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{{Multiple image
| image1 = 10th century Nilakantha Mahadeva Hindu temple, Nagara architecture, Sunak, Gujarat.jpg
| caption1 = Nilkantha Temple architecture in [[Nagaland]], [[India]].
}}

'''Hindu architecture''' is the traditional system of Indian architecture for structures such as temples, monasteries, statues, homes, market places, gardens and town planning as described in [[Hindu texts]].{{sfn|Acharya|1927|p=xviii-xx}}<ref name="Sinha 1998 pp. 27–41">{{harvnb|Sinha|1998|pages=27–41}}</ref> The architectural guidelines survive in Sanskrit manuscripts and in some cases also in other regional languages. These texts include the [[Vastu shastra]]s, [[Shilpa Shastras]], the ''Brihat Samhita'', architectural portions of the Puranas and the Agamas, and regional texts such as the [[Manasara]] among others.{{sfn|Acharya|1927|p=xviii-xx, Appendix I lists hundreds of Hindu architectural texts}}{{sfn|Shukla|1993|p=}}

By far the most important, characteristic and numerous surviving examples of Hindu architecture are [[Hindu temple]]s, with an architectural tradition that has left surviving examples in stone, brick, and [[Indian rock-cut architecture|rock-cut architecture]] dating back to the [[Gupta Empire]]. These architectures had influence of Ancient Persian and [[Hellenistic influence on Indian art|Hellenistic]] architecture.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Vincent Arthur|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IPstAAAAMAAJ&q=%22The+Hellenistic+is+not+the+only+foreign+element+in+ancient+Indian+art+.+The+influence+of+Persia+is+apparent+,+and+the+columnar+architecture+of+the+Achaemenian+monarchy+supplied+the+models+for+Asoka's+monolithic+pillars+and+many%22&dq=%22The+Hellenistic+is+not+the+only+foreign+element+in+ancient+Indian+art+.+The+influence+of+Persia+is+apparent+,+and+the+columnar+architecture+of+the+Achaemenian+monarchy+supplied+the+models+for+Asoka's+monolithic+pillars+and+many%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQg5LwyIjxAhVQfisKHXF5DUoQ6AEwAHoECAMQAw|title=Research Articles in Epigraphy, Archaeology, and Numismatics of India|date=1977|publisher=Sheikh Mubarak Ali|language=en}}</ref>

There is far fewer secular Hindu architecture such as palaces, homes and cities that have survived into the modern era. Ruins and archaeological studies provide a view of early secular architecture in India.<ref name="Murthy1987">{{cite book|author=K. Krishna Murthy|title=Early Indian Secular Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gsNAQAAIAAJ|year=1987|isbn=978-81-85067-01-8|pages=5–16}}</ref> Studies on Indian palaces and civic architectural history have largely focussed on the Mughal and Indo-Islamic architecture particularly of the northern and western India given their relative abundance. In other regions of India, particularly the South, Hindu architecture continued to thrive through the 16th-century, such as those exemplified by the ruined cities and secular spaces of the Vijayanagara Empire and the Nayakas.<ref name="Branfoot 2008 pp. 171–194">{{cite journal | last=Branfoot | first=Crispin | title=Imperial Frontiers: Building Sacred Space in Sixteenth-Century South India | journal=The Art Bulletin | publisher=Taylor & Francis| volume=90 | issue=2 | year=2008 | doi=10.1080/00043079.2008.10786389 | pages=171–194| s2cid=154135978 }}</ref><ref name=harle331>{{cite book|author=James C. Harle|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcBVvdqyBkC |year=1994|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06217-5|pages=330–331}}</ref> According to James Harle – a historian specializing in Indian architecture, this generic absence of historic secular Hindu architecture is in part because Hindus preferred to build temples with stone and other lasting materials, and invariably built secular structures with impermanent materials except for the foundation.<ref name=harle331/> The secular architecture was never opposed to the religious in India, and it is the sacred architecture such as those found in the Hindu temples which were inspired by and adaptations of the secular ones. Further, states Harle, it is in the reliefs on temple walls, pillars, toranas and madapams where miniature version of the secular architecture can be found.<ref name="Harle1994">{{cite book|author=James C. Harle|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcBVvdqyBkC |year=1994|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06217-5|pages=43–47, 67–68, 467–480}}</ref>

