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{{distinguish|Plains Miri language}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Nyishi (Kamle)
|nativename=Sarak
|region=[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|ethnicity=[[Nyishi people|Nyishi (Kamle) people]]
|speakers={{sigfig|10100|3}}
|date=no date
|ref=<ref>{{e15|mrg|Mising}}</ref>
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=[[Tani languages|Tani]]
|fam3=West Tani
|fam4=[[Nyishi language|Nyishi]]
|iso3=none
|lc1=mrg
|ld1=(included under [[Plains Miri language|Plains Miri]])
|glotto=none
}}

'''Nyishi (Kamle)''' or '''''Sarak''''' is a [[Tani languages|Tani]] language of India. It is spoken in Arunachal Pradesh by an estimated 9,000 people of the Nyishi tribe.<ref name="Moseley2007">{{cite book|last=Moseley|first=Christopher|title=Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQt6XWloU10C&pg=PA298|access-date=1 April 2012|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-7007-1197-0|page=298}}</ref> It appears to be a dialect of the [[Nishi language]].<ref>Post, Mark W. (2013). [https://www.academia.edu/4167715/Defoliating_the_Tani_Stammbaum_An_exercise_in_areal_linguistics ''Defoliating the Tani Stammbaum: An exercise in areal linguistics.''] Paper presented at the 13th Himalayan Languages Symposium. Canberra, Australian National University, Aug 9.</ref>

[[File:314a.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait of a girl of the Nyishi people of kamle]]

==Description==
Nyishi(muri-mugli) is a member of the [[Tani languages|Tani]] branch of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] and is considered a dialect of the [[Nishi language]]. It is spoken by 9,000 people in the northern regions of India by the [[Nyishi people]] of Kamle.<ref>[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10414]</ref> It is threatened because the younger generation is slowly breaking away from their people's traditions and language.<ref>[http://www.livingtongues.org/hotspots/hotspot.GSA.Apatani..Nishi.ht Audio]</ref><ref>Nabam Tadar Rikam, [https://books.google.com/books/about/Emerging_religious_identities_of_Arunach.html?id=jP1tAAAAMAAJ "Emerging religious Identities of Arunachal Pradesh"], ''Mittal Publications'', 2005</ref> Many audio books of gospel narratives in the Nyishi language of Kamle have been collected FROM THE iNDIA .

==History of scholarship==
George Abraham Grierson, in his survey of India regarding its linguistics, researched the Nyishi language and published a record over a century ago.{{citation needed |date=May 2015}}

==Phonology==

===Consonants===
The following table includes an inventory of Nyishi (Kamle) consonants.<ref>Ju Namkung, [http://stedt.berkeley.edu/pubs_and_prods/STEDT_Monograph3_Phonological-Inv-TB.pdf "Phonological inventories of Tibeto-burman languages"], Center for Southeast Asia Studies, University of California, 1996</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
! colspan=2|
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2 | [[nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} || {{IPA link|n}} || {{IPA link|ɲ}}<ref>Value unclear, perhaps {{IPA|[nʲ]}}?</ref> || {{IPA link|ŋ}} ||
|-
! rowspan=2|[[stop consonant|Stop]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|t}} || {{IPA link|c}}<ref>Value unclear, perhaps {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}}?</ref> || {{IPA link|k}} ||
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|b}} || {{IPA link|d}} || {{IPA link|ɟ}}<ref>Value unclear, perhaps {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}}?</ref> || {{IPA link|ɡ}} ||
|-
! colspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| || {{IPA link|s}} || {{IPA link|ʃ}} || || {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| {{IPA link|w}} || {{IPA link|l}} || {{IPA link|j}} || ||
|-
! colspan=2|[[Trill consonant|Trill]]?
| || {{IPA link|r}} || || ||
|}

Vowels are front {{IPA|/i, e/}}, central {{IPA|/ɨ, ʉ, ə, a/}},<ref>Transcribed {{angbr IPA|ɯ, y, ɤ, a}} in Namkung</ref> and back {{IPA|/u, o/}}. Vowels occur long and short.

==Grammar==

The basic Nyishi (Kamle) grammar and basic word order are like those of related Sino-Tibetan languages, similar to that of Nishi.

===Numerals===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Nyishi (Kamle)
|-
| 1 || aken
|-
| 2 || eñi
|-
| 3 || oum
|-
| 4 || epi
|-
| 5 || ango/angngo
|-
| 6 || ake
|-
| 7 || kenne
|-
| 8 || pine
|-
| 9 || kora
|-
| 10 || íri
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| || '''Singular''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''1st person''' || ngo || ngu-lu
|-
| '''2nd person''' || no || nu-lu
|-
| '''3rd person''' || bu, bú || bu-lu, bú-lu
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Ivan Martin Simon, [https://books.google.com/books/about/Hill_Miri_language_guide.html?id=d6S5AAAAIAAJ "Hill Miri language guide"], ''Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh'', 1976
*Matthew S. Dryer, [http://linguistics.buffalo.edu/people/faculty/dryer/dryer/DryerTibetoBurmanWordOrder.pdf "Word order in Tibeto-burman languages" Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 2008]
*Shri Aduk Tayeng, [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/South%20Asia/NEI/Tani/Nishi/Linguistics/Nishi%20phrase%20book%20Tayeng%201990.pdf "Nishi Phrase book"]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Arunachal Pradesh, 1990
*P. T. Abraham, [https://web.archive.org/web/20151222115712/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/South%20Asia/NEI/Tani/Nishi/Linguistics/Nyishi%20grammar%20Abraham%202005.pdf "A Grammar of Nyishi Language"], 2005
*S. N. Goswami, [https://archive.org/details/NishingBangniLanguageGuideFINAL "Nishing ( Bangni) Language Guide"], 1995

==External links==
*[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10414 Hill Miri profile at the Endangered Languages Project]
*[http://globalrecordings.net/en/program/C62162 Gospel narratives in Hill Miri dialect]

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Tani languages}}
{{Arunachal languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}

[[Category:Languages of Assam]]
[[Category:Tani languages]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Endangered Sino-Tibetan languages]]

Hill Miri dialect - Revision history

>Lancepark at 10:04, 17 June 2021