University of Saint Louis]] in 1959. From 1968 to 1991, he worked as a professor of anthropology at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] and served as the director of its Center for Asian Studies. Since 1991, he has been a visiting professor in the Center for South Asian Studies at the [[University of Virginia]].<ref name=SAGE/><ref name=bio>{{Cite web |url=http://www.haroldgouldscorner.com/ |title=Hal Gould's Corner: South Asia, Past, Present and the World (personal web site) |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217045203/http://haroldgouldscorner.com/ |archive-date=2014-12-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Gould visited [[Lucknow University]] in India during 1954-55 as a [[Fulbright scholarship|Fulbright scholar]], conducting anthropological field work in the village communities of the [[Faizabad district]]. Since then, he made numerous research trips to India, spending over 10 years in the country over a span of 50 years. His research encompasses every facet of Indian society and civilization, including rural society, caste, religion, local politics, electoral processes, and national and international politics.<ref name=SAGE/><ref name=bio/>

== Works ==
'''Books'''
* ''The Hindu Caste System, Vol. 1: Sacralization of a Social Order'' (Delhi: Chanakya Publications, 1987), {{ISBN|8170010233}}.
* ''The Hindu Caste System, Vol 2: Caste Adaptation in Modernizing Indian Society'' (Delhi: Chanakya Publications, 1988). {{ISBN|8170010454}}.
* ''The Hindu Caste System, Vol. 3: Politics and Caste'' (Delhi: Chanakya Publications, 1990). {{ISBN|8170010551}}.
* ''India Votes: Alliance Politics and Minority Government in the Ninth and Tenth General Elections'' (co-edited with Sumit Ganguly, Westview Press, 1993).
* ''The Hope and the Reality: US-Indian Relations from Roosevelt to Reagan'' (co-edited with Sumit Ganguly, Westview Press, 1992).
* ''Grass Roots Politics in India: Century of Political Evolution in Faizabad District'' (Oxford & IBH, 1995), {{ISBN|8120408985}}.
* ''India and the United States in a Changing World'' (co-edited with Ashok Kapur, Y. K. Malik and Arthur G. Rubinoff, SAGE, 2002), {{ISBN|9780761995920}}.
* ''Sikhs, Swamis, Students and Spies: The India Lobby in the United States, 1900-1946'' (SAGE, 2006), {{ISBN|9780761934806}}.
* ''The South Asia Story: The first sixty years of US relations with India and Pakistan'' (SAGE, 2010), {{ISBN|9788132105503}}, {{ISBN|9788132101215}}.

'''Selected articles'''
* {{citation |last=Gould |first=Harold A. |title=The adaptive functions of caste in contemporary Indian society |journal=Asian Survey |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=427–438 |year=1963 |jstor=3023463 | doi = 10.1525/as.1963.3.9.01p1656o }}
* {{citation |last=Gould |first=Harold A |title=Priest and contrapriest: A structural analysis of Jajmani relationships in the Hindu plains and the Nilgiri Hills |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |volume=1 |pages=26–55 |number=1 |year=1967 |doi=10.1177/006996676700100103|s2cid=144921247 }}
* {{cite book |last=Gould |first=Harold A. |chapter=Religion and Politics in a UP Constituency |editor=Donald Eugene Smith |title=South Asian Politics and Religion |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1966 |isbn=9780598348753 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vUIIH3_oKxEC}}
* {{cite journal |last=Gould |first=Harold A. |title=The emergence of modern Indian politics: Political development in Faizabad, Part I: 1884-1935 |journal=Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics |volume=12 |number=1 |year=1974 |pages=20–41 |doi=10.1080/14662047408447200}}
* {{cite journal |last=Gould |first=Harold A. |title=The emergence of modern Indian politics: Political development in Faizabad, Part II: 1935 to independence |journal=Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics |volume=12 |pages=157–188 |number=2 |year=1974 |doi=10.1080/14662047408447209}}
* {{cite journal |last=Gould |first=Harold A. |title=The second coming: The 1980 elections in India's Hindi belt |journal=Asian Survey |volume=20 |pages=595–616 |number=6 |year=1980 |jstor=2643675 |doi=10.1525/as.1980.20.6.01p0166v}}
* {{cite journal |last=Gould |first=Harold A. |title=The Hindu Jajmani system: A case of economic particularism |journal=Journal of Anthropological Research |volume=42 |pages=269–278 |number=3 |year=1986 |orig-year=first published in 1958 |jstor=3630033 |doi=10.1086/jar.42.3.3630033|s2cid=164138509 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Gould |first=Harold A. |title=A sociological perspective on the eighth general election in India |journal=Asian Survey |volume=26 |pages=630–652 |number=6 |year=1986 |jstor=2644128 |doi=10.1525/as.1986.26.6.01p0388f}}
* {{cite journal |last=Gould |first=Harold A. |title=Anticommunism and anticolonialism: The domestic determinantsof developing U.S.-Indian relations during the Truman era |journal=Asian Affairs: An American Review |volume=15 |pages=194–203 |number=4 |year=1988 |jstor=30172316 |doi=10.1080/00927678.1988.10553628}}
* {{cite book |last=Gould |first=Harold A. |chapter=The Babri Masjid and the secular contract |editor1=Veena Das |editor2=Dipankar Gupta |editor3=Patricia Uberoi |title=Tradition,, Pluralism and Identity: In Honour of TN Madan |publisher=SAGE |location=New Delhi |year=1991 |isbn=978-0761993810 |pages=381–400}}