== Texts ==
[[File:17th century copy of folio 2 of Visvakarmaprakasa, a Vastu sastra Nepal, Sanskrit Devanagari - 1.jpg|thumb|left|A folio of Visvakarmaprakasa, a minor Hindu architecture text discovered in Kathmandu valley, Nepal (Sanskrit Devanagari).]]
Vaastu Shastras and Shilpa Shastras are listed as one of 64 divine arts in ancient Indian texts. They are design manuals covering the art and science of architecture, typically mixing form, function with Hindu symbolism.{{sfn|Acharya|1927|p=xviii-xx}}<ref name="Sinha 1998 pp. 27–41"/> The earliest, archaic and distilled version of Hindu architecture principles are found in the Vedic literature, traditionally considered as the ''Upavedas'' (lesser appendices to the Vedas), and called the ''Sthapatya Veda''.<ref name="Patra 2006 pp. 199–218">{{harvnb|Patra|2006}}</ref> Acharya's ''Encyclopedia of Hindu Architecture'' lists hundreds of Sanskrit manuscripts with more details on Hindu architecture that have survived into the modern age.{{sfn|Acharya|1927|p=xviii-xx}} They cover the architectural aspects of a wide range of subjects: ornaments, furniture, vehicles (wagons, carts), gateways, water tanks, drains, cities, streets, homes, palaces, temples and others.{{sfn|Acharya|1927|p=xviii-xx}}<ref name="Sinha 1998 pp. 27–41"/> The most studied texts in the contemporary era are Sanskrit manuscripts in different Indic scripts. These include the ''[[Brihat Samhita]]'' (chapters 53, 56–58 and 79), the ''[[Manasara|Manasara Shilpa Sastra]]'', the ''Mayamata Vastu Sastra'' with commentaries in Telugu and Tamil, the Puranas (for example, chapters 42–62 and 104–106 of ''Agni Purana'', chapter 7 of ''Brahmanda Purana'') and the Hindu Agamas.{{sfn|Acharya|1927|p=xviii-xx with Appendix 1}}

{{Clear}}

== Villages, towns and cities ==
[[File:700 CE Manasara Sanskrit text, Hindu architecture, town village plans.jpg|thumb|Some town plans recommended in the 700 CE ''Manasara'' Sanskrit text on Hindu architecture.{{sfn|Sinha|1998|pp=27–40}}{{sfn|Ram Raz|1834}}{{sfn|Ernest Havell|1972|pp=7–17}}]]
Hindu texts recommend architectural guidelines for homes, market places, gardens and town planning.{{sfn|Acharya|1927|p=xviii-xx}}{{sfn|Sinha|1998|pp=27–40}} The best site for human settlement, declares ''[[Manasara]]'', seeks the right terrain with thick soil that slopes to open skies eastward so that the residents can appreciate the sunrise.{{sfn|Ernest Havell|1972|pp=7–17}} It is near a river or significant water stream, and has enough ground water for wells – a second source of water.{{sfn|Ernest Havell|1972|pp=7–17}} The soil, states ''Manasara'', should be firm, rich for growing flowers, vegetables and fruit trees, and of agreeable odor. The text recommends that the town planners dig and check the soil quality for a stable foundation to homes and public buildings.{{sfn|Ernest Havell|1972|pp=7–17}} Once the location is accepted, the text describes forty plans for laying out the streets, the homes, markets, gardens and other infrastructure necessary for the settlement. Example architectural plans include Dandaka, Prastara, Chaturmukha, Padmaka, Karmuka, Swastika and others.{{sfn|Sinha|1998|pp=27–40}} The Hindu texts vary, with five shared principles:{{sfn|Patra|2006|pp=201–203}}
*''Diknirnaya'': principles of orientation
*''Padavinyasa'' : site planning
*''Hastalakshana'' : proportionate measurement ratios of sections
*''Ayadi'' : six canonical principles of architecture
*''Patakadi'' : aesthetics or character of each building or part of the overall plan

