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{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter and poet of the Urdu language}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Hasrat Mohani
| image = Hasrat Mohani 2014 stamp of India.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Mohani on a 2014 stamp of India
| pseudonym = Hasrat Mohani
| birth_name = Syed Fazl-ul-Hasan
| birth_date = {{birth date|1875|01|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mohan, Uttar Pradesh|Mohan]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]

(<small>Present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<small>)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1951|05|13|1875|10|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Poet, Freedom fighter, Politician, Philosopher
| nationality = Indian
| period = 20th Century
| genre = [[Ghazal]]
| subject = Love and philosophy
| movement = [[Indian independence movement]]
| debut_works =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Syed Fazl-ul-Hasan''' (01 January 1875 – 13 May 1951), known by his [[Takhallus|pen-name]] '''Hasrat Mohani''', was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[List of Indian independence activists|activist]], [[Resistance movement|freedom Fighter]] in the [[Indian independence movement]] and a noted poet of the [[Urdu]] language.<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite web|title=Chupke chupke raat din… (lyrics of Hasrat Mohani's famous ghazal, article also includes his profile)|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/chupke-chupke-raat-din/article6361125.ece|publisher=The Hindu (newspaper)|date=29 August 2014|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref>
He coined the notable slogan ''[[Inquilab Zindabad]]'' (translation of "Long live the revolution!") in 1921.<ref name="illustrated_weekly_1974">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wc6AQAAIAAJ&q=zindabad+hasrat+mohani|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|date=October 1974|publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|language=en|website=GoogleBooks|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="zee_news_2017_mohani"/>
Together with [[Swami Kumaranand]], he is regarded as the first person to demand [[Purna Swaraj|complete independence]] for India in 1921 at the Ahmedabad Session of Congress.<ref name=MilliGazette>{{Cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/4146-hasrat-mohani-Syed-Fazlul-Hasan|title=Profile: Maulana Hasrat Mohani|website=The Milli Gazette (newspaper)|language=en|date=6 October 2012|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="zee_news_2017_mohani"/><ref name=IndianExpress>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/70-years-of-independence-how-communists-kept-pestering-the-british-throughout-the-freedom-struggle-4802855/|title=71 years of Independence: How Communists kept pestering the British throughout the freedom struggle|date=18 August 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=12 March 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi]] supported the complete independence motion demanded by Hasrat Mohani.<ref name="Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav">{{cite web|last1=Ministry of Culture|first1=Government of India|title=Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi|url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?138|website=amritmahotsav.nic.in}}</ref>

== Biography ==
He was born in 1875 as Syed Fazl-ul-Hasan at [[Mohan (town)|Mohan]], a town in the [[Unnao district]] of [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] in [[British India]].
[[Hasrat]] was his [[Takhallus|pen name (takhallus)]] that he used in his [[Urdu poetry]] whereas his last name 'Mohani' refers to Mohan, his birthplace.<ref name="zee_news_2017_mohani"/>

His ancestors migrated from [[Nishapur]], in [[Iran]].<ref>Gulam Ali Allana (1988) ''Muslim political thought through the ages: 1562–1947'', Royal Book Company (1988), p. 215, {{ISBN|9694070910}}</ref><ref>Avril Ann Powell (2013) ''Muslims and Missionaries in Pre-Mutiny India'', Routledge, p. 181, {{ISBN|1138878855}}</ref>

Hasrat Mohani championed the freedom struggle. He also wrote verses expressing deep love for [[Krishna]],<ref>C.M. Naim [https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-maulana-who-loved-krishna/279545 The Maulana Who Loved Krishna] ''Outlook India'' (magazine), Published 12 January 2012, Retrieved 12 March 2019</ref> and often went to [[Mathura]] to celebrate [[Krishna Janmashtami]].<ref name=TheHindu/>

===Education===
He received his primary education at his school in Fatehpur Haswah, a town near Kanpur. He completed his BA in 1903 at [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]] which later became [[Aligarh Muslim University]] but before that he had been expelled from the college on three occasions for his criticism of the British government.<ref name=dawnhasrat>{{Cite web|last=Parekh|first=Rauf|date=2018-05-08|title=Literary Notes: Hasrat Mohani's political and literary world: a blend of old and new|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1406307|access-date=2020-12-18|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> Some of his colleagues at Aligarh were [[Mohammad Ali Jouhar|Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar]] and [[Maulana Shaukat Ali]]. His teachers in poetry were Tasleem Lucknawi and Naseem Dehlvi. To honor him, Aligarh Muslim University has a hostel named after him<ref name=TheHindu/>

