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{{for|the Buddhist deity|Hayagriva (Buddhism)}}
{{short description|horse-headed Hindu god}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=March 2017}}
{{lead too short|date=October 2016}}
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{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}

{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Hayagreeva.jpg
| name = Hayagriva
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Hayagrīva
| affiliation = [[Avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]
| god_of = God of knowledge and wisdom
| mantra =
ज्ञानानन्दमयं देवं निर्मल स्फटिकाकृतिम् / आधारं सर्व विद्द्यानां हयग्रीवं उपास्महे //

''jñānānandamayaṃ devaṃ nirmala sphaṭikākṛtim / ādhāraṃ sarva viddyānāṃ hayagrīvaṃ upāsmahe //''

| weapon = [[Sudarshan Chakra]]
[[Panchajanya]]
| consort = [[Lakshmi]]
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
'''Hayagriva''', also spelt '''Hayagreeva''' ([[IAST]]: {{IAST|hayagrīva}}, literally 'Horse-neck'<ref>Monier-Williams ''Sanskrit-English Dictionary''</ref>), is a horse-headed [[avatar]] of the Hindu god [[Vishnu]].

==Iconography==
[[File:Khajuraho India, Lakshman Temple, Sculpture 12.JPG|thumb|Hayagriva in [[Khajuraho]] Lakshamana Temple]]

Hayagriva is an [[avatar]] of the god [[Vishnu]].<ref name="Parmeshwaranand2001">{{cite book|author=Swami Parmeshwaranand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmmkM0fVS-cC&pg=PA632|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas|date=1 January 2001|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-226-3|pages=632–|access-date=21 August 2013}}</ref> He is worshipped as the god of [[knowledge]] and [[wisdom]], with a human body and a horse's head, brilliant [[White horse (mythology)|white in color]], with white garments and seated on a white [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]]. Symbolically, the story represents the triumph of pure knowledge, guided by the hand of Divinity, over the demonic forces of passion and darkness.

[[Vedanta Desika]]'s ''dhyāna-śloka'' (meditative verse) on Hayagriva typifies this deity's depiction in Hindu iconography:

<blockquote>
He has four hands, with one in the mode of bestowing knowledge; another holds books of wisdom, and the other two hold the [[Shankha|Conch]] and [[Sudarshana Chakra|Discus]]. His beauty, like fresh cut crystal, is an auspicious brilliance that never decays. May this Lord of speech who showers such cooling rays of grace on me be forever manifest in my heart!</blockquote>

In several other sources he is a white horse who pulls the sun into the sky every morning. In others such as the great epic Taraka-battle where the gods are fallen on and attacked by the Danava's [demons], Vishnu appears as a great ferocious warrior called Hayagriva when he comes to their aid. It says;

“''Hayagriva appears in his chariot, drawn by 1,000 powerful steeds, crushing the enemies of the gods beneath him''!”
[[File:Sri Laxmi Hayagriva of Parakala Mutt.jpg|thumb|Srimad Andavan and Sri Parakala Jeeyar in front of Sri Laxmi Hayagriva of Parakala Mutt]]
There are many other references to Hayagriva throughout the Mahabharata. It is said that Vishnu comes from battle as a conqueror in the magnificent mystic form of the great and terrible Hayagriva;

“''The great Hayagriva having been praised in this way by the different saints and ascetics, assumes a great white horses head. The verda’s [mantras] made up his shape, his body built of all the great gods; in the middle of his head was [[Shiva]], in his heart was Brahmā [god of heaven]; the rays of sun ([[Marichi]]) were his mane, the sun and moon his eyes; the Vasus and Sadhyas were his legs, in all his bones were the gods. [[Agni]] [Ka-ten; god of fire] was his tongue, the goddess [[Satya]] his speech, while his knees were formed by the [[Maruts|Marut]]s and [[Varuna]]. Having assumed this form, an awesome wonder to behold to the gods, he vanquished the asura, and cast them down, with eyes that were red with anger.''”

Invariably, Hayagriva is depicted seated, most often with his right hand either blessing the supplicant or in the ''vyākhyā mudrā'' pose of teaching. The right hand also usually holds a ''akṣa-mālā'' (rosary), indicating his identification with meditative knowledge. His left holds a book, indicating his role as a teacher. His face is always serene and peaceful, if not smiling. Unlike his Buddhist counterpart, there is no hint of a fearsome side in the Hindu description of this deity.