The guidelines combine principles of early Hindu understanding of science, spiritual beliefs, astrology and astronomy.{{sfn|Patra|2006|pp=201–203}} In practice, these guidelines favor symmetry set to the cardinal directions, with many plans favoring the streets to be aligned with seasonal winds direction, integrated with the terrain and the needs of the local weather.{{sfn|Ernest Havell|1972|pp=7–17}}{{sfn|Patra|2006|pp=201–203}} A temple or public assembly hall at the center of the town is recommended in ''Manasara''.{{sfn|Ernest Havell|1972|pp=7–17}}

==Hospitals, hospices==
The early Hindu texts on medicine and surgery mention dedicated buildings and halls to take care of sick people, and recommend that architects with ''Vastu Vidya'' (वास्तुविद्या) expertise should construct these. The ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'' dated between 100 BCE to 150 CE, for example, in book 1, verse 15.6 (''sutrasthana'') states:<ref name=Wujastyk1>Dominik Wujastyk (2003), The Roots of Āyurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings, 3rd edition, Penguin, pages 35–36, 10–12</ref><ref name=Kaviratna1>AV Kaviratna (1913), Charaka-samhita : translated into English, Part 1, {{oclc|67906513}}, pages 168–169</ref><ref name=sharma1>Priya V Sharma (1981), Charaka Samhita Volume 1: Sanskrit Text, with an English Translation, Chaukhamba Orientalia, {{ISBN|9788176370127}}, page 104</ref>{{refn|group=note|The verse 1.15.7 describes how this hospital building should be furnished with beds, chairs, bedsheets, pillows, spitoon, drug grinders, affectionate nurses, pharmacy, supplies, patient care equipment etc.<ref name=Wujastyk1/><ref name=sharma1/>}}

{{Quote|
{{lang|sa-Deva|
[...] दृढं निवातं प्रवातैकदेशं सुखप्रविचारमनुपत्यकं धूमातपजलरजसामनभिगमनीयमनिष्ठानां च शब्दस्पर्शरसरूपगन्धानां सोदपानोदूखलमुसलवर्चःस्थानस्नानभूमिमहानसं '''वास्तुविद्याकुशलः''' प्रशस्तं गृहमेव तावत् पूर्वमुपकल्पयेत्<nowiki>।||६||</nowiki>}} 
[...] – In the first place a mansion must be constructed under the supervision of an engineer well-conversant with the science of building mansions and houses. It should be spacious and roomy. The element of strength should not be wanting in it. Every part of it should not be exposed to strong winds or breezes. One portion at least should be open to the currents of wind. It should be such that one may move or walk through it with ease. It should not be exposed to smoke, or the sun, or dust, or injurious sound and taste and form and scent. It should be furnished with staircases, with pestles and mortars, privies, accommodation for belting, and cook-rooms. – Translated by Avinash Kaviratna<ref name=Kaviratna1/> 
[...] – the one expert in architecture should, first of all, arrange for an auspicious house which should be strong, wind-free (isolated from wind), ventilated, having comfortable moving space, not situated in a valley, inaccessible to smoke (or) sun (or) water (or) taste (or) sight (or) smell, and provided with water reservoir, mortar pestle, lavatory, bathroom and kitchen. – Translated by Priya Sharma<ref name=sharma1/> 
[...] – Thus, '''an expert in the science of building''' should first construct a worthy building. It should be strong, out of the wind, and part of it should be open to the air. It should be easy to get about in, and should not be in a depression. It should be out of the path of smoke, sunlight, water, or dust, as well as unwanted noise, feelings, tastes, sights and smells. It should have water supply, pestle and mortar, lavatory, bathing area, and a kitchen. – Translated by Dominik Wujastyk (under subtitle: The [[Hospital]] Building)<ref name=Wujastyk1/>
|Caraka Samhita, 1.15.6}}

