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{{distinguish|Henry Mortimer Durand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Major-General]]
| name = Sir Henry Marion Durand
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCSI}} {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CB}}
| image = File:HenryDurand.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1812|11|06|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Coulandon]], [[First French Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1871|01|01|1812|11|06|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Tonk, Pakistan|Tonk]], [[British India]]
| alma_mater = [[Addiscombe Military Seminary|East India Company Military Seminary]]
| order1 = [[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|Lieutenant Governor of Punjab]]
| term_start1 = 1 June 1870
| term_end1 = 20 January 1871
| governor_general1 = [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|The Earl of Mayo]]
| predecessor1 = [[Donald Friell McLeod|Sir Donald Friell McLeod]]
| successor1 = [[Robert Henry Davies|Sir Henry Davies]]
| rank = [[Major General]]
| serviceyears = 1828-1871
| allegiance = [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|22x25px]] [[East India Company]]<br>{{UK}}
| branch = [[Bengal Army]]
| commands =
| battles = [[First Anglo-Afghan War]]<br>[[Second Anglo-Sikh War]]<br>[[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]]
| awards =
}}
[[Major-General]] '''Sir Henry Marion Durand''', {{post-nominals|KCSI|CB}} (6 November 1812 – 1 January 1871) was a British military officer in the [[Bengal Army]] and served as [[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|Lieutenant Governor of Punjab]] from 1870 until his death in 1871.

==Early life==
Durand was one of two illegitimate sons of [[Henry Percy (British Army officer)|Major Henry Percy]], a cavalry officer who served in the [[Peninsular War]] and later at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], and Marion Durand, a French woman he met while prisoner-of-war in the Napoleonic Wars. Born in [[Coulandon]], [[France]], both his parents died whilst he was young, and he was placed in the care of a family friend Mr. Deans.<ref>{{cite ODNB|last=Stearn|first=Roger T.|title=Durand, Sir Henry Marion (1812–1871), army and political officer in India|id=8307}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Henry Mortimer Durand |title=The Life of Major-General Sir Henry Marion Durand Volume 1 |date=1883 |publisher=W.H. Allen}}</ref>

He was educated at the [[Addiscombe Military Seminary|East India Company Military Seminary]] at [[Addiscombe]] where he was a contemporary of the future [[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|Lord Napier of Magdala]] who passed out two years before him.<ref name="Soldiers of the Victorian Age">{{cite book |last=Low |first=Charles Rathbone |author-link=Charles Rathbone Low |title=Soldiers of the Victorian Age: Sir Herbert Edwardes. Sir Henry Marion Durand. Lord Chelmsford. Sir James Outram. Lord Strathnairn. Sir Neville Bowles Chamberlain. Sir James Hope Grant. Lord Napier of Magdala. Lord Clyde. |location=London |publisher=Chapman and Hall |year=1880 |volume=2 |pages=44–79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ptQAAAAYAAJ }}</ref>

==Career==
Durand sailed for India in 1829. On-board he developed a friendship with fellow passenger [[Alexander Duff (missionary)|Alexander Duff]], however the ship was wrecked on [[Dassen Island]] and the friends separated.<ref name="Soldiers of the Victorian Age" />

On his arrival in India in May 1830, he served initially as Second Lieutenant in the [[Bengal Engineers]]. Until 1838 he served chiefly in the north-west provinces, and from 1834 he was Superintendent at Ferozeshah Canal.<ref name="Soldiers of the Victorian Age" />

In 1838, then Lieutenant Durand gave up his well-paid civil appointment to serve in the engineering department of the expeditionary force to [[Afghanistan]]. He served with distinction during the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] however resigned in his post in protest of giving up the entire Bala Hissar to the Afghans, and returned to India.<ref name="Soldiers of the Victorian Age" />

On his return, Durand was furloughed to England where he became acquainted with [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|Lord Ellenborough]]. He was offered the post of aide-de-camp to Ellenborough, and on Ellenborough's arrival in India was give the lucrative post of his private secretary.<ref name="Soldiers of the Victorian Age" />

