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{{short description|Deep and emotional extreme dislike}}
{{other uses}}
{{Redirect|Hate}}

{{emotion}}

'''Hatred''' is a very angry emotional response to certain people or [[idea]]s.<ref>Reber, A.S., & Reber, E. (2002). ''The Penguin dictionary of psychology''. New York: [[Penguin Books]].</ref>

Hatred is often associated with intense feelings of [[anger]] and [[disgust]].
== Emotion ==
As an emotion, hatred can be short-lived or long-lasting.<ref name="auto">Y Ito ed., ''Encyclopedia of Emotion'' (2010) p. 302</ref> It can be of low intensity - 'I hate broccoli' - or high intensity: 'I hate the whole world'.<ref>S Kucuk, ''Brand Hate'' (2016) p. 12-3</ref>
In some cases, hatred can be a learned response from external influences, such as from being abused, mislead, or manipulated. As a general rule, hatred is the deep psychological response to feeling trapped or being unable to understand certain sociological phenomena.
[[Robert Sternberg]] saw three main elements in hatred:
# a negation of intimacy, by creating distance when closeness had become threatening;
# an infusion of passion, such as fear or anger;
# a decision to devalue a previously valued object.<ref name="auto"/>
The important self-protective function, to be found in hatred,<ref name="auto1">I Craib, ''Psychoanalysis'' (Cambridge 2001) p. 208</ref> can be illustrated by Steinberg's analysis of 'mutinous' hatred, whereby a dependent relationship is repudiated in a quest for autonomy.<ref>Y Ito ed., ''Encyclopedia of Emotion'' (2010) p. 303</ref>

== Psychoanalysis ==
[[Dr. Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] defined hate as an ego state that wishes to destroy the source of its unhappiness, stressing that it was linked to the question of self-preservation.<ref>S Freud, 'The instincts and their vicissitudes' (1915) in ''On Metapsychology'' (PFL 11) p. 135-5.</ref> [[Donald Winnicott]] highlighted the developmental step involved in hatred, with its recognition of an outside object: "As compared to magical destruction, aggressive ideas and behaviour take on a positive value, and hate becomes a sign of civilization".<ref>D W Winnicott, ''The Child, the Family, and the Outside World'' (Penguin 1973) p. 239</ref>

In his wake, [[object relations theory]] has emphasised the importance of recognising hate in the analytic setting: the analyst acknowledges his own hate (as revealed in the strict time-limits and the fee charged),<ref>J Malcolm, ''Psychoanalysis'' (London 1988) p. 143</ref> which in turn may make it possible for the patient to acknowledge and contain ''their'' previously concealed hate for the analyst.<ref name="auto1"/>

[[Adam Phillips (psychologist)|Adam Phillips]] went so far as to suggest that true kindness is impossible in a relationship without hating and being hated, so that an unsentimental acknowledgement of interpersonal frustrations and their associated hostilities can allow real fellow-feeling to emerge.<ref>A Phillips/B Taylor, ''On Kindness'' (London 2004) p. 93-4</ref>

==Legalities==
[[File:Hate Hurts Wales - an advisory video from the Welsh Government - English version.webm|thumb|An advisory video from the Welsh Government]]
In the English language, a [[hate crime]] (also known as a "bias-motivated crime") generally refers to [[crime|criminal acts]] which are seen to have been motivated by hate. Those who commit hate crimes target victims because of their perceived membership in a certain [[social group]], usually defined by [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], [[gender]], [[religion]], [[sexual orientation]], [[mental disorder]], [[disability]], [[Social class|class]], [[ethnicity]], [[nationality]], [[Ageing|age]], [[gender identity]], or [[political affiliation]].<ref name="williams">Stotzer, R.: [http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Stotzer-Comparison-Hate-Crime-June-2007.pdf Comparison of Hate Crime Rates Across Protected and Unprotected Groups], [[Williams Institute]], 2007–06. Retrieved on 2007-08-09.</ref> Incidents may involve [[physical assault]], [[destruction of property]], [[bullying]], [[harassment]], [[verbal abuse]] or [[insults]], or offensive graffiti or letters ([[hate mail]]).<ref name="ovrbwx">[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/crime-victims/reducing-crime/hate-crime/ Hate crime] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126153146/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/crime-victims/reducing-crime/hate-crime/ |date=November 26, 2005 }}, [[Home Office]]</ref>

