Ajay Kumar at 13:37, 27 August 2023

2023-08-27T13:37:05Z

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{{short description|Plant used for food, medicine or perfume}}
{{about|[[culinary]], medicinal, and spiritual herbs|the botanical usage|herbaceous plant|other uses}}
[[File:Garden of herbs.jpg|thumb|A variety of herbs are visible in this [[garden]], including [[Mentha|mint]].]]

In general use, '''herbs''' are a widely distributed and widespread group of plants, excluding [[vegetables]] and other plants consumed for [[macronutrients]], with savory or aromatic properties that are used for flavoring and [[garnish (food)|garnishing]] food, for medicinal purposes, or for fragrances. Culinary use typically distinguishes herbs from [[spices]]. ''Herbs'' generally refers to the [[leaf]]y green or [[flower]]ing parts of a plant (either fresh or dried), while ''spices'' are usually dried and produced from other parts of the plant, including [[seed]]s, [[Bark (botany)|bark]], [[root]]s and [[fruit]]s.

Herbs have a variety of uses including culinary, medicinal, aromatic and in some cases, spiritual. General usage of the term "herb" differs between culinary herbs and [[medicinal herb]]s; in medicinal or spiritual use, any parts of the plant might be considered as "herbs", including leaves, roots, flowers, seeds, root bark, inner bark (and [[Vascular cambium|cambium]]), [[resin]] and [[pericarp]].

The word "herb" is pronounced {{IPAc-en|h|ɜːr|b}} in [[Commonwealth English]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Cambridge Advanced Learners' Dictionary & Thesaurus |publisher=Cambridge University Press |chapter=Herb |chapter-url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/herb?q=herb}}</ref> but {{IPAc-en|ɜːr|b}} is common among [[American English]] speakers and those from regions where [[h-dropping]] occurs. In [[Canadian English]], both pronunciations are common.<ref>{{cite web |title=`H' an ingredient of modern herb |url=https://www.thestar.com/life/2009/10/12/h_an_ingredient_of_modern_herb.html |publisher=Toronto Star |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref> In botany, the noun "herb" refers to a "plant that does not produce a woody stem", and the adjective "herbaceous" means "herb-like", referring to parts of the plant that are green and soft in texture".<ref name="Carolin">{{cite book |last1=Carolin |first1=Roger C. |last2=Tindale |first2=Mary D. |title=Flora of the Sydney region |date=1994 |publisher=Reed |location=Chatswood, NSW |isbn=0730104001 |page=23 |edition=4th}}</ref><ref name="RBGS">{{cite web |title=Glossary of Botanical Terms |url=https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&glossary=yes&alpha=F-H |publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Sydney |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref>
{{Quote box
|quote="What is a herb?" "The friend of physicians and the praise of cooks."
|author = --[[Alcuin]] and his student [[Charlemagne]]<ref name="Freeman" />
|width = 25%
|align = right
}}

==Definition==
[[File:The Herb Garden - geograph.org.uk - 1629279.jpg|thumb|Herb garden at [[Hardwick Hall]], [[Derbyshire]], [[England]], originally planted in the 1870s by Lady Louisa Egerton, recreated by the [[National Trust]], largely following the original design.]]
In [[botany]], the term herb refers to a [[herbaceous plant]],<ref name="RHS encyclopedia">{{cite book |title=The Royal Horticultural Society encyclopedia of gardening |year=2004 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |isbn=9781405303538 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pulnPwAACAAJ|pages=404, 679}}</ref> defined as a small, [[Spermatophyte|seed-bearing plant]] without a woody stem in which all aerial parts (i.e. above ground) die back to the ground at the end of each [[growing season]].<ref name="Allaby2012">{{cite book |last1=Allaby |first1=Michael |title=A Dictionary of Plant Sciences |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780191079030 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DB09DAAAQBAJ}}</ref> Usually the term refers to [[Perennial plant|perennials]],<ref name="RHS encyclopedia" /> although herbaceous plants can also be [[Annual plant|annuals]] (plants that die at the end of the growing season and grow back from seed next year),<ref name="Stuart1989">{{cite book |last1=Stuart |first1=Malcolm |title=The Encyclopedia of herbs and herbalism |date=1989 |publisher=Crescent Books |isbn=978-0517353264 |page=7}}</ref> or [[Biennial plant|biennial]]s.<ref name="RHS encyclopedia" /> This term is in contrast to [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s which possess a woody stem.<ref name="Allaby2012" /> Shrubs and trees are also defined in terms of size, where shrubs are less than ten meters tall, and trees may grow over ten meters.<ref name="Allaby2012" /> The word herbaceous is derived from Latin ''herbāceus'' meaning "grassy", from ''herba'' "grass, herb".<ref name="OED">{{cite book |title=Oxford dictionary of English. |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199571123 |page=819 |edition=3rd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ}}</ref>