== Arts and civic buildings ==
[[File:Arunachaleshvara Temple Tiruvannamalai.JPG|left| thumb|A gopuram at the Arunachaleshvara Temple, Tiruvannamalai (Tamil Nadu)]]The ''Narada Shilpasastra'' is another early Sanskrit treatise on architecture. It has 83 chapters, with chapters on plans for villages and cities, on architectural guidelines for palaces and houses, on public water tanks, on Hindu temples, as well as construction of public civic buildings.<ref name=Raghavan>V. Raghavan (1935), ''Two chapters on painting in the Narada Silpa Sastra'', Journal of the Indian Society of Oriental Art, Editors: Stella Kramrisch, Volume III, Number 1, pp. 15–32</ref><ref name=Iyengar/> Chapters 60 through 66 of ''Narada Silpa'' discuss special [[Śālā]] for community services and enjoyment, with chapter 61 on ''Bhojan-sala'' (feeding house), chapter 65 on ''Nataka'' (performance arts), and chapter 66 discussing a building to display arts and paintings. Chapter 71 discusses how ''chitra'' (painting) should be used to enliven homes and civic buildings.<ref name=Raghavan/><ref name=Iyengar>RN Iyengar, KS Kannan and SY Wakankar (2018), ''Narada Silpasastra: Sanskrit Text on Architectural Civil Engineering'', Jain University Press, {{ISBN|978-9385327582}}, pp. 197–220, 233–238</ref>

''Chitra-sala'' and other "entertainment houses", states ''Narada Silpasastra'', should be located in the middle of a city, preferably the main street or where major roads of the city cross or near major temples or palace.<ref name=Raghavan/><ref>C. Sivaramamurti (1934), ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.44001/page/n189/mode/2up Chitrasalas]'', Triveni, Volume 7, Number 2, pp. 180–185</ref> This building's ''mandapam'' (hall) must be spacious and ventilated. It should have pictures that "captivate our minds" and "give joy to the eyes", laid out by rules of proportion and rules of "pose-determining lines", according to a translation by Raghavan.<ref name=Raghavan/> Chapter 66 further recommends specific designs. For example, it describes a civic building for display of art that is circular (''mardala'', drum-like), with main entrance and smaller ones enclosing a court-like space, terraces, and halls to divide the building into sections. These halls should itself display some items of pleasure such as carvings, colorful patterns on the floor, and brightly colored Devas, Gandharvas and Kinnaras.<ref>V. Raghavan (1935), ''Two chapters on painting in the Narada Silpa Sastra'', Journal of the Indian Society of Oriental Art, Editors: Stella Kramrisch, Volume III, Number 1, pp. 23–32</ref><ref name=Iyengar/>

Another group of civic buildings described in Hindu texts are the ''preksha-sala'' (building for drama/stage performance) and ''sangita-sala or natya-sala'' (dance performance).<ref name=Raghavan357>V. Raghavan (1934), ''Theatre Architecture in Ancient India'', Triveni, Volume 5, Number 4, pp. 357–363</ref> These are categorized in three: those in temples for religious arts, in city for general entertainment, or in a palace for the king and his guests. The ''Samarangana Sutradhara'' of Bhoja, for example, dedicates its chapter 34 to these buildings and adds that the walls of the performance hall should adorned pictures of damsels dancing or playing instruments.<ref name=Raghavan357/> The plan for ''Natya-mandapa'' with space for the dancers, space for the musicians that co-perform with the dancers, space where the dance-drama artists can change their dress for different acts (''Nepathya-dhama'') and for the ''prekshaka'' (audience) are discussed in chapter 39 of Kumara's ''Silpa Ratna''. The ''Narada Silpasastra'' uses the term "Nataka-salas", recommending that the performance stage should be raised on a platform so that the audience can get a better view, the audience hall should be decorated for the audience to admire before and after the performance.<ref name=Raghavan357/> These arts and architectural principles may have evolved out of more ancient Indian traditions for performance arts, states Varadpande, as is implied in the Buddhist text ''[[Brahmajāla Sutta]]'' where the Buddha forbids his ''bhikshus'' (monks) from watching dances, music performances and similar public shows in ''Majjhima-sila''.<ref name="Varadpande1987">{{cite book|author=Manohar Laxman Varadpande|title=History of Indian Theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC|year=1987|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-221-5|pages=105–114}}; for another translation of the Buddhist canonical text, see: {{cite book|author=Martine Batchelor|title=The Spirit of the Buddha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fL3mykqlOJcC&pg=PT25 |year=2010|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300175004|pages=25 (Majjhima Nikaya 27)}}</ref> The text ''[[Natyasastra]]'' recommends architectural guidelines for the ''Natya'' theatre, but without drawings and plans. The theatre mentioned in ''Natyasastra'' probably housed an audience of 200 to 500 patrons comfortably seated, states Farley Richmond – a scholar of Indian theatre.<ref name="Kale2019">{{cite book|author=Farley Richmond|editor=M. R. Kale|title=The Mrichchhakatika of Sudraka: With Introduction, Critical Essays and a Photo-Essay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dv_oDwAAQBAJ |year=2019|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-4010-2|pages=31–33}}</ref>

