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{{Short description|British Army general}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= Sir Harry Tuzo
|image=
|image_size=
|alt=
|caption=
|nickname=
|birth_date= {{Birth date|1917|08|26|df=y}}
|birth_place= [[Bangalore]], [[British Raj|British India]]
|death_date= {{Death date and age|1998|08|07|1917|08|26|df=y}}
|death_place= [[Norwich]], [[Norfolk]], [[England]]
|placeofburial=
|allegiance= United Kingdom
|branch= [[British Army]]
|serviceyears= 1939–1978
|servicenumber= 94690
|rank=[[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
|unit= [[Royal Artillery]]
|commands= [[Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe]] (1976–78) [[Northern Army Group]] (1973–76) [[HQ Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]] (1971–73) Royal Artillery (1969–71) [[51st Infantry Brigade|51 Gurkha Infantry Brigade]] (1963–65) [[3rd Regiment Royal Horse Artillery]] (1960–62)
|battles= [[Second World War]] [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]] [[Operation Banner|Northern Ireland]]
|awards= [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Military Cross]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]] (2)
|relations=
|laterwork= Chairman, Marconi Space and Defence Systems (1979–83) Chairman, [[Royal United Services Institute]] (1980–83)
}}
[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] '''Sir Harry Crawford Tuzo''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCB|OBE|MC|DL}} (26 August 1917 – 7 August 1998), was a [[British Army]] officer who was [[Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe]] and [[General Officer Commanding]] of the British Army in [[Northern Ireland]] during the early period of [[the Troubles]].

==Early life==
Harry Craufurd Tuzo was born in [[Bangalore]], [[British India|India]], on 26 August 1917, the son of John Atkinson Tuzo, a British Army officer and [[civil engineer]], and his wife Annie Catherine (née Craufurd).<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB|first=Toby|last=Harnden|author-link=Toby Harnden|title=Tuzo, Sir Harry Craufurd (1917–1998)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/70774|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/70774}}</ref><ref name=Indep>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19980819/ai_n14180383 Obituary: General Sir Harry Tuzo], ''[[The Independent]]'', 19 August 1998, archived by findarticles.com from the original. Retrieved 30 September 2008.</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30393|supp=y|page=12097|date=20 November 1917}}</ref> Tuzo was educated at [[Wellington College, Berkshire]] (where he was a member of the [[Officer Training Corps]]<ref name=gazette34645>{{London Gazette|issue=34645|pages=4836–4837|date=14 July 1939}}</ref>), and [[Oriel College, Oxford]], where he read [[jurisprudence]].<ref name=odnb />

==Second World War==
Tuzo first entered the British Army on 15 July 1939 as a [[second lieutenant]] in the [[Royal Artillery]], Supplementary Reserve of Officers,<ref name=gazette34645 /> just prior to the outbreak of the [[Second World War]] in September. After a fortnight's training he crossed to France with the [[21st Anti-Tank Regiment]], Royal Artillery, which was part of the [[3rd Division (United Kingdom)|3rd Infantry Division]] under [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major General]] [[Bernard Montgomery]]. The division was part of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]] (BEF). Remaining there and seeing no action until the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]] [[Battle of France|invaded France]] in May 1940, he was amongst the last of those [[Dunkirk evacuation|evacuated from Dunkirk]], travelling in a paddle cruiser to [[Harwich]].

He stayed with his regiment, which in 1942 transferred to the [[Guards Armoured Division]], engaged in coastal defence until June 1944 when they returned to France in the [[invasion of Normandy]]. His regiment was in support of the division in [[Normandy]] where he won the [[Military Cross]] (MC) for his actions up to [[Operation Goodwood]] (the breakout from [[Caen]]).<ref name=odnb /> He was then a war substantive [[captain (land)|captain]] and temporary [[major (United Kingdom)|major]] commanding Y [[Artillery battery|Battery]] of the regiment consisting of [[self-propelled gun|self-propelled]] [[anti-tank gun]]s, the original recommendation for his MC mentions his actions at the [[Albert Canal]] [[bridgehead]], the attacks on [[Hechtel-Eksel|Hechtel]], {{ill|Elst, Limburg|lt=Elst|nl|Elst (Limburg)}}, [[Sittard]] and particularly in support of the [[Coldstream Guards]] at [[Wesel]]; he was slightly wounded three times during this period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7672528|title=Recommendations for Honours and Awards—Image details—Tuzo, Harry Crawford|work=Documents Online|publisher=The National Archives|format=Fee may be required to view full image of original recommendation|accessdate=9 September 2008}}</ref> Later in Germany he had the rare distinction as a battery commander of accepting the surrender of a German [[admiral]] who was [[Flag Officer]] [[U-boat]]s.<ref name=Indep /> As the end of the war approached, he was granted a Regular Army commission, with the substantive rank of [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] (with seniority from 24 February 1941), on 17 January 1945.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=36892|supp=y|page=392|date=12 January 1945}}</ref> He was [[Mentioned in Despatches]] on 9 August 1945,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37213|supp=y|pages=4044–4046|date=7 August 1945}}</ref> and his MC was [[London Gazette|gazetted]] on 22 January 1946.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37442|supp=y|pages=635–637|date=22 January 1946}}</ref> He received substantive promotion to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] on 1 July 1946.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37635|supp=y|pages=3366–3367|date=28 June 1946}}</ref> He had married Monica Patience Salter on 5 October 1943.<ref name=odnb />