Another sense of the term herb can refer to a much larger range of plants,<ref name="Bown1995">{{cite book |last1=Bown |first1=Deni |title=Encyclopedia of herbs & their uses |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhe00bown |url-access=registration |date=1995 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |isbn=978-0751302035 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhe00bown/page/10 10], 11}}</ref> with culinary, therapeutic or other uses.<ref name="RHS encyclopedia" /> For example, some of the most commonly described herbs such as [[Salvia|sage]], [[rosemary]] and [[Lavandula|lavender]] would be excluded from the botanical definition of a herb as they do not die down each year, and they possess woody stems.<ref name="Stuart1989" /> In the wider sense, herbs may be herbaceous perennials but also trees,<ref name="Bown1995" /> subshrubs,<ref name="Bown1995" /> shrubs,<ref name="Bown1995" /> annuals,<ref name="Bown1995" /> [[liana]]s,<ref name="Bown1995" /> [[fern]]s,<ref name="Bown1995" /> [[moss]]es,<ref name="Bown1995" /> [[algae]],<ref name="Bown1995" /> [[lichen]]s,<ref name="Stuart1989" /> and [[fungi]].<ref name="Stuart1989" /> [[Herbalism]] can utilize not just stems and leaves but also fruit, roots, bark and gums.<ref name="Stuart1989" /> Therefore, one suggested definition of a herb is a plant which is of use to humans,<ref name="Stuart1989" /> although this definition is problematic since it could cover a great many plants that are not commonly described as herbs.

== History ==
Ancient Greek philosopher [[Theophrastus]] divided the plant world into trees, shrubs, and herbs.<ref name="Bremness1994">{{cite book |last1=Bremness |first1=Lesley |title=The complete book of herbs |year=1994 |publisher=Viking Studio Books |isbn=9780140238020 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VqfnrH-W2kwC}}</ref> Herbs came to be considered in three groups, namely [[pot herb]]s (e.g. onions), sweet herbs (e.g. thyme), and salad herbs (e.g. wild celery).<ref name="Stuart1989" /> During the seventeenth century as [[selective breeding]] changed the plants size and flavor away from the wild plant, pot herbs began to be referred to as [[vegetable]]s as they were no longer considered only suitable for the pot.<ref name="Stuart1989" />

Botany and the study of herbs was, in its infancy, primarily a study of the pharmacological uses of plants. During the Middle Ages, when [[humoral theory]] guided medicine, it was posited that foodstuffs, possessing their own humoral qualities, could alter the humoral temperaments of people. Parsley and sage were often used together in medieval cookery, for example in [[chicken broth]], which had developed a reputation as a therapeutic food by the 14th century. One of the most common sauces of the age, [[green sauce]], was made with parsley and often sage as well. In a 14th-century recipe recorded in [[Latin]] "for lords, for settling their temperament and whetting their appetite" green sauce is served with a dish of cheese and whole egg yolks boiled in watered down wine with herbs and spices.<ref>
{{cite book |title=Health and Healing From the Medieval Garden |date=2008 |publisher=The Boydell Press |isbn=9781843833635 |page=67}}</ref>