== Reception ==
Robert I. Crane of the [[Syracuse University]], reviewing Gould's ''The Hindu Caste System'', Volume 1, calls it a "masterful study" of the highly complex Hindu system of caste with insightful and informed analysis. His discussion of "priests and contrapriests" contains stimulating ideas and guides the larger thrust of the volume. Also noteworthy for Crane is the chapter on Hindu ''jajmani'' system, with the best known evaluation of the ''jajmani'' relationships. However, Crane questions Gould's position on the primacy of religious value system and wonders if he might have overlooked the possibility of power-cum-economic interests having coopted the religious values.<ref>
{{cite journal |last=Crane |first=Robert I. |title=The Hindu Caste System: The Sacralization of a Social Order by Harold A. Gould (Book review) |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=47 |pages=920–921 |number=1 |date=November 1988 |jstor=2057918|doi=10.2307/2057918}}
</ref>

Lloyd I. Rudolph of the [[University of Chicago]], reviewing Gould's ''Grass Roots Politics in India'', calls it a "masterful account" of a century of political evolution in the [[Faizabad district]] (from roughly 1869 when the Faizabad Municipal Board was established to the 1970 by-elections in the [[Tanda, Ambedkar Nagar|Tanda]] constituency). Gould's objective is to analyze and explain India's "political systems," how a political system of national proportions came into being and has functioned at the grass roots. Following the model of [[Paul Brass]] in ''Factional Politics in an Indian State'',<ref>
{{cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul B. |title=Factional Politics in an Indian State: The Congress Party in Uttar Pradesh |publisher=iUniverse |year=2005 |orig-year=first published by University of California Press, 1965 |isbn=978-0595482450 }}
</ref>
Gould views the [[Indian National Congress]] as a coalition of state parties, and the state parties themselves as coalitions of semi-independent district party organizations. It is at the district level that Congress party organizations interact with the traditional societies. Gould's principal vehicle for explaining the nexus between the traditional society and the party politics is "caste demographics." Gould, being a pioneer in the analysis of the "desacralized" [[caste system in India|caste system]] (caste delinked from religious and ritual dimensions and viewed as an "ethnic group"), shows how caste can, and has, become the vehicle for political participation and social transformation. Rudolph finds Gould's analysis powerful and persuasive, but wonders how much a district level analysis can be used to explain India's political system. Do we not see the influence of ideology, leadership and agency (taken as examples of "top down" phenomena) as much as the caste demographics in shaping the local politics?<ref>
{{cite journal |last=Rudolph |first=Lloyd I. |title=Grass Roots Politics in India by Harold A. Gould and Swami Sahajanand and the Peasants of Jharkhand by Walter Hauser (Book reviews) |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=56 |pages=521–523 |number=2 |date=May 1997 |jstor=2646296|doi=10.2307/2646296}}
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== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.epw.in/authors/harold-gould Harold Gould's publications in the Economic & Political Weekly]

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[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American anthropologists]]
[[Category:American Indologists]]
[[Category:Saint Louis University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign faculty]]
[[Category:University of Virginia faculty]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Harold A. Gould - Revision history

>Citation bot at 01:29, 8 April 2021