==Borneo==
From 1963 to 1965 he commanded the [[51st Infantry Brigade|51st Gurkha Brigade]] in [[Borneo]], which included [[Brunei]] in its area of operations. His [[Gurkha]] battalions worked to win the "[[Winning hearts and minds|hearts and minds]]" of the locals, but also participated with the [[Special Air Service|SAS]] in [[Operation Claret]], which interdicted Indonesian troops as they attempted to cross the border. The [[Sultan of Brunei]] honoured Tuzo with the title ''Dato Setia Nagara'' in 1965.<ref name=Indep/> His work also earned him a [[Mention in Despatches]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=43837|supp=y|page=11680|date=10 December 1965}}</ref>

==Northern Ireland==
Tuzo was appointed as General Officer Commanding and Director of Operations, Northern Ireland, on 2 March 1971 together with promotion to [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|lieutenant general]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=45322|supp=y|page=2269|date=12 March 1971}}</ref> His appointment was made after the previous incumbent, Lieutenant General [[Vernon Erskine-Crum]], suffered a [[heart attack]].<ref name="bew1">{{cite book | last = Bew| first = Paul| author-link = Paul Bew, Baron Bew|author2=Gordon Gillespie| title = Northern Ireland: A Chronology of the Troubles, 1968–1993| publisher = [[Gill & Macmillan]]| year = 1993| pages = 32| isbn = 0-7171-2081-3 }}</ref> Tuzo was appointed [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] (KCB) on 4 June 1971, in the [[Queen's Birthday Honours]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=45384 |supp=y|page=5958|date=4 June 1971}}</ref> In 1972, after consultation with [[Whitehall]], Tuzo ordered [[Operation Motorman]], which sent 30,000 troops into [[Irish Republican|Republican]] dominated [[No-go area|'no-go' areas]] of West [[Belfast]] and [[Derry]] to take back control.<ref name=Indep/> He relinquished his position in Northern Ireland on 1 February 1973 and was replaced by Lieutenant General [[Frank King (British Army officer)|Sir Frank King]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=45899|supp=y|page=1680|date=5 February 1973}}</ref><ref name="bew2">{{cite book | last = Bew| first = Paul| author-link = Paul Bew, Baron Bew|author2=Gordon Gillespie| title = Northern Ireland: A Chronology of the Troubles, 1968–1993| publisher = [[Gill & Macmillan]]| year = 1993| pages = 58| isbn = 0-7171-2081-3 }}</ref> Tuzo was promoted to [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] (GCB) on 2 June 1973.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=45984|supp=y|page=6474|date=22 May 1973}}</ref>

After his service in Northern Ireland ended Tuzo was appointed Commander-in-Chief [[British Army of the Rhine]] until 1976, when he was made [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe|Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe]].<ref name=Indep/> He was placed on the retired list on 5 February 1979.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=47768|supp=y|page=1982|date=12 February 1979}}</ref> After his service in the army he accepted a position in 1979 as chairman of Marconi Space and Defence Systems which he held until 1983.<ref name=KC>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/TUZO.shtml|title=Tuzo, Sir Harry (Craufurd) (1917–1998), General|work=Liddell-Hart Centre for Military Archives|publisher=[[King's College London]]|accessdate=30 September 2008}}</ref>

==Norfolk==
Tuzo was appointed a [[Deputy Lieutenant]] of [[Norfolk]] on 12 September 1983.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=49474|pages=11950–11950|date=12 September 1983}}</ref> He lived in [[Fakenham]]<ref>[http://www.thepeerage.com/p41791.htm A genealogical survey of the peerage of Britain] Retrieved 2016-11-05.</ref> and was chairman of [[Pensthorpe Nature Reserve]].<ref name=Indep/> Tuzo's granddaughter is the journalist [[Rosie Garthwaite]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Vernon Erskine-Crum]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Headquarters Northern Ireland|GOC British Army in Northern Ireland]]|years=1971–1973}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Frank King (British Army officer)|Sir Frank King]]|rows=2}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Peter Hunt (British Army officer)|Sir Peter Hunt]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[British Army of the Rhine|C-in-C British Army of the Rhine]]|years=1973–1976}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[John Mogg (British Army officer)|Sir John Mogg]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe|Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe]]|years=1976–1978}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jack Harman (British Army officer)|Sir Jack Harman]]}}
|-
{{s-hon}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Geoffrey Baker (British Army officer)|Sir Geoffrey Baker]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Master Gunner, St James's Park]]|years=1977–1983}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Thomas Morony|Sir Thomas Morony]]}}
{{end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tuzo, Harry}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British Army generals]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:British military personnel of The Troubles (Northern Ireland)]]
[[Category:Deputy Lieutenants of Norfolk]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:NATO military personnel]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Bangalore]]
[[Category:People from Fakenham]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Cross]]
[[Category:Royal Artillery officers]]
[[Category:Military personnel of British India]]

Harry Tuzo - Revision history

WikiDwarf at 22:00, 1 July 2023