== Reproduction ==
[[Perennial herbs]] are usually reproduced by stem cuttings, either softwood cuttings of immature growth, or hardwood cuttings where the bark has been scraped to expose the [[cambium]] layer. A cutting will usually be approximately 3 to 4 inches in length. Plant roots can grow from the stems. Leaves are stripped from the lower portion up to one half before the cutting is placed in growth medium or rooted in a glass of water. This process requires high humidity in the environment, sufficient light, and root zone heat.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Arthur |last2=Debaggio |first2=Thomas |title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs |publisher=Timber Press |location=London}}</ref>

== Uses ==
=== Culinary ===
[[File:Thyme-Bundle.jpg|thumb|A bundle of [[Thymus (plant)|thyme (''Thymus'')]]]]
{{See also|List of culinary herbs and spices}}
Culinary herbs are distinguished from [[vegetable]]s in that, like spices, they are used in small amounts and provide [[Flavor (taste)|flavor]] rather than substance to [[food]].<ref name="Small National Research Council Canada 2006">{{cite book |last=Small |first=E. |author2=National Research Council Canada |title=Culinary Herbs |publisher=NRC Research Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-660-19073-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UL9lpNrx0kwC&pg=PA1 |access-date=9 October 2018 |page=1}}</ref>

Herbs can be perennials such as [[thyme]], [[oregano]], [[sage]] or [[lavender]], biennials such as [[parsley]], or annuals like [[basil]]. Perennial herbs can be shrubs such as rosemary (''Rosmarinus officinalis''), or trees such as [[bay laurel]] (''Laurus nobilis'') – this contrasts with [[Herbaceous plant|botanical herbs]], which by definition cannot be woody plants. Some plants are used as both herbs and spices, such as [[dill]] weed and dill seed or [[coriander]] leaves and seeds. There are also some herbs, such as those in the [[Lamiaceae|mint family]], that are used for both culinary and medicinal purposes.

Emperor [[Charlemagne]] (742–814) compiled a list of 74 different herbs that were to be planted in his gardens. The connection between herbs and health is important already in the European Middle Ages--''[[The Forme of Cury]]'' (that is, "cookery") promotes extensive use of herbs, including in salads, and claims in its preface "the assent and advisement of the masters of physic and philosophy in the King's Court".<ref name="Freeman">{{cite book |title=Herbs for the Medieval Household, for Cooking, Healing and Divers uses |pages=ix–x |first=Margaret B. |last=Freeman |location=New York |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=1943}}</ref>

=== Teas ===
{{main|Herbal tea}}
Some herbs can be infused in boiling water to make [[herbal tea]]s (also termed tisanes).<ref name="RHS encyclopedia" /><ref name="Bown1995" /> Typically the dried leaves, flowers or seeds are used, or fresh herbs are used.<ref name="RHS encyclopedia" /> Herbal teas tend to be made from aromatic herbs,<ref name="Bremness1994" /> may not contain [[tannin]]s or [[caffeine]],<ref name="RHS encyclopedia" /> and are not typically mixed with milk.<ref name="Bown1995" /> Common examples include [[chamomile tea]],<ref name="Bown1995" /> or [[mint herbal tea|mint tea]].<ref name="Bremness1994" /> Herbal teas are often used as a source of relaxation or can be associated with rituals.<ref name="Bremness1994" />

=== Medicine ===
{{Main|Medicinal plants|Herbalism}}
{{see also|List of plants used in herbalism|}}
[[File:In Effigiam Nicholai Culpeper Equitis by Richard Gaywood.jpg|thumb|[[Nicholas Culpeper]] was an English [[botany|botanist]], [[Herbalism|herbalist]], [[physician]], and [[astrology|astrologer]].<ref name="ODNB">Patrick Curry: "Culpeper, Nicholas (1616–1654)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford, UK: OUP, 2004)</ref> (etching by Richard Gaywood between 1644 and 1662)]]