== Temples (mandirs) ==
[[File:Architecture of the Khajuraho temples.jpg|thumb|right|Elements in a North Indian temple (Madhya Pradesh).]]
[[File:1910 sketches, Gondeshwar temple Sinnar, Nashik temple overview, cross section and plan.jpg|thumb|The architectural plan of the Gondeshwar temple near Nashik (Maharashtra).]]
{{main|Hindu temple architecture}}
[[Hindu temple architecture]] has many varieties of style whose historic role has been to provide "a focus for both the social and spiritual life" for the Hindu community it serves, states George Michell.{{sfn|Michell|1988|p=14}} Every [[Hindu temple]] ("mandir") is imbued with symbolism, yet the basic structure of each remains the same. Each temple has an inner sanctum or the sacred space, the ''[[Garbhagriha|garbha griha]]'' or womb-chamber, where the primary ''[[murti]]'' or the image of a deity is housed in a simple bare cell for ''darshana'' (view, meditative focus).{{sfn|Shilpa Sharma|Shireesh Deshpande|2017|pp=309-317}} Above the garbhagriha is a tower-like ''[[shikhara]]'', called the ''[[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]]'' in south India. This sanctum is surrounded by a closed or open path for ''pradakshina'' (also called ''parikrama'', circumambulation) that is typically intricately carved with symbolic art depicting Hindu legends, themes of artha, dharma and kama as well as the statues of significant deities of three major Hindu traditions (Vishnu, Shiva and Shakti).{{sfn|Michell|1988|pp=66–76, 86–126}}

The sanctums of significant temples have a ''[[mandapa]]'' congregation hall, and sometimes an ''[[antarala]]'' antechamber and porch between garbhagriha and mandapa. Major temples that attract pilgrims from far typically have mandapas or other buildings that service the pilgrims. These may be connected or detached from the temple. The main temple may exist with other smaller temples or shrines in the temple compound. The streets around the temple are markets and hubs of economic activity.{{sfn|Michell|1988|pp=66–76, 86–126}} There are examples of special dance pavilions (''Nata Mandir''), like in the [[Konark Sun Temple]]. The pool, temple tank (''Kunda'') is also part of large temples, and they traditionally have served as a place for a bath dip and ablutions for pilgrims.{{sfn|Acharya|2010|p=74}} The same essential architectural principles are found in the historic Hindu temples of southeast Asia.{{sfn|Michell|1988|pp=159–182}}
=== Gopurams ===
Essentially independent architectural structure is an element of the temple complex as ''[[gopuram]]'', viz., gatehouse towers, usually ornate, othen with colossal size, at the entrance of a Hindu temple of [[Southern India]].<ref name=britgopuram>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037402/gopura|title=Gopura|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2008-01-20}}</ref>

== Monasteries (mathas) ==
{{see also|Matha|Ashram|Bhajana Kutir}}
Hindu monasteries such as [[Matha]]s and hermitages ([[Ashram]]s) are complexes of buildings include temples, monastic cells or the communal house and ancillary facilities.{{sfn|Sears|2014|pp=4—9}}

== Rathas ==
{{main|Ratha}}
In some Hindu sites, there are shrines or buildings named [[ratha]]s because they have the shape of a huge chariot.{{sfn|Harle|1994|p=153}}