Hayagriva is sometimes worshiped in a solitary pose of meditation, as in temple in [[Thiruvanthipuram]]. This form is known as Yoga-Hayagriva. However, he is most commonly worshipped along with his consort Lakshmi and is known as Lakshmi-Hayagriva. Hayagriva in this form is the presiding deity of Mysore's [[Parakala Mutt]], a significant [[Sri Vaishnavism]] monastic institution.

== Shakta tradition ==
[[File:Hayagriva restoring Vedas to Brahma which were taken to Rasatala.jpg|thumb|Hyagreeva restoring Vedas to Brahma which were taken to Rasatala]]
A legend has it that during the creation, the demons [[Madhu-Kaitabha]] stole the [[Vedas]] from [[Brahma]], and Vishnu then took the Hayagriva form to recover them. The two bodies of Madhu and Kaitabha disintegrated into twelve pieces (two heads, two torsos, four arms and four legs). Yet another legend has it that during the creation, Vishnu compiled the Vedas in the Hayagrīva form.

Some consider Hayagriva to be one of the [[Dashavatara]]s of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} He along with Śrī [[Krishna]], Shrī [[Rama]] and Shri [[Narasimha]] is considered to be an important avatar of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.

Lord Hayagriva is also amongst the deities present at the [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam]]. Hayagreeva in [[Srirangam]] is very famous for children's education. The sanctum sanctorum of the inner temple is very beautiful and all rituals are done according to Vedic principles very strictly.

Mahabharata, book 12, chapter 348, says the following: Having compassed the destruction of the two Asuras and restored the Vedas to Brahma, the Supreme Being dispelled the grief of Brahma. Aided then by Hari and assisted by the Vedas, Brahma created all the worlds with their mobile and immobile creatures. After this, Hari, granting unto the Grandsire intelligence of the foremost order relating to the Creation, disappeared there and then for going to the place he had come from. It was thus that Narayana, having assumed the form equipped with the horse-head, slew the two Danavas Madhu and Kaitabha (and disappeared from the sight of Brahma).

==Worship==
{{Vaishnavism}}
Origins about the worship of Hayagriva have been researched, some of the early evidences dates back to 2,000 BCE,<ref>{{cite book|author=T. Volker|title=The Animal in Far Eastern Art: And Especially in the Art of the Japanese Netzsuke, with References to Chinese Origins, Traditions, Legends, and Art|publisher=BRILL|year=1950|page=102}}</ref> when people worshipped the horse for its speed, strength, intelligence.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mārg̲, Volume 43|page=77}}Originally from = University of Michigan</ref> Hayagriva is one of the prominent deities in [[Vaikhanasas]], [[Sri Vaishnavism]] and [[Madhwa Brahmins]] traditions. His blessings are sought when beginning study of both sacred and secular subjects. Special worship is conducted on the day of the full moon in August (Śravaṇa-Paurṇamī) (his ''avatāra-dina'') and on [[Mahanavami]], the ninth day of the [[Navaratri]] festival. He is also hailed as "Hayasirsa".<ref>[http://www.vnn.org/editorials/ET0303/ET26-7931.html Inquiries into the absolute] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514113510/http://www.vnn.org/editorials/ET0303/ET26-7931.html|date=14 May 2008}}</ref> Hayaśirṣa means haya=Horse, śirṣa=Head.

<blockquote>
In IAST 
''jñānānandamayaṃ devaṃ nirmalasphaṭikākṛtiṃ'' 
''ādhāraṃ sarvavidyānāṃ hayagrīvaṃ upāsmahe'' 
In Devanāgarī 
ज्ञानानन्दमयं देवं निर्मलस्फटिकाकृतिं 
आधारं सर्वविद्यानां हयग्रीवं उपास्महे
</blockquote>

This verse is originally from the Pañcarātra Agamas but is now popularly prefixed to the ''Hayagriva Stotram'' of the 13th-century poet-philosopher [[Vedanta Desika]]. It is very popular among devotees of Hayagrīva.