[[File:Little Rock Desegregation 1957.jpg|thumb|An example of the public display (of the emotion) of hatred.]]

[[Hate speech]] is speech perceived to disparage a person or group of people based on their social or ethnic group,<ref name="Dictionary.com: Hate speech">{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hate%20speech |title=Dictionary.com: Hate speech |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=2012-12-07}}</ref> such as [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], [[sex]], [[Ageing|age]], [[ethnicity]], [[nationality]], [[religion]], [[sexual orientation]], [[gender identity]], [[mental disorder]], [[disability]], [[language]] ability, [[ideology]], [[social class]], occupation, appearance (height, weight, skin color, etc.), mental capacity, and any other distinction that might be considered a liability. The term covers written as well as oral communication and some forms of behaviors in a public setting. It is also sometimes called [[antilocution]] and is the first point on [[Allport's scale]] which measures [[prejudice]] in a society. In many countries, deliberate use of hate speech is a [[criminal offence]] prohibited under ''incitement to hatred'' legislation. It is often alleged that the criminalization of hate speech is sometimes used to discourage legitimate discussion of negative aspects of voluntary behavior (such as political persuasion, religious adherence and philosophical allegiance). There is also some question as to whether or not hate speech falls under the protection of freedom of speech in some countries.

Both of these classifications have sparked debate, with counter-arguments such as, but not limited to, a difficulty in distinguishing motive and intent for crimes, as well as philosophical debate on the validity of valuing targeted hatred as a greater crime than general [[misanthropy]] and contempt for humanity being a potentially equal crime in and of itself.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

== Neurology ==
The neural correlates of hate have been investigated with an [[fMRI]] procedure. In this experiment, people had their brains scanned while viewing pictures of people they hated. The results showed increased activity in the [[middle frontal gyrus]], right [[putamen]], bilaterally in the [[premotor cortex]], in the [[frontal pole]], and bilaterally in the medial [[insular cortex]] of the [[human brain]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Zeki, S. |author2=Romaya, J.P. |date=October 2008 |title=Neural Correlates of Hate |journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=e3556 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0003556 |pmid=18958169 |pmc=2569212 |author-link1=Semir Zeki |editor1-last=Lauwereyns |editor1-first=Jan |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.3556Z }}</ref>

==Ethnolinguistics==
Hate, like love, takes different shapes and forms in different languages.<ref>James W. Underhill, ''[[Ethnolinguistics]] and Cultural Concepts: truth, love, hate & war'', (2012) p. 160</ref> While it may be fair to say that one single emotion exists in [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]] (haine), and [[German language|German]] (Hass), hate is historically situated and culturally constructed: it varies in the forms in which it is manifested. Thus a certain relationless hatred is expressed in the French expression ''J'ai la haine'', which has no precise equivalent in English; while for English-speakers, loving and hating invariably involve a force, an object, or a person, and therefore, a relationship with something or someone, ''J'ai la haine'' (literally, I have hate) precludes the idea of an emotion directed at a person.<ref>James W. Underhill, ''[[Ethnolinguistics]] and Cultural Concepts: truth, love, hate & war'', (2012) p. 161-2</ref> This is a form of frustration, apathy and animosity which churns within the subject but establishes no relationship with the world, other than an aimless desire for destruction.