In June 1843 Durand was promoted to Captain, and the same year married Mary, daughter of Major General Sir John McCaskill. In December 1843 he assisted Ellenborough during the [[Gwalior campaign]], and at its conclusion was awarded the bronze star for Maharajpore.<ref name="Soldiers of the Victorian Age" /> When Ellenborough was dismissed by the East India Company in 1844 Durand lost his role as private secretary, and was later appointed [[Commissioner]] of [[Tanintharyi Region|Tenasserim]] until he was removed from the post in 1846. Durand then sailed to London to protest his removal to the directors of the East India Company, and returned to India with an order that he be reinstated to an equivalent post.<ref name="Soldiers of the Victorian Age" /> The order was however ignored by [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|The Earl of Dalhousie]] and Durand returned to military service.<ref name="Soldiers of the Victorian Age" />

During the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] Durand saw action at the [[Battle of Chillianwala]] and [[Battle of Gujrat]]. He was attached to the 3rd Division under [[Brigadier General]] [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Colin Campbell]] who later noted the Durand rendered him "valuable assistance" and that his "warmest acknowledgements" are due to him.<ref name="Soldiers of the Victorian Age" />

For his war service he promoted to Brevit-Major and appointed Political Agent, a civil role, at [[Gwalior]]. From Gwalior he was transferred to [[Bhopal]] and in 1853 made [[Residencies of British India|Resident]] of [[Nagpur]]. During these years he became a regular contributor to the [[Calcutta Review]] on the history and society of India. In 1853 Durand went to England and after three years leave, returned to India in 1856 as a [[Lieutenant Colonel]].

==Indian mutiny of 1857==
On his return he was appointed acting Political Agent at [[Indore]], assuming the role in April 1857, the same month as the start of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. On 1 June a mob headed by an officer in [[Tukojirao Holkar II]]'s army, entered the Residency at Indore, crying out "Kill the Sahibs".<ref name="Soldiers of the Victorian Age" /> [[James Travers|Colonel Travers]] led a charge against the mob for which he was later awarded the [[Victoria Cross]]. Thereafter Durand organised an evacuation of the Residency first to [[Sehore]], then [[Hoshangabad]], and finally [[Bombay]].<ref name="Soldiers of the Victorian Age" />

Having re-grouped Durand accompanied a column led by Sir Charles Stuart for the relief of [[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar|Mhow Fort]]. The action was successful, order restored and the Residency at Indore re-built. However, in October rebels assembled a force at [[Dhar]]. Durand was involved in operations against the rebels at Mundisore.<ref name="Soldiers of the Victorian Age" /> On 24 November, Durand was summoned to [[Calcutta]] and in recognition of his services during the mutiny was raised to the rank of Brevit Colonel.<ref name="Soldiers of the Victorian Age" />

==Council of India==
[[File:John Lawrence's Executive Council 1864.jpg|thumb|Henry Marion Durand, standing third from left, with [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|John Lawrence]], Viceroy of India and other council members. c. 1864]]
In 1858, under the terms of the Queen's Proclamation issued by [[Queen Victoria]], the Indian possessions of the East India Company came under the direct rule of the British crown.<ref name="victoriap221">[[#Hibbert|Hibbert 2000]], p. 221</ref> Durand was sent to England to assist in plans to re-organise the Company armies. Whilst in England he was appointed to Council of the Secretary of State for India, remaining in the role for the next three years until he resigned in 1861.<ref name="Soldiers of the Victorian Age" />

[[Lord Canning]] appointed Durand Foreign Secretary of his administration, and he returned to India. In 1865 he was given to the post of Military Member of the Governor General's Council.<ref name="Soldiers of the Victorian Age" /> The following year he was promoted Major General and made [[Knight Commander of the Star of India]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=23250|page=2759|date=14 May 1867}}</ref>

