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{{Short description|Former Arabian tribe}}
{{Infobox tribe
| name = Hawazin <br/> ({{langx|ar|هوازن}})
| type = [[Qays]]i, [[Adnanite]], [[Ishmaelites|Ishmaelite]]
| image = Hawazin Flag (20).png
| image_size = 170px
| alt =
| caption = Banner of the Hawazin at the [[Battle of Siffin]]
| nisba = al-Hawazini (الهوازني)
| location = [[Hejaz]]
| descended = Hawazin ibn Mansur ibn Ikrima ibn Khasafa ibn Qays ʿAylān ibn Mudar ibn Nizar ibn Ma'add ibn Adnan.
| parent_tribe = [[Qays]]
| branches = *[[Banu Sa'd]]
*[[Banu Jusham]]
*[[Banu Thaqif]]
*[[Banu 'Amir]]
| religion = [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Polytheism]] (Pre-Islam) <br> [[Islam]] (Post Islam)
}}

The '''Hawazin''' ({{langx|ar|هوازن}} / [[ALA-LC]]: ''Hawāzin'') were an [[Arab]] tribe originally based in the western [[Najd]] and around [[Ta'if]] in the [[Hejaz]]. They formed part of the larger [[Qays]] tribal group. The Hawazin consisted of the subtribes of [[Banu Sa'd]], and [[Banu Jusham]], as well as the powerful [[Banu Thaqif]] and [[Banu Amir]], which were both often counted separately from the Hawazin.

The tribe often clashed with their one-time patrons, the [[Ghatafan]], and on occasion, sub-tribes of the Hawazin fought each other. The tribe had little contact with the [[Islam]]ic prophet [[Muhammad]] until 630 when they were defeated by Muhammad's forces at the [[Battle of Hunayn]]. The Hawazin tribe were one of the first to rebel and fight against the early Muslim state based in [[Medina]] during the [[Ridda wars]], which followed Muhammad's death in 632.

According to [[oral tradition]] and [[genealogy]] studies, the modern-day tribe of [[Otaibah]] based in Saudi Arabia are descendants of the Hawazin.<ref name="Al-Qthami 1985">{{Cite book|title=North of Hejaz|last=Al-Qthami|first=Hmood Dawi|publisher=Dar Al Bayan|year=1985|location=Jeddah}}</ref><ref name="The Tribe of Otaibah">{{cite web|url=http://www.4sa.cn/otaibi/ketab-otayba.htm|title=The Tribe of Otaibah|last1=Al Rougi|first1=Hindees|access-date=2017-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514095554/http://www.4sa.cn/otaibi/ketab-otayba.htm|archive-date=2018-05-14|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="H. Kindermann- 2007">H. Kindermann-[C.E. Bosworth]. "'Utayba." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007.</ref>

[[File:Banu Hawazin.png|thumb|Ancestry of the Hawazin Tribe]]

==Origins and branches==
The tribe formed part of the larger [[Qays|Qays Aylan]] group (also known simply as "Qays"). In the traditional sources, references to the Hawazin were often restricted to certain descendants of the tribe, known as ''ʿUjz Hawāzin'' (the rear of Hawazin); these subtribes were the [[Banu Sa'ad|Banu Sa'd]], and [[Banu Jusham]]. The founders of these subtribes were either the sons of Bakr ibn Hawazin or the sons of Mu'awiya ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin. Two other major branches of the Hawazin, the [[Banu Amir|Banu Amir ibn Sa'sa'a]] and the [[Banu Thaqif]], were often grouped separately from the other Hawazin sub-tribes.<ref name="Watt2862">Watt 1971, p. 286.</ref>

==History==
===Pre-Islamic era===
The Hawazin were pastoral nomads that inhabited the steppes between [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]].<ref>Donner 2010, p. 95.</ref> Beginning around 550 CE, the Hawazin became a vassal tribe of the [[Banu Abs|Banu 'Abs]] of [[Ghatafan]] under the 'Absi chieftain [[Zuhayr ibn Jadhima]].<ref name="Watt285">Watt 1971, p. 286.</ref><ref name="Fück1023">Fück 1965, p. 1023.</ref> When the latter was killed by the Banu 'Amir ibn Sa'sa' some years later, the Hawazin discontinued their tribute to Ghatafan.<ref name="Watt285"/><ref name="Fück1023"/> Sporadic battles and wars occurred in the following years, often between the bulk of the Hawazin, in alliance with the [[Banu Sulaym]], on one side, and the bulk of the Ghatafan on the other.<ref name="Watt285"/> Less often, there were armed feuds among certain Hawazin subtribes, particularly between the Banu Jusham and [[Banu Fazara]].<ref name="Watt285"/>