Herbs were used in [[prehistoric medicine]]. As far back as 5000 BCE, evidence that [[Sumer]]ians used herbs in medicine was inscribed on cuneiform.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ruth D. |last=Wrensch |title=The Essence of Herbs |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |year=1992 |page=9}}</ref> In 162 CE, the physician [[Galen]] was known for concocting complicated herbal remedies that contained up to 100 ingredients.<ref name="Tapsell">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tapsell LC, Hemphill I, Cobiac L, Sullivan DR, Fenech M, Patch CS, Roodenrys S, Keogh JB, Clifton PM, Williams PG, Fazio VA, Inge KE |date=2006 |title=Health benefits of herbs and spices: The past, the present, the future |journal=Medical Journal of Australia |volume=185 |issue=4 |pages=S1–S24 |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00548.x |pmid=17022438 |s2cid=9769230 |url=http://ro.uow.edu.au/hbspapers/1397/}}</ref>

Some plants contain [[phytochemical]]s that have effects on the body. There may be some effects when consumed in the small levels that typify culinary "spicing", and some herbs are toxic in larger quantities. For instance, some types of herbal extract, such as the extract of St. John's-wort (''[[Hypericum perforatum]]'') or of kava (''[[Piper methysticum]]'') can be used for medical purposes to relieve depression and stress.<ref>{{cite book |author=Adele G Dawson |title=Herbs, Partners in Life: Healing, Gardening and Cooking with Wild Plants |publisher=Bear & Co. |year=2000 |pages=5–6}}</ref> However, large amounts of these herbs may lead to toxic overload that may involve complications, some of a serious nature, and should be used with caution. Complications can also arise when being taken with some prescription medicines.

Herbs have long been used as the basis of traditional [[Chinese herbal medicine]], with usage dating as far back as the first century [[Common Era|CE]] and far before. In India, the [[Ayurveda]] medicinal system is based on herbs. Medicinal use of herbs in Western cultures has its roots in the [[Hippocratic]] (Greek) elemental healing system, based on a quaternary elemental healing metaphor. Famous herbalist of the Western tradition include [[Avicenna]] (Persian), [[Galen]] (Roman), [[Paracelsus]] (German Swiss), [[Nicholas Culpeper|Culpepper]] (English) and the botanically inclined Eclectic physicians of 19th century/early 20th century America ([[John Milton Scudder]], [[Harvey Wickes Felter]], [[John Uri Lloyd]]). Modern pharmaceuticals had their origins in crude herbal medicines, and to this day, some drugs are still extracted as fractionate/isolate compounds from raw herbs and then purified to meet pharmaceutical standards.

There is a record dated 1226 for '12d for Roses for Baron's Chamber and in 1516 for flowers and rushes for chambers for henry the 9th<ref name="RHS encyclopedia" />

Certain herbs contain psychoactive properties that have been used for both religious and recreational purposes by humans since the early [[Holocene]] era, notably the leaves and extracts of the [[cannabis]] and [[coca]] plants. The leaves of the coca plant have been chewed by people in northern [[Peru]]vian societies for over 8,000 years,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dillehay T, Rossen J, Ugent D, Karathanasis A, Vásquez V, Netherly P |year=2010 |title=Early Holocene coca chewing in northern Peru |journal=Antiquity |volume=84 |issue=326 |pages=939–953 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00067004|s2cid=162889680 }}</ref> while the use of cannabis as a psychoactive substance dates back to the first century CE in [[China]] and northern [[Africa]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Ernest Abel |title=Marihuana: The First Twelve Thousand Years |publisher=Springer |location=New York |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-306-40496-2 |url=https://cannabis-truth.yolasite.com/resources/Abel.%20marihuana%20the%20first%20twelve%20thousand%20years.pdf |access-date=2018-07-25}}</ref>

[[Indigenous Australian]] peoples developed "[[bush medicine]]" based on plants that were readily available to them. The isolation of these groups meant the remedies developed were for far less serious diseases than the western illnesses they contracted during colonisation. Herbs such as [[Mentha australis|river mint]], [[Acacia pycnantha|wattle]] and [[eucalyptus]] were used for coughs, diarrhea, fever and headaches.<ref name="Tapsell" />