The ''[[Hindoo Patriot]]'' later remarked of his time with the council, "He touched upon questions of all descriptions which came before the Council with all the skill and masterliness of an expert...all his utterances were marked by an intelligent appreciation of the want and wishes of the people, by broad sympathies, and by fearless independence." He was a vocal opponent of the Punjaub Tenancy Act, pronounced the North West Municipal Act as an unmitigated sham practically used for the convenience of a few European residents rather than the for the good of the mass of the population, and raised opposition to the Income Tax policy which he described as "odious". Such was the esteem he was held in by locals, the article remarked that he and [[William Mansfield, 1st Baron Sandhurst|William Mansfield]] constituted "the only independent element in the Council and when they left the right hand of the government was lopped off."<ref name="Soldiers of the Victorian Age" />

==Punjab and death==
In May 1870, [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|The Earl of Mayo]] appointed Durant to succeed [[Donald Friell McLeod|Sir Donald McLeod]] as Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab. At his farewell banquet in [[Simla]] that month, Durant remarked of his respect and love for the soldiers he fought during the Second Anglo-Sikh War, and his intention to do all he can for the welfare of the people of the province.<ref name="Soldiers of the Victorian Age" />

On the evening of 31 December 1870 Durand was thrown from an elephant as it attempted to pass under a low gateway in the city of [[Tank (Pakistan)|Tonk]] (now Tank, [[Pakistan]]). He fell heavily, and died the following day.<ref>Durand 1883, pp. 446–7.</ref><ref>Vibart 1894, pp. 436–7.</ref> He was buried in [[Saint Thomas' Church, Dera Ismail Khan|Saint Thomas' Church]] in [[Dera Ismail Khan]], [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)|NWFP]], [[British India]].<ref name="Mahon2017">{{cite book|last=Mahon|first=William|title=Waterloo Messenger: The Life of Henry Percy, Peninsular Soldier and French Prisoner of War|date=30 April 2017|publisher=Pen and Sword|language=en|isbn=9781473870536|page=156}}</ref>

==Personal life==
His son, Sir [[Henry Mortimer Durand]], served in the [[Indian Civil Service]] and later in the British diplomatic service. For a time when in England, he lived at Furness Lodge, [[East Sheen]], [[Richmond, London|Richmond]].

His daughter Ethel Durand married the naturalist and African explorer [[James Sligo Jameson]].<ref>ODNB: J S Jameson</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

*{{cite DNB|wstitle=Durand, Henry Marion|volume=16}}

;Bibliography
*{{cite book | first=Sir George | last=Campbell | title=The Afghan Frontier | date=1879 }}
*{{cite book | first=Sir Henry Marion | last=Durand | title=The First Afghan War and its Causes |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284288 |location=London |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |date=1879 }}
*{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/lifesirhenrymar00sirgoog#page/n7/mode/1up |first=H. M. |last=Durand |author-link=Mortimer Durand |title=The Life of Major-General Sir Henry Marion Durand, KCSI, CB, of the Royal Engineers |place=London |publisher=W. H. Allen |year=1883 }}
*{{cite book | first=Sir W. K. | last=Fraser-Tytler | title=Afghanistan: A Study of Political Developments in Central Asia | date=1950 }}
*{{cite odnb |first=Roger T. |last=Stearn |title=Durand, Sir Henry Marion (1812–1871) |id=8307 |origyear=2004 |year=2008 }}
*{{Cite book |first=H. M. |last=Vibart |title=Addiscombe: its heroes and men of note |place=Westminster |publisher=Archibald Constable |year=1894 |pages=431–8 |ol=23336661M }}

== External links ==
* The papers of Henry Marion Durand, including diaries, correspondence, memoranda, literary papers, photographs and presscuttings are held by [http://archives.soas.ac.uk/CalmView/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=PP+MS+55 SOAS Special Collections]. Digitised items from the collections may be viewed online [https://digital.soas.ac.uk/ppms55 here].

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Durand, Henry Marion}}
[[Category:1812 births]]
[[Category:1871 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Addiscombe Military Seminary]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of India]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Sikh War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the First Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]
[[Category:British Indian Army generals]]
[[Category:Bengal Engineers officers]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Gwalior Campaign]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]]
[[Category:Governors of Punjab (British India)]]

Henry Marion Durand - Revision history

Bot at 21:10, 5 November 2022