French forms of [[anti-Americanism]] have been seen as a specific form of cultural resentment, registering joy-in-hate.<ref>James W. Underhill, ''[[Ethnolinguistics]] and Cultural Concepts: truth, love, hate & war'', (2012) p. 173-181</ref>

==Religion==
A United Nations Special Rapporteur on freedom and religion cited the concept of collective hatred based on religion, which he described as a man-made phenomenon caused by deliberate actions and omissions of hate-mongers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Religious Hatred and International Law: The Prohibition of Incitement to Violence or Discrimination|last=Temperman|first=Jeroen|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781107124172|location=Cambridge|pages=317}}</ref>

Hatred can also be sanctioned by religion. The Hebrew word describing David's "perfect hatred" (KJV) means that it "brings a process to completion".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harris|first1=R Laird|title=Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament|date=2003-10-01|publisher=Moody Publishers; New Edition|isbn=978-0802486493}}</ref> There are also sources that explain how Islam developed around hatred for unbelief since it is considered the source of evil and that adherents endeavor to spread the [[Quran|Qur'anic]] faith as the vehicle for its eradication.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Holy War Idea in Western and Islamic Traditions|last=Johnson|first=James Turner|publisher=The Pennsylvania State University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780271042145|location=University Park, PA|pages=89}}</ref> A specific example is hate speech. It is explained that religion aims to convert new adherents and that extreme speech made against other religion or its adherents is considered a tool so that changing other's beliefs is effective.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJwuDwAAQBAJ&q=hatred+religious+perspective&pg=PT110|title=Freedom of Expression and Religious Hate Speech in Europe|last=Howard|first=Erica|date=2017-07-28|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351998789|language=en}}</ref>

== Philosophy ==
Philosophers from the ancient time sought to describe hatred and today, there are different definitions available. [[Aristotle]], for instance, viewed it as distinct from anger and rage, describing hate as a desire to annihilate an object and is incurable by time.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Book of Human Emotions: From Ambiguphobia to Umpty -- 154 Words from Around the World for How We Feel|last=Smith|first=Tiffany Watt|date=2016-06-07|publisher=Little, Brown|isbn=9780316265393|language=en}}</ref> [[David Hume]] also offered his own conceptualization, maintaining that hatred is an irreducible feeling that is not definable at all.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mixed Feelings and Vexed Passions: Exploring Emotions in Biblical Literature|last=Spencer|first=F. Scott|publisher=SBL Press|year=2017|isbn=9780884142577|location=Atlanta, GA|pages=61}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*[[Discrimination]]
*[[Forgiveness]]
*[[Gossip]]
*[[Misanthropy]]
*[[Moral emotions]]
*''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]''
*[[Resentment]]
*[[Revenge]]
*[[Self-compassion]]
*[[Self-loathing]]
*''[[Two Minutes Hate]]''
*[[Zelyonka attack]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Hate}}
*''The Psychology of Hate'' by [[Robert Sternberg]] (Ed.)
*''Hatred: The Psychological Descent into Violence'' by Willard Gaylin
*''Why We Hate'' by [[Jack Levin]]
*''The Psychology of Good and Evil: Why Children, Adults, and Groups Help and Harm Others'' by Ervin Staub
*''Prisoners of Hate: The Cognitive Basis of Anger, Hostility, and Violence'' by [[Aaron T. Beck]]
*''Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing'' by [[James Waller]]
* ''Ethnolinguistics and Cultural Concepts: truth, love, hate & war'', by James W. Underhill, Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]].
* "Hatred as an Attitude", by Thomas Brudholm (in ''Philosophical Papers'' 39, 2010).
* ''The Globalisation of Hate,'' (eds.) Jennifer Schweppe and Mark Walters, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* ''The Craftsmanship of your life by love and hatred''
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[[Category:Hatred| ]]
[[Category:Love]]
[[Category:Issues in ethics]]
[[Category:Emotions]]
[[Category:Aggression]]
[[Category:Social emotions]]

Hatred - Revision history

WikiDwarf at 06:44, 12 July 2021