===Academic===
A few of his books are ''Kulliyat-e-Hasrat Mohani'' (Collection of Hasrat Mohani's poetry), ''Sharh-e-Kalam-e-Ghalib'' (Explanation of Ghalib's poetry), ''Nukaat-e-Sukhan'' ( Important aspects of poetry), ''Mushahidaat-e-Zindaan'' (Observations in Prison), etc. A very popular ghazal [[Chupke Chupke Raat Din]] sung by [[Ghulam Ali (singer)|Ghulam Ali]] and 'Ghazal King' [[Jagjit Singh]] was penned by him. He was also featured in the film [[Nikaah (film)|Nikaah]] (1982). The famous slogan of Indian freedom fighters [[Inquilab Zindabad]] was coined by Mohani in 1921.<ref name="book_philately_mohani">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4g1_BAAAQBAJ&q=zindabad+mohani&pg=PA2|title=Indian Philately Digest|author=Prashant H. Pandya|date=1 March 2014|publisher=Indian Philatelists' Forum|language=en|access-date=12 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=BR>{{Cite news|url=https://fp.brecorder.com/2005/06/20050618282881|title=LITERACY NOTES: Hasrat Mohani – a unique poet & politician|date=18 June 2005|work=Business Recorder|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406065746/https://fp.brecorder.com/2005/06/20050618282881/|archive-date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="zee_news_2017_mohani">{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/india/india-remembers-maulana-hasrat-mohani-who-gave-the-revolutionary-slogan-inquilab-zindabad_1963758.html|title=India remembers Maulana Hasrat Mohani who gave the revolutionary slogan 'Inquilab Zindabad'|date=2 January 2017|work=Zee News|access-date=12 March 2019|language=en}}</ref>

===Political===

Mohani was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] for many years and then became a founder of the [[Communist Party of India]], serving as its president in 1919. He [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]].<ref name="Naqvi2017">{{cite web |last1=Naqvi |first1=Raza |title=Meet the Muslim freedom fighters who strongly opposed the Partition of India |url=https://www.inuth.com/india/meet-the-muslim-freedom-fighters-who-strongly-opposed-the-partition-of-india/ |publisher=IE Online Media Services |access-date=22 August 2020 |language=en |date=14 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="Chopra1979">{{cite book |last1=Chopra |first1=Pran Nath |title=Role of Indian Muslims in the Struggle for Freedom |date=1979 |publisher=Light & Life Publishers |page=86 |language=en |quote=Soon after the declaration of the partition plan of June 3, 1947 Hasrat Mohani resigned from the Muslim League as he did not want to have the independence at the cost of the country's unity and integrity. ... After the establishment of Pakistan, Hasrat Mohani preferred to remain in India.}}</ref> After the declaration of the Partition Plan on 3 June 1947, Mohani resigned as a member of the All India Muslim League and when the division of the country occurred, he chose to live in independent India.<ref name="Chopra1979"/> He became a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] which drafted the [[Indian Constitution]]. In order to represent the remaining Indian Muslims on different platforms, Hasrat Mohani chose to live in India rather than migrate to Pakistan.<ref name=MilliGazette/>

He never accepted Government allowances or stayed at official residences. Instead he stayed in mosques and used to go to the Parliament in a shared tonga. He was a religious practicing Muslim and led a simple life. Maulana had gone for [[Hajj]] (pilgrimage to [[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]]) several times. He used to travel in third class railroad cars. When asked why he travelled third class, he quipped because there is no fourth class.<ref name=TheHindu/><ref name=MilliGazette/>

==Struggle for Indian independence==
[[File:Ambedkar and Maulana Hasrat Mohani at Sardar Patel's reception.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[B. R. Ambedkar]] and Mohani (left) at [[Vallabhbhai Patel]]'s reception]]
Mohani participated in the struggle for Indian Independence (end of [[British Raj]]); and was jailed in 1903 for many years by British authorities. At that time political prisoners were treated like common criminals and forced to do manual labor.<ref name=TheHindu/>

In 1904, he joined the [[Indian National Congress]] Party.<ref name=TheHindu/>
He was the first person in Indian History who demanded 'Complete Independence' (Azadi-e-Kaamil) in 1921 as he presided over an annual session of [[All-India Muslim League]]. In December 1929, his campaign for 'complete independence' resulted in the shape of [[Indian National Congress]] session in [[Lahore]].<ref name=BR/>

Mohani [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]].<ref name="Naqvi2017"/><ref name="Chopra1979"/> After complete independence from the British rule, Maulana Hasrat Mohani wanted a confederal set up on the pattern of [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republic]] (USSR). He wanted to see a confederal constitution in India after freedom from the British rule. His proposal had six federations: 1. East Pakistan; 2. West Pakistan; 3. Central India; 4. South-eastern India; 5. South-western India; and 6. Hyderabad Deccan.<ref name=BR/>