== Toranas (archways) ==
{{main|Torana}}
[[Torana]] is a free-standing archway for ceremonial purposes seen in the Hindu, [[Buddhist]] and [[Jain]] architecture in front of the temples, monasteries and other objects, sometimes as single building.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordartonline.com/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000085631|title=Toraṇa |work= Grove Art|year=2003 |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T085631|access-date=2018-08-08|last1=Hardy |first1=Adam }}</ref>{{sfn|Dhar|2010|p=}}

== Stambhas (columns) ==
{{main|Stambha|Dhvaja}}
[[Stambha]] denotes a pillar or column, and is also known as ''jangha'', ''stali'', ''angrika'', ''sthanu'', ''arani'', ''bharaka'' or ''dharana''.{{sfn|Acharya|2010|p=533}} It is described in ''Manasara'' to consist of a pedestal, base, column and a capital. It can be made from wood or stone, be independent or be a pilaster joined to one of the walls. The text describes different proportions for different materials of construction.{{sfn|Acharya|2010|p=533}} The length of column is divided into''matras'' (portions), and these may be decorated with artwork. The ''Manasara'' suggests rules for tapering the top portions of the ''stambha''.{{sfn|Acharya|2010|p=533}} Illustrative stambhas include the [[Vijay Stambha]] (Tower of victory) at [[Chittorgarh fort]], [[Rajasthan]]. It is dedicated to [[Vishnu]].

«[[Dhvaja|Dhvaja-stambhas]]» are founding at the entrance of temples as flagstaffs, often with the image of [[lingam]] and sacred animals.

== Chhatris ==
{{main|Chhatri}}
[[Chhatri]]s are elevated, dome-shaped pavilions used as an element in [[Indian architecture]], originating in [[Rajasthani architecture]]. They are widely used in palaces, in forts, or to demarcate funerary sites, etc.{{cn|date=January 2021}}

== Gallery ==
;Some folios from surviving manuscripts on Hindu architecture
<gallery>
File:A folio from Vastu sastra hiti dayeka manuscript, water tank and fountains, Sanskrit language, Newari script - 3.jpg|Drawing and notes on water tank fountain
File:A folio from Vastu sastra hiti dayeka manuscript, water tank and fountains, Sanskrit language, Newari script - 1.jpg|Drawing and notes on water tank fountain, part 2
File:A folio from Vastu sastra hiti dayeka manuscript, mandala, Sanskrit language, Newari script - 2.jpg|A mandala in ''Vastu Sastra Hiti Dayeka''
File:A folio with Harihara Shiva-Vishnu sketch from Samkrantiyajnavidhi manuscript, Sanskrit language, Nepali script.jpg|Two leaves in ''Samkrantiyajnavidhi'' illustrating proportions for [[Harihara]] – half Shiva, half Vishnu.
File:A folio from minor Vastu sastra manuscript, home design and decoration, Sanskrit language, Devanagari script.jpg|A Vastu sastra page on home design, first line mentions ''vastu sastra''
</gallery>

;Some temples and public stepwell
<gallery>
File:Lingaraj Temple Complex.jpg | [[Lingaraja Temple]] ([[Bhubaneswar]], Odisha)
File:Veera Narayana temple at the Chennakeshava temple complex.jpg | [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur]] (Karnataka)
File:Radhashyam Temple at Bishnupur 2.jpg | Lalji temple ([[Bishnupur, Bankura]], West Bengal)
File:Konark Nat Mandir.jpg | Nata Mandir of [[Konark Sun Temple]] (Odisha)
File:Madurai Meenakshi temple 2.jpg | [[Meenakshiamman Temple]] Gopuram ([[Madurai]], Tamil Nadu)
File:Rani ki vav - Gujarat - 07.jpg|Rani ka vav Gujarat, a historic public water tank with Hindu arts
File:Sringeritemple.jpg | [[Advaita Vedanta]] Monastery ([[Sringeri]], Karnataka)
File:Rathas-Mahabalipuram.jpg | [[Pancha Rathas]] ([[Mahabalipuram]], Tamil Nadu)
File:Nagda(Rajasthan)Torana.jpg | [[Sahastra Bahu Temples]] Torana ([[Nagda, Rajasthan]])
File:Mukteshwar torana.jpg | Torana of [[Mukteshvara Temple, Bhubaneswar]] (Orisha)
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Hindu temple architecture]]
* [[Indian rock-cut architecture]]
* [[Indian architecture]]
* [[Dravidian architecture]]
* [[Nagara architecture]]

