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{{short description|Ancient Indian religions}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2015}}
{{Jainism}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Jainism''' and '''Hinduism''' are two ancient Indian religions. There are some similarities and differences between the two religions.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=135-136}} Temples, gods, rituals, fasts and other religious components of Jainism are different from those of Hinduism.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=138}}

"Jain" is derived from the word ''Jina'', referring to a human being who has conquered all inner passions (like anger, attachment, greed and pride) and possesses [[Kevala Jnana|Kaivalyagyana]] (pure infinite knowledge). Followers of the path shown by the Jinas are called Jains.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=15}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=164}} Followers of [[Hinduism]] are called Hindus.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism|title=Hinduism|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=6 August 2023 }}</ref>

== Philosophical similarities and differences ==
Jainism and Hinduism have many similar characteristic features, including the concepts of ''[[samsara]]'', ''[[karma]]'' and ''[[moksha]]''. However, they differ over the precise nature and meaning of these concepts. The doctrine Nyaya-Vaisheshika and samkhya school had minor similarities with Jain philosophy. The Jain doctrine teaches atomism which is also adopted in the Vaisheshika system and atheism which is found in Samkhya.{{sfn|Glasenapp|1999|p=496}} Within the doctrine of Jainism, there exist many metaphysical concepts which are not known in Hinduism, some of which are ''dharma'' and Adharma tattva (which are seen as substances within the Jain metaphysical system), [[Gunasthana]]s and [[Lesya]]s.{{sfn|Glasenapp|1999|p=496}} The epistemological concepts of [[Anekantavada]] and Syadvada are not found in the Hindu system. There were, in the past, probable attempts made to merge the concepts of Hindu gods and the Tirthankara of Jainism. The cosmography of Hindus resembles that of the Jains and there are similar names of heavenly gods within these systems.{{sfn|Glasenapp|1999|p=497}}

In the [[Upanishads]], there also occur the first statements of the view, dominant in Jainist teachings and elsewhere, that rebirth is undesirable and that it is possible by controlling or stopping one's actions to put an end to it and attain a state of deliverance (moksha) which lies beyond action.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=15}}

===Moksha (liberation) ===
In Hinduism, [[moksha]] means merging of soul with universal soul or eternal being and escaping the cycle of births and deaths; in Jainism, it is blissful existence with infinite knowledge. In Vedic philosophy, salvation is giving up the sense of being a doer and realizing Self to be the same as Universe and God.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-yaOxgEACAAJ&q=moksha|title=Moksha: Self-Liberation Through Self-Knowledge|last=Kajaria|first=Vish|date=2019-02-13|publisher=Independently Published|isbn=978-1-09-791542-2|language=en}}</ref> In Jainism, salvation can be achieved only through self-effort and is considered to be the right of human beings.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=137}}

In Jainism, one definite path to attain liberation ([[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]) is prescribed. The prescribed threefold path consists of the [[Ratnatraya|three jewels of Jainism]] (Right perception, Right knowledge, Right conduct). In Hinduism, one definite path to salvation is not known.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p = 137}}

=== Universe ===
{{Further|Jainism and non-creationism}}
According to [[Jain cosmology]], the primary structure of the universe is eternal: it is neither created nor can it be destroyed, but undergoes continuous natural transformations within. In Hinduism, [[Brahman]] is the unchanging ultimate reality and the single binding unity behind diversity in all that exists in the universe.

=== Karma ===
{{further|Karma in Jainism|Karma in Hinduism}}
Karma is an invisible force in Hinduism, whereas in Jainism it is a form of particulate matter which can adhere to the soul.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=137}} As per [[Jainism]], the consequence of karma occurs by natural ''nirjara'' of karma particles from the soul. Hindus rejected this concept and believe that the God or the creator of this universe is ''karmaphaldata'', and rewards the fruits of past actions to each individual.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JIRAQAAIAAJ&q=karma+nirjara|title=The Concept of Divinity in Jainism|last1=Kothari|first1=Pukhraj Ajay|year=2000}}</ref>