===Urdu-e-Mualla===
He was also imprisoned for promoting anti-British ideas, especially for publishing an article against British policies in Egypt, in his magazine 'Urdu-e-Mualla'. Afterwards, unlike some Urdu poets like [[Josh Malihabadi]] and many Muslim leaders, he chose to live in India rather than move to [[Pakistan]] after independence (1947) to represent left over Indian Muslims on various platforms. In recognition for his efforts, he was made a member of the constituent assembly which drafted the Indian constitution. But unlike other members, he never signed it.<ref name=MilliGazette/>

===Communist movement===
He was among the founders of the [[Communist Party of India]] at [[1925 Kanpur Communist Conference|Kanpur in 1925]].<ref name=MilliGazette/>

Hasrat Mohani was deeply influenced by Russian revolution. His house in Kanpur was centre of preparations of the [[1925 Kanpur Communist Conference|first all India Communist conference]] of December 1925. [[K.N. Joglekar]] wrote in his reminiscences that he and Bombay group came to know through VH Joshi, going to meet [[S. A. Dange]] in Kanpur jail, that [[Satya Bhakta]], Hasrat Mohani and others were taking initiative to convene a communist conference in December 1925. Bombay group extended full support.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article9916.html|title=Foundation of the Communist Party of India (CPI) in 1925: product of (...) - Mainstream|website=www.mainstreamweekly.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30165649.ece|title=Origins of Indian communism|first=A. G.|last=NOORANI|website=Frontline}}</ref>

Hasrat Mohani was elected Chairman of Reception Committee (RC) of the conference.{{cn|date=August 2021}} Hasrat Mohani was included in the Central Executive Committee elected at the conference. He was again included in CEC in 1927 extended meeting.{{cn|date=August 2021}}

Hasrat Mohani later attended the foundation conference of [[Progressive Writer's Association|Progressive Writers’ Association]] (PWA) in Lucknow in 1936{{cn|date=August 2021}}

==Death and legacy==
Maulana Hasrat Mohani died on 13 May 1951 in Lucknow, India.<ref name=MilliGazette/><ref name="zee_news_2017_mohani"/>

Hasrat Mohani Memorial Society was founded by Maulana Nusrat Mohani in 1951. In [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]], Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust, Karachi have been established by Hasrat Mohani Memorial Society. Every year, on his death anniversary, a memorial meeting is conducted by this Trust as well as many other organisations in India and Pakistan.<ref name=BR/> Also [[Hasrat Mohani Colony]], at [[Korangi Town]] in [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]], was named after Maulana Hasrat Mohani. A famous road is named after him in the financial hub of [[Karachi]].<ref name=MilliGazette/>

There is a Street Named Maulana Hasrat Mohani in Kadar Palace, Mumbra, Dist: Thane, Maharashtra.

Maulana Hasrat Mohani Hospital is situated in [[Chaman Ganj, Kanpur|Chamanganj]], [[Kanpur]]. There is also a road named Maulana Hasrat Mohani Street in Kanpur. Maulana Hasrat Mohani Gallery is situated at [[Bithoor]] Museum.

Hasrat Mohani Memorial Girls' Higher Secondary School in [[Metiabruz]], [[Kolkata]], India, is named after him.{{citation needed|date= March 2018}}
A hostel in Aligarh Muslim University is also named after him.

==Publications==
* Urdu-e-Moalla (magazine)<ref name=TheHindu/><ref name=MilliGazette/> (launched in July 1903)<ref name=dawnhasrat/>
* Kulliyat-e-Hasrat Mohani (Collection of Hasrat Mohani's poetry) (Published in 1928 and 1943)<ref name=BR/>
* Sharh-e-Kalam-e-Ghalib (Explanation of Ghalib's poetry)
* Nukaat-e-Sukhan (Important aspects of poetry)
* Tazkira-tul-Shuara (Essays on the Poets)<ref name=BR/>
* Mushahidaat-e-Zindaan (Observations in the Prison)

==See also==
* [[Mawlānā]]

== References ==

<references />

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Hasrat Mohani}}
* http://www.hasratmohani.com
* http://www.hasratmohanitrust.net
* [http://www.urdupoetry.com/hasrat.html Urdu Poetry of Hasrat Mohani]
* [https://rekhta.org/poets/hasrat-mohani Hasrat Mohani Ghazals]
* [http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?279545 The Maulana Who Loved Krishna]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927205735/http://www.renaissance.com.pk/MayLetweForget94.html Profile of Maulana Hasrat Mohani - Archived]

{{Indian Independence Movement}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohani, Hasrat}}
[[Category:All India Muslim League members]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poets]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow]]
[[Category:People from Unnao district]]
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Politicians from Lucknow]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iranian descent]]

Hasrat Mohani - Revision history

UpdateBot at 03:01, 5 June 2022