A great devotee named Śrī[[Vadirajatirtha]] of [[Udupi]] Śrī [[Krishna|Kṛṣṇa]] Mutt used to offer cooked horse gram (Kollu) to Lord Hayagreeva.<ref>[https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/bgkvarna/life_history.htm&date=2009-10-25+13:31:15 Śrī Vadiraja's lifehistory]</ref> He used to recite the Hayagrīva Śloka and keep the offerings on his head. Lord Hayagrīva would come as a beautiful white horse form and would eat the horse gram. As a very staunch devotee, Vadirajatirtha would recite the following ''[[Śloka|sloka]]'' -

'''''Na HayagrivAth Param Asthi MangaLam'''''

'''''Na HayagrivAth Param Asthi Paavanam'''''

'''''Na HayagrivAth Param Asthi Dhaivatham'''''

'''''Na Hayagrivam Pranipathya Seedhathi!'''''

'''''There is no auspiciousness greater than Hayagrivan.'''''
'''''Nothing is more sacred than Sri Hayagrivan to destroy our accumulated sins. '''''
'''''No other God is superior to Hayagrivan. '''''
'''''No one grieves after performing [[Saranagati|Śaraṇagati]] at the sacred feet of Hayagrivan.'''''

Hayagriva is listed as one of the ten incarnations of Vishnu in Canto 10 (skandh 10), chapter 40 of the [[Srimad Bhagavatam|Śrīmadbhagavatam]], and [[Sri Akrurji|Akrūra]]'s prayer contains Hayagriva's name when he had a vision while bathing in [[Yamuna]].

There is a story that more than 500 years ago, a devotee from the Daivajña Brahmin community was casting an idol of Lord [[Ganesha|Gaṇapati]], when it shaped itself in the image of Lord Hayagriva. Sarvabhauma Sri Vadiraja Guru Swamiji had a dream about this legend which inspired him to approach that devotee and take the idol from him in reverence. He then installed it in Shri Sode Vadiraja Mutt. Since then it has been worshipped there as the originating God of the Daivajnya Brahmin community.

The members of the community who were originally [[Smartha]] Brahmins, were instructed in Dvaita philosophy and received into the fold as Mukhya Śiṣyas by the revered Sri Vadiraja Teertha. To this day, Daivajña Brahmins continue to make offerings to the Mutt and Lord Hayagriva.

==Temples of Hayagriva==
[[File:Hayagreevar.jpg|thumb|Hayagreevar Temple, adjacent to [[Koodal Azhagar Temple]]]]

===Assam===
* [[Hayagriva Madhava Temple|Hayagriv Madhav Dol]] at Hajo, Assam

===Tamil Nadu===
Most of the major Vishnu temples in Tamil Nadu have a separate shrine for Lord Hayagriva.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}
* Sri Lakshmi Hayagriva Temple, Thiruvaheendrapuram, Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu
* Sri Hyagreevar Temple, adjacent to Sri Koodal Alagar Perumal Koil, Madurai
* Sri Hyagreevar(ஸ்ரீ ஹயக்ரீவர்)swamy, Sri Chidambara Vinayagar Thirukoil, A. Vellalapatti (7 km from Alagarkoil or Melur), Madurai.
* Lakshmi hayagrivar temple in chithambara Nagar, near Ganapathi mill, at Tirunelveli
* Sri Lakshmi Hayagreevar perumal, at sri Kothandaramaswamy Devasthanam, Perumudivakkam, near Kannigaipair, (Chennai - Periyapalayam Highway), Thiruvallur District-601103.
* Yoga Hayagreevar and Gnana Saraswathi ('''This is a very rare combination and is generally worshiped for attaining both knowledge and power''') in Vaitheeswaran Koil, Munusamy St, Amrithammal Colony, Perambur, Chennai - 600 011
* Chettypunyam Hayagriva Temple, near [[Chengalpattu]], Tamil Nadu
* Sri Lakshmi Hayagriva Temple, Nanganallur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
* Lord Hayagriva Sannidhi in Thooppul Vilakoli(Deepa Prakasar) Perumal Koil in Kanchipuram.
* Vedanta Deshika Alayam, Mylapore