=== Worship ===
In Hinduism, Gods are worshiped in several ways and for several reasons such as knowledge, peace, wisdom, health, and it also believed to be one's duty to pray god as God is considered as our maker (as we originated from them and we are staying in them and at last will merge with them), for moksha, and are also offered food as a respect, etc.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=137}}{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=181}} In Jainism, enlightened human perfect masters or [[Siddha#Jainism|siddhas]] represent the true goal of all human beings,{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=182}} and their qualities are worshiped by the Jains.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4aVRLGhf-8C|title=Faith & Philosophy of Jainism|isbn=9788178357232|last1=Jain|first1=Arun Kumar|year=2009|publisher=Gyan Publishing House }}</ref>

=== Self-defence and soldiering ===
Jains and Hindus have opinion that violence in self-defence can be justified,<ref>''Nisithabhasya'' (in ''Nisithasutra'') 289; Jinadatta Suri: ''Upadesharasayana'' 26; Dundas pp. 162–163; Tähtinen p. 31.</ref> and they agree that a soldier who kills enemies in combat is performing a legitimate duty.<ref>Jindal pp. 89–90; Laidlaw pp. 154–155; Jaini, Padmanabh S.: ''Ahimsa and "Just War" in Jainism'', in: ''Ahimsa, Anekanta and Jainism'', ed. Tara Sethia, New Delhi 2004, p. 52–60; Tähtinen p. 31.</ref> Jain communities accepted the use of military power for their defence, there were Jain monarchs, military commanders, and soldiers.<ref>Harisena, ''Brhatkathakosa'' 124 (10th century); Jindal pp. 90–91; Sangave p. 259.</ref>

== Women ==
The religion of Jains included women in their fourfold ''sangha''; the religious order of Jain laymen, laywomen, monks and nuns.{{sfn|Balbir|1994|p=121}} There was a disagreement between early Hinduism, and ascetic movements such as Jainism with the scriptural access to women.{{sfn|Balbir|1994|p=121}} However, the early svetambara scriptures prevented pregnant women, young women or those who have a small child, to enter to the ranks of nun.{{sfn|Balbir|1994|p=122}} Regardless, the number of nuns given in those texts were always double the number of monks. [[Parshvanatha]] and [[Mahavira]], the two historical Tirthankars, had large numbers of female devotees and ascetics.{{sfn|Balbir|1994|p=122}} Tirthankara Mahavira and Jain monks are credited with raising the [[status of women]].{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=147-148}}

== Religious texts ==
Hindus do not accept any Jain text and Jains do not recognize any Hindu scripture.{{sfn|George|2008|p=318}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=136}}

=== The Vedas ===
The scriptures known as [[Vedas]] are regarded by Hindus as one of the foundations of [[Hinduism]]. Those who rejected the Vedas as the prime source of religious knowledge were labeled "[[Āstika and nāstika|nāstika]]".{{sfn|Nicholson|2010}} As a consequence, Jainism and Buddhism were categorized as ''nāstika [[darśana]]''.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010}}

The orthodox schools of Hinduism, such as [[Vedanta]], [[Mimamsa]] and [[Samkhya]], claim the [[Sruti]] do not have any author and hence are supreme to other religious scriptures. This position was countered by Jains who said that saying Vedas are authorless was equivalent to saying that anonymous poems are written by nobody. [[Jain scriptures]], on the contrary, were believed by them to be of human origin, brought through omniscient teachers, and hence claimed greater worth.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=234}} According to Jains, the origin of Vedas lies with [[Marichi]], the son of [[Bharata Chakravarti]], who was the son of the first Tirthankara Rishabha. Jains maintain that these scriptures were later modified.{{sfn|Feynes|1998|p=xxiv}}{{sfn|Glasenapp|1999|p=497}} Jains pointed that Hindus do not know their own scriptures since they were unaware of the names of tirthankaras present in Vedas.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=234}}

Jains had a long-standing debate with [[Mimamsa]] school of Hinduism. [[Kumarila Bhatta]], a proponent of Mimamsa school, argued that the Vedas are the source of all knowledge and it is through them that humans can differentiate between right and wrong. Jain monks, such as [[Haribhadra]], held that humans are already in possession of all the knowledge, which only needs to be illuminated or uncovered in order to gain the status of omniscience.{{sfn|Qvarnström|2006|p=91}}