During the [[Fijar War]] in the late 6th century, the Hawazin and much of the Qays, excluding the Ghatafan but including the Banu 'Amir, [[Banu Muharib]] and Banu Sulaym, fought against the [[Quraysh]] and [[Kinana]] tribes. The war was precipitated by the murder of 'Urwa ibn al-Rahhal of the Banu 'Amir by al-Barrad ibn Qays al-Damri of Kinana while 'Urwa was escorting a [[Lakhmid]] caravan from [[al-Hirah]] to [[Ukaz (city)|Ukaz]] during the holy season; this was considered sacrilegious by the pagan Arabs, hence the war's name, ''ḥarb al-fijār'' (the war of sacrilege).<ref name="Fück883">Fück 1965, p. 883.</ref> This incident occurred amid a trade war between the Quraysh of [[Mecca]] and the Banu Thaqif of [[Ta'if]]; the latter were both kinsmen and allies of the Hawazin.<ref name="Watt285"/> The war consisted of eight battle days occurring over the span of four years.<ref name="Fück883"/>

After hearing news of 'Urwa's death, the Hawazin pursued al-Barrad's Qurayshi patron [[Harb ibn Umayya]] and other Qurayshi chieftains from Ukaz to [[Nakhla (Saudi Arabia)|Nakhla]]; the Quraysh were defeated, but the chieftains were able to escape to Mecca.<ref name="Fück883"/> The following year, the Hawazin were again victorious against the Quraysh and Kinana at Shamta near Ukaz.<ref name="Fück883"/> The latter became the site of battle during the next year, and the Hawazin once again defeated the same parties.<ref name="Fück883"/> The Quraysh and Kinana defeated the Hawazin at Ukaz or a nearby site called Sharab in the fourth major battle of the Fijar War, but the Hawazin recuperated and landed a blow against the Quraysh in the [[Al Harrah, Saudi Arabia|al-Harrah]] volcanic fields north of Mecca in the fifth and final significant engagement of the war.<ref name="Fück883"/> Afterward, minor clashes occurred before peace was established.<ref name="Fück883"/>

===Islamic era===
There was scant contact between the Hawazin and the [[Islam]]ic prophet [[Muhammad]], who hailed from the Quraysh tribe.<ref name="Watt2862">Watt 1971, p. 286.</ref> However, there were generally good relations with the Banu 'Amir.<ref name="Watt2862"/> Also, Muhammad's wet nurse, [[Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb|Halima bint Abu Dhu'ayb]], came from the Hawazin subtribe of Banu Sa'd.<ref name="Watt2862"/> It was not until [[Conquest of Mecca|Muhammad's victorious entry into Mecca]], that the first major encounter between the main body of Hawazin and the Muslims under Muhammad occurred.<ref name="Watt2862"/> Muhammad heard that Malik ibn 'Awf of the Banu Nasr bin Saad<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ibn al-Atheer Abu Hassan |title=asid alghabat t aleilmia |language=Arabic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=almaseudiu |title=altanbih walashraf |language=Arabic}}</ref> was mobilizing a large force of Hawazin and Thaqif tribesmen near Mecca, thus threatening the city and the Muslims, and prompting Muhammad's forces, including a 2,000 Qurayshi tribesmen, to confront Malik's forces at the [[Battle of Hunayn]] in 630.<ref name="Watt2862"/> During this engagement, the Thaqif managed to escape to Ta'if, but the Hawazin were routed and lost much of their property.<ref name="Watt2862"/> However, Muhammad immediately reconciled with the Hawazin by returning Malik's wife and children to him, giving him a gift of camels and recognizing his chieftainship of the Hawazin.<ref name="Watt2862"/> The Hawazin had to pay a sum to retrieve their captive women and children.<ref name="Watt2862"/>

The Hawazin discontinued the ''[[Sadaqah|sadaqa]]'' (voluntary donation) given to Muslim authorities in [[Medina]] following Muhammad's death in 632, and like many other Arab tribes, Hawazin did take part in combat against the successor of [[Muhammad|Muhammed]], [[Abu Bakr]] during the [[Ridda Wars]]. Hawazin ultimately returned to the Islamic fold by the end of the war.<ref>Donner 2010, p. 101.</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRUwnwEACAAJ|title=United Arab Emirates: A New Perspective|author1=Ibrahim Abed|author2=Peter Hellyer|publisher=Trident Press|year=2001|isbn=978-1-900724-47-0|pages=81–84}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last1=Donner|first1=Fred M.|title=Muhammad and the Believers, at the Origins of Islam|date=2010|publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-674-05097-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qBzRj7OajmEC}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Fück|first1=J. W.|editor1=Lewis, B |editor2=Pellat, Ch |editor3=Schacht, J. |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 2, C-G|edition=2nd|date=1965|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=90-04-07026-5|title=Fidjār|pages=883–884}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Fück|first1=J. W.|editor1=Lewis, B |editor2=Pellat, Ch |editor3=Schacht, J. |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 2, C-G|edition=2nd|date=1965|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=90-04-07026-5|title=Ghatafan|pages=1023–1024}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Watt|first1=W. Montgomery|editor1=Lewis, B |editor2=Ménage, M. L. |editor3=Pellat, Ch |editor4=Schacht, J. |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 3, H-Iram|edition=2nd|date=1971|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=90-04-08118-6|title=Hawāzin|pages=285–286}}
{{refend}}
{{Historical Arab tribes}}

[[Category:Hawazin| ]]
[[Category:Tribes of Arabia]]

Hawazin - Revision history

Masterstrock at 18:17, 26 March 2026