== Note ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|first=P. K.|last=Acharya|year=2010|title=An encyclopaedia of Hindu architecture | url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofh07achauoft#page/n9/mode/2up |publisher=Oxford University Press (Republished by Motilal Banarsidass)|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-85990-03-3}}
* {{cite book|first=P. K.|last=Acharya|year=1927|title=Indian Architecture according to the Manasara Shilpa Shastra|url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofh07achauoft#page/n9/mode/2up |publisher=Oxford University Press (Republished by Motilal Banarsidass)|location=London|isbn=0300062176}}
* {{cite book|first=P. D.|last=Dhar|year=2010|title=The Torana in Indian and Southeast Asian Architecture|publisher=D K Printworld|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8124605349}}
* {{cite book|first=I.|last=Glushkova|year=2014|title=Objects of Worship in South Asian Religions: Forms, Practices and Meanings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqReBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-67595-2}}
* {{cite book|first=S. R.|last=Goel|year=1991|title=[[Hindu Temples – What Happened to Them]]|publisher=Voice of India|location=New Delhi|volume=2|isbn=81-85990-03-4}}
* {{cite book|first=J. C.|last=Harle|year=1994|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl|edition=2nd|publisher=Yale University Press Pelican History of Art|isbn=0300062176|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book|author=Ernest Havell|title=The Ancient and Medieval Architecture of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHM-7CaV5zYC|year=1972|publisher=John Murray, London (Reprinted S. Chand)}}
* {{cite book|first=M.|last=Juneja|year=2001|title=Architecture in Medieval India: Forms, Contexts, Histories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7N7VAAAAMAAJ |edition=2nd|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-8178242286}}
* {{cite book|first=G.|last=Michell|year=1988|title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC&pg=PA61 |edition=2nd |publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago/London|isbn=0-226-53230-5}}
*{{cite journal | last=Patra | first=Reena | title=A Comparative Study on Vaastu Shastra and Heidegger's 'Building, Dwelling and Thinking' | journal=Asian Philosophy | publisher=Taylor & Francis | volume=16 | issue=3 | year=2006 | doi=10.1080/09552360600979430 | pages=199–218| s2cid=144592593 }}
*{{cite book|author=Ram Raz|title=Essay on the Architecture of the Hindús|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSg5AQAAMAAJ|year=1834 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland}}
*{{cite journal|author1=Shilpa Sharma|author2=Shireesh Deshpande|title=Architectural Strategies Used in Hindu Temples to Emphasize Sacredness| journal = Journal of Architectural and Planning Research| volume= 34| number= 4 | year= 2017| pages= 309–319|jstor=44987239}}
*{{cite journal | last=Sinha | first=Amita | title=Design of Settlements in the Vaastu Shastras | journal=Journal of Cultural Geography | publisher=Taylor & Francis | volume=17 | issue=2 | year=1998 | doi=10.1080/08873639809478319 | pages=27–41}}
* {{cite book|first=D. N.|last=Shukla|year=1993|title=Vastu-Sastra: Hindu Science of Architecture|publisher=Munshiram Manoharial Publishers|isbn=978-81-215-0611-3}}
* {{cite book|first=T.|last=Sears|year=2014|title=Worldly Gurus and Spiritual Kings: Architecture and Asceticism in Medieval India|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19844-7}}
* {{cite book|first=B.|last=Thapar|year=2004|title=Introduction to Indian Architecture|publisher=Periplus Editions|location=Singapore|isbn=0-7946-0011-5|ref=Thapar}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Hindu architecture}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100218153644/http://www.hampi.in/architecture.htm Vijayanagara architecture]
*[http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Sthapatyaveda Sthapatyaveda] (Temple Architecture) on Hindupedia, the Hindu Encyclopedia

{{Architecture of India}}

[[Category:Hindu architecture| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]
[[Category:Indian architectural styles]]
[[Category:Places in Hindu worship]]

Hindu architecture - Revision history

>Mealiyta at 05:11, 23 June 2021