==== Vedic sacrifices ====
The practice of Vedic animal sacrifices was opposed by Jains.{{sfn|George|2008|p=318}} [[Hemachandra|Acharya Hemchandra]], a Jain monk, cites passages from [[Manusmriti]], one of the law book of Hindus, to demonstrate how, in light of false scriptures, Hindus have resorted to violence. [[Akalanka]], another Jain monk, sarcastically said that if killing can result in enlightenment, one should become a hunter or fisherman.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=234}}

===Hindu epics and Jain epics===
The rejection of Jain epics and scriptures were dominant in Hinduism since very early times.{{sfn|George|2008|p=318}} On the other hand, central Hindu scriptures and epics like Vedas, Mahabharata and Ramayana are categorized as unreliable scriptures in Nandi-sutra,{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=237}}{{Verify source|date=December 2013}}{{sfn|Iyengar|2005|p=62}} one of the svetambara's canonical literature. Later, Jains adapted various Hindu epics in accordance with their own system.{{sfn|Schubring|2000|p=17}}{{sfn|Glasenapp|1999|p=497}} There were disputes between Jains and Hindus in form of these epics.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmOUq73LZLgC&q=jains+on+mahabharata&pg=PA359|title=Epic India, Or, India as Described in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana|last=Vaidya|first=Chintaman Vinayak|date=2001|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1564-9|language=en}}</ref>

== Jain deities and Hindu texts ==
{{see also|Rama in Jainism|Rishabha (Hinduism)}}
Within the doctrine of Jainism, the ''tirthankara'' holds the highest status. Hemachandra Acharya says that a ''Jindeva'' is the one who has conquered his internal desires and passions. This requirement, according to him, was fulfilled only by the tirthankara. Hence their path for spiritual upliftment and salvation is rejected by the [[Jains]].

Some personage mentioned in the Vedas and Jain scriptures are same. There is mention of the first tirthankara, [[Rishabhanatha]] in [[Rig Veda]] and Vishnu Purana. Rig Veda, X. 12. 166 states{{sfn|Jain|1929|p=74}}- {{cquote|0 Rudra-like Divinity ! do thou produce amongst us, of high descent, a Great God, like Rishabha Deva, by becoming Arhan, which is the epithet of the first World Teacher; let Him become the destroyer of the enemies !}}

Vishnu Purāna mentions:
:ऋषभो मरुदेव्याश्च ऋषभात भरतो भवेत्
:भरताद भारतं वर्षं, भरतात सुमतिस्त्वभूत्
:Rishabha was born to Marudevi, Bharata was born to Rishabh,
:Bharatavarsha (India) arose from Bharata, and Sumati arose from Bharata.
::—Vishnu Purana (2,1,31)

In the [[Skanda Purana]] (chapter 37) it is stated that "Rishabha was the son of [[Nabhiraja]], and Rishabha had a son named Bharata, and after the name of this Bharata, this country is known as Bharata-varsha."{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=106}}

In the "Brahmottara-candam" section of the ''[[Brahma Purana]]'', the narrator Suta describes many matters relating to Shaivism and in the 16th portion, there is a story about Bhadrabahu receiving instructions in a mantra from Rishabha yogi.<ref>P. 88, ''Madras Journal of Literature and Science'', Volume 11 By Madras Literary Society and Auxiliary of the Royal Asiatic Society</ref>

The ''Linga Purana'' mentions that in every kali yuga, Lord Shiva has incarnated, and that in one kali yuga he was a Yogeshwara (one of His 28 incarnations) named Rishabha.<ref>P. 16 ''Linga Purana'' By Vinay. The list is in order is: Shweta, Sutara, Madana, Suhotra, Kanchana, Lokakshee, Jagishavya, Dadhivahana, Rishabha, Muni, Ugra, Atri, Vali, Gautama, Vedashrira, Gokarna, Guhavasi, Shikhandabhriti, Jatamali, Attahasa, Daruka, Langali, Mahakaya, Shuli, Mundishvara, Sahishnu, Somasharma, and Jagadguru.</ref>

==History==
Jainism is considered to be distinct and separate from Vedic religion and originated from' 'Sramana'' or ''Arahata'' tradition.{{sfn|George|2008|p=317-318}}