=== Ritual ===
{{Main|Sacred herb}}
[[File:Balsamodendron ehrenbergianum00.jpg|thumb|''[[Commiphora gileadensis]]'' (Gilead myrrh)]]
Herbs are used in many [[religion]]s. During the monastic era, monks would cultivate herbs alongside vegetables, while others would be set aside in a [[physic garden]] for specific purposes.<ref>{{cite book |title=English Herb Garden |first1=Guy |last1=Cooper |first2=Gordon I. |last2=Taylor |publisher=Random House |year=1986}}</ref> For example, [[myrrh]] (''Commiphora myrrha'') and [[frankincense]] (''Boswellia'' species) in [[Hellenistic religion]], the [[Nine Herbs Charm|nine herbs charm]] in [[Anglo-Saxon paganism]], [[neem]] (''Azadirachta indica'') leaves, [[Aegle marmelos|bael]] (''Aegele marmelos'') leaves, holy basil or ''tulsi'' (''[[Ocimum tenuiflorum]]''), [[turmeric]] or "haldi" (''Curcuma longa''), [[cannabis]] in [[Hinduism]], and [[white sage]] in [[Wicca]]. [[Rastafari movement|Rastafari]] also consider [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] to be a holy plant.

[[Siberia]]n [[shaman]]s also used herbs for spiritual purposes. Plants may be used to induce spiritual experiences for rites of passage, such as [[vision quest]]s in some [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] cultures. The [[Cherokee]] use both [[Salvia apiana|white sage]] and [[Cedar wood|cedar]] for spiritual cleansing and [[Smudge stick|smudging]].

=== Cosmetics ===
Originally there was always doubt in ancient societies, especially in the sceptical medium of western traditions, as to the efficacity of herbal medicines. The use of [[herbal cosmetics]] dates back to around six centuries ago in the European and Western countries. Mixtures and pastes were often concocted to whiten the face. During the 1940s, herbal cosmetics took a turn with the emerging red lipstick color, with every year gaining a more intense red. Herbal cosmetics come in many forms, such as face creams, scrubs, lipstick, natural fragrances, powders, body oils, deodorants and sunscreens. They activate through the epithelium of sebaceous glands to make the skin more supple. Ayurvedic oils are widely used in India, prized for their natural health-giving properties.<ref>{{cite book |first=H. |last=Panda |title=Herbal Cosmetics Handbook |edition=3rd |publisher=Asia-Pacific Business Press |year=2015}}</ref>

One method and perhaps the best, used to extract natural oils from herbs to make lipstick is [[partition chromatography]]. The process involves separation in watery solution, and then the injection of colour under pressure.

=== Other ===
{{main|Strewing herb}}
Strewing herbs are scattered (strewn) over the floors of dwelling places and other buildings. Such plants usually have fragrant or astringent smells, and many also serve as insecticides (e.g. to repel fleas) or disinfectants. For example, [[Filipendula ulmaria|meadowsweet]] (''Filipendula ulmaria'') was sometimes strewn across floors in the middle ages because of its sweet smell.<ref name="Bown1995" />

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Apothecary]]
* [[Herb chopper]]
* [[Herb farm]]
* [[Outline of herbs and spices]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*
* [http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=786bafc6f6343634fbf79fcdca7061e1&rgn=div5&view=text&node=21:3.0.1.1.13&idno=21#se21.3.182_110 § 182.10 Spices and other natural seasonings and flavorings that are generally recognized as safe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209193325/https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=786bafc6f6343634fbf79fcdca7061e1&rgn=div5&view=text&node=21:3.0.1.1.13&idno=21#se21.3.182_110 |date=2018-02-09 }}, US Code of Federal Regulations

{{Herbs & spices}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Herbs| ]]
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Herb - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 13:37, 27 August 2023