===Pondicherry===
*[[File:Sri Lakshmi Hayagriva Temple in Sri Ramakrishna Nagar, Muthialpet, Pondicherry.jpg|alt= Sri Lakshmi Hayagriva Temple in Pondicherry|thumb|Sri Lakshmi Hayagriva Temple in Sri Ramakrishna Nagar, Muthialpet, Pondicherry]][https://web.archive.org/web/20101027145800/http://www.lakshmihayagriva.org/ Sri Lakshmi Hayagriva Temple in Sri Ramakrishna Nagar], Muthialpet, Pondicherry

===Karnataka===
* [[Parakala Matha|Parakala Mutt]], Mysuru - The Hayagriva idol handed down from Vedanta Desika
[[File:Lakshmi Hayagreeva Vigraha at Parakala Mutt.JPG|alt= Lakshmi Hayagreeva Vigraha at Parakala Mutt|thumb|Seen in center is Lakshmi Hayagreeva Vigraha at Parakala Mutt]]
* Hayagreeva temple, Sattegala kollegala taluk chamarajanagar district karnataka
* Sri Lakshmi Hayagriva Temple, Tank Bund Road, Gandhi Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka
* [[Sodhe]] Mutt, Sirsi, Karnataka

=== Andhra Pradesh ===
* Tirumala Hayagriva temple on North Mada street of Balaji Temple, [[Tirumala]], [[Tirupati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* Sri Lakshmi Hayagriva Swami Temple, [[Machilipatnam]], Andhra Pradesh
* Sri Lakshmi Hayagriva Temple, [[Thotlakonda]], [[Visakhapatnam]], Andhra Pradesh
* Sri Lakshmi Hayagriva temple, siddhashramam, Narasimhakonda, near jonnawada, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh
* Shri Lakshmi Hayagriva Swamy , installed in birthplace of Kethanda patti Swamy at Lakshmipuram, near Kuppam, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh.
* Sri Lakshmi Hayagriva temple, MF Road, Hindupur Mandal, Anantapur

=== Telangana ===
*Hayagriva Swami Temple Beechupalli Telanganaa
*Shri Lakshmi Hayagreeva Swamy Temple, Vangapalli Road, Yadagirigutta, Yadadri District, Telangana, 508115

==Influence on other cultures==
In the 2015 documentary series, The Creatures of Philippine Mythology, the spread of Hinduism and the imagery of Hayagriva is tracked through South East Asia. It is speculated that Hayagriva influenced the image of the Philippine horse-headed folk spirit, the [[Tikbalang]].<ref>Clark, Jordan "Tikbalang: The Horse Demon" Episode 01, ''Creatures Of Philippine Mythology'' (2015) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gRUSBSJ39KY</ref>

An extinct genus of basal neornithischian dinosaur known from Mongolia has been named [[Haya griva]]. This name refers to the elongate horse-like skull of Haya and the appearance of this deity in the Buddhist art of Mongolia.

==See also==
*[[Hayagriva (Buddhism)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928101953/http://www.parakalamatham.org/node/3 Lord Hayagriva]
*[[Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend]] ({{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}}) by Anna L. Dallapiccola

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |title=HAYAGRIVA - The Horse-headed Deity in Indian Culture |author=Prof. D. Sridhara Babu |publisher=Sri Venkateshwara University - Oriental Research Institute, Tirupati |year= 1990|url=https://archive.org/stream/hayagriva014842mbp#page/n3/mode/2up }}
* {{cite book|author=Veṅkaṭanātha|title=Sri Hayagreeva Stotram of Vedanta Desika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQayGwAACAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Visishtadvaitha Pracharini Sabha}}
*''[[Devi Bhagawatam]]''

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hayagriva (Hinduism)}}
*[http://hayagreeva.com/ Lakshmi Hayagreeva Photo gallery]
*[http://www.panchamukha.org/ Sri Viswaroopa Panchamukha Hanuman with Hayagriva as one of the faces]

{{HinduAvatars}}
{{HinduMythology}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Forms of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Horses in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Mythological human hybrids]]
[[Category:Knowledge gods]]
[[Category:Pastoral gods]]

Hayagriva - Revision history

imported>BantssoFantasy31 at 22:38, 24 August 2021