===Ancient===
Jains and Hindus have coexisted in [[Tamilakam|Tamil country]] since at least the second century BCE.{{sfn|John E. Cort|1998|p=187}}

===Medieval===
Competition between Jains and Vedic [[Brahman]]s, between Jains and Hindu [[Shaiva]]s, is a frequent motif of all medieval western Indian narratives, but the two communities for the most part coexisted and coprospered.{{sfn|John E. Cort|1998|p=87}} Shaiva kings patronised Jain mendicants, and Jain officials patronised Brahmana poets.{{sfn|John E. Cort|1998|p=87}}

===Decline of Jainism===
Around the 8th century CE, Hindu philosopher [[Adi Shankara|Ādi Śaṅkarācārya]] tried to restore the Vedic religion. Śaṅkarācārya brought forward the doctrine of Advaita. The Vaishnavism and Shaivism also began to rise. This was particularly in the southern Indian states.{{sfn|Glasenapp|1999|p=70}}

According to a Saivite legend, the Pandya king [[Koon Pandiyan]] ordered a massacre of 8,000 Jain monks. This event is depicted graphically in walls of Tivatur in [[North Arcot]].{{sfn|Glasenapp|1999|pp=70–71}} However, this legend is not found in any Jain text, and is believed to be a fabrication made up by the Saivites to prove their dominance.<ref name="Ashim1984">{{cite book | author=Ashim Kumar Roy | title=A history of the Jainas | chapter-url=http://www.jainworld.com/book/historyofjainism/ch9a.asp | accessdate=22 May 2013 | year=1984 | publisher=Gitanjali | chapter = 9. History of the Digambaras}}</ref><ref name="Nilakantha1976">{{cite book | author=[[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]] | title=A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjxuAAAAMAAJ | accessdate=23 May 2013 | year=1976 | publisher=Oxford University Press | page = 424 | isbn=978-0-19-560686-7 }}</ref>

==Jains and the Hindu society==
{{POV section|date=September 2015}}

Jain scholars and some monks in general allowed a sort of cautious integration with the Hindu society.{{CN|date=June 2023}} In today's date, there are a lot of common aspects in social and cultural life of Hindus and Jains. It is quite difficult to differentiate a lay Jain from a lay Hindu.{{sfn|Glasenapp|1999|p=493}} The Jain code of conduct is quite similar to that which is found in Hindu Dharmasashtra, Manusmriti and other Law books of Brahmans.{{sfn|Glasenapp|1999|p=494}} {{sfn|Glasenapp|1999|p=494}}{{sfn|Babb|1996|pp=3-4}} The difference in the rituals of practitioners of the two religions would be that the Jains do not give any importance to bathing in holy water.{{sfn|Glasenapp|1999|p=494}} According to religious scholar M. Whitney Kelting, some of the "names and narratives" in the Hindu's list of satis are also found in the Jain tradition.{{sfn|Kelting|2006|p=183}} In the Hindu context, a sati is a virtuous wife who protects her husband and his family and has the "intention to die before, or with," her husband.{{sfn|Kelting|2006|p=183}} Kelting notes that those satis who die on the funeral pyre of their husband, or who "intended to die" but were prevented from death, may attain a status called satimata.{{sfn|Kelting|2006|p=183}}{{sfn|Kelting|2009|p=22}} Kelting says that the Jain tradition, due to principle of non-violence and equanimity, doesn't allow self-immolation.{{sfn|Kelting|2009|p=21}}{{sfn|Kelting|2006|p=183}} They, instead, see renunciation rather than self-sacrifice as the highest ideal for a Jain sati.{{sfn|Kelting|2006|p=183}} Hindus think Jainism is simply another branch of Hinduism.{{sfn|Glasenapp|1999|p=494}} Jain historians like [[Champat Rai Jain]], held that Hindus are Jaina [[allegorists]] who have allegorised the Jain teachings.{{sfn|Jain|1929|p=154}}{{sfn|Glasenapp|1999|p=497}}

===Hindu revivalism and Indian identities===
With the onset of British colonialism, select groups of Indians developed responses to the British dominance and the British critique of Hinduism.{{sfn|Rambachan|1994|p=38}} In this context, various responses toward Jainism developed.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dodson|first1=Michael S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoTDAgAAQBAJ&q=Jainism+colonial+india&pg=PT157|title=Trans-Colonial Modernities in South Asia|last2=Hatcher|first2=Brian A.|date=2013-02-28|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-48445-2|language=en}}</ref>

====Dayanand Saraswati and the Arya Samaj====
The Arya Samaj was founded by [[Dayanand Saraswati]] (1824-1883), who "was the solitary champion of Vedic authority and infallibility".{{sfn|Rambachan|1994|p=38}} Swami Dayanand Saraswati authored Satyarth Prakash,{{sfn|Panicker|2006|p=38}} a book containing the basic teachings of Saraswati and the Arya Samaj.{{sfn|Panicker|2006|p=38-39}} It contains "Dayananda's bitter criticisms of the major ''non-Vedic'' religions of Indian origins."{{sfn|Panicker|2006|p=39}} In the ''[[Satyarth Prakash]]'', he writes that he regarded Jainism as "the most dreadful religion",{{sfn|Daniel|2000|p=92}} and that Jains are "possessed of defective and childish understanding."{{sfn|Daniel|2000|p=92}}{{refn|group=note|Daniels cites Dayanand in his investigation of the claim that "Hinduism is the most tolerant of all religions and Hindu tolerance is the best answer in fostering peace and harmony in a multi-religious society",<ref name="EBC">{{Cite web |url=http://www.easternbookcorporation.com/moreinfo.php?txt_searchstring=3165 |title=Eastern Book Company, ''About the Book:, Hindu Response to Religious Pluralism'' (P.S. Daniels (2000)) |access-date=3 December 2013 |archive-date=7 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207064923/http://www.easternbookcorporation.com/moreinfo.php?txt_searchstring=3165 |url-status=dead }}</ref> taking Swami Vivekananda, Swami Dayananda and Mahatama Gandhi as cases.<ref name="EBC" /> He asks the question "Why was Dayananda so aggressive and negative in his response to other religions?".<ref name="EBC" /> Panicker also mentions that Dayanand's views are "strongly condemnatory, predominantly negative and positively intolerant and aggressive."{{sfn|Panicker|2006|p=39}}}}

==Relations==

Parmara ruler Subhatavarman attacked Gujarat and plundered large number of Jain temples in Dabhoi and Cambay in 11th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjwaAAAAIAAJ&q=Subhatavarman+jain+temples|title = Ram Janmabhoomi, Babri Masjid: Historical Documents, Legal Opinions, and Judgements|last1 = Mishra|first1 = Vinay Chandra|last2 = Singh|first2 = Parmanand|year = 1991}}</ref>
[[Veerashaivas]] and [[Lingayats]], the two offshoots of shaivite Hinduism showed hostility towards Jains. Inscriptions from the Srisailam area of Andhra Pradesh record the pride taken by Veerashaiva chiefs in beheading of shwetambar Jains.<ref>{{cite book | author=Romilla Thapar | title=Cultural Transactions and early India, p.17 | year=1994 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=9780195633641 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OunZAAAAMAAJ&q=cultural+transactions+by+romila+thapar}}</ref>

Dharmasthala Temple shows the communal harmony between Jains and Hindus, as the priests of the temple are Shivalli Brahmins, who are Vaishnava, and the administration is run by a [[Jain Bunt]] family.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shridharmasthala.org/subsequent_page.php?id=2|title=Shri Kshetra Dharmasthala|work=shridharmasthala.org|access-date=16 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107060122/http://www.shridharmasthala.org/subsequent_page.php?id=2|archive-date=7 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Legal status of Jainism as a distinct religion in India]]
* [[Religious harmony in India]]
* [[History of Jainism]]

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last1=Elst|first1=Koenraad|title=Who is a Hindu?: Hindu Revivalist Views of Animism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Other Offshoots of Hinduism|date=2002|publisher=Voice of India |isbn=9788185990743 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGPXAAAAMAAJ }} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230904/http://bharatvani.org/books/wiah/ch7.htm Ch. 7])

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==Sources==
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{{refend}}

{{Jainism topics|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Jainism and other religions|Hinduism]]
[[Category:Hinduism and other religions]]

Hinduism and Jainism - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 15:12, 7 September 2023