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Hinduri dialect - Revision history
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<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Dialect of Keonthali sub-group of Lower Mahasu Pahari, India}}<br />
<br />
{{Confusion|Hindui language}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Hinduri<br />
| altname = Handuri<br />
| nativename = हिंडूरी, hiṁḍūrī<br /> हंडूरी, haṁḍūrī<br />
| states = [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
| region = [[Mahasu (region)|Mahasu]]<br />
| ethnicity = <br />
| speakers = 47,800<br />
| date = 2001 census<br />
| ref = e25<br />
| speakers2 = Census results conflate some speakers with Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.aspx|title = Census of India: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues –2001}}</ref><br />
| familycolor = Indo-European<br />
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]<br />
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]<br />
| fam4 = [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]<br />
| fam5 = [[Western Pahari]]<br />
| script = [[Takri]],<ref>{{cite book |title=LSI 1898}}</ref> <br />
[[Devanagari]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Linguistic Survey Of India (Volume 9, Part 4) |pages=586–592}}</ref><br />
| iso3 = hii<br />
| glotto = hind1267<br />
| glottorefname = Hinduri<br />
| image = Hinduri language.svg<br />
| imagecaption = The word "Hinduri" written in Devanagari script<br />
}}<br />
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}<br />
'''Hinduri''' (or Handuri) is a [[Western Pahari|Western Pahari language]] of northern [[India]]. It is spoken in southern [[Solan district]] in southern parts of [[Ramshehar]] Tehsil and in eastern [[Nalagarh]]. It was classified as a dialect under the [[Mahasu Pahari|Mahasui]] [[Keonthali dialect|Keonthali]] Group (as per [[George Abraham Grierson|Grierson]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=Linguistic Survey Of India (Volume 9, Part 4) |pages=586–592}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! colspan="2" |<br />
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br />
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br />
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]<br />
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/<br>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br />
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br />
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br />
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}<br />
|{{IPA link|m}}<br />
|{{IPA link|n}}<br />
|{{IPA link|ɳ}}<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}<br />
|{{IPA link|mʱ}}<br />
|{{IPA link|nʱ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]<br />
!{{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}}<br />
|{{IPA link|p}}<br />
|{{IPA link|t}}<br />
|{{IPA link|ʈ}}<br />
|{{IPA link|tɕ}}<br />
|{{IPA link|k}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}<br />
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}<br />
|{{IPA link|tʰ}}<br />
|{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}<br />
|{{IPA link|tɕʰ}}<br />
|{{IPA link|kʰ}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}<br />
|{{IPA link|b}}<br />
|{{IPA link|d}}<br />
|{{IPA link|ɖ}}<br />
|{{IPA link|dʑ}}<br />
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}<br />
|{{IPA link|bʱ}}<br />
|{{IPA link|dʱ}}<br />
|{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}<br />
|{{IPA link|dʑʱ}}<br />
|{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|s}}<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|ɕ}}<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|h}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]<br />
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|r}}<br />
|{{IPA link|ɽ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|ɽʱ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]<br />
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|l}}<br />
|{{IPA link|ɭ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|lʱ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]<br />
|{{IPA link|w}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|j}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
!<br />
![[Front vowel|Front]]<br />
![[Central vowel|Central]]<br />
![[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|- align="center"<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[High vowel|High]]<br />
|{{IPA link|iː}}<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|uː}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{IPA link|ɪ}}<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|ʊ}}<br />
|- align="center"<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Mid vowel|Mid]]<br />
|{{IPA link|eː}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|ə}}<br />
|{{IPA link|oː}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{IPA link|ɛ}}<br />
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Low vowel|Low]]<br />
|({{IPA link|æ}})<br />
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ɑ}} {{IPA link|ɑː}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Script ==<br />
[[File:Handuri Sample.jpg|center|thumb|579x579px|Sample text in '''Handuri''' From Grierson's book (1916)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Linguistic Survey Of India Vol.9 Part.4|year=1916|location=India|pages=588–590}}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
== Status ==<br />
The language is commonly called [[Pahari language|Pahari]] or [[Western Pahari|Himachali]]. The language has no official status. According to the [[UNESCO|United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)]], the language is of critically endangered category, i.e. the youngest speakers of Handuri are generally grandparents or older and they too speak it infrequently or partially.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Endangered Language|website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=15 April 2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered}}</ref><br />
<br />
The demand for the inclusion of 'Pahari (Himachali)' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pahari Inclusion|work=Zee News|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/himachal-pradesh/hp-for-inclusion-of-pahari-language-in-eighth-schedule_615857.html}}</ref> There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations are striving to save the language.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pahari Inclusion|work=The Statesman|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/demand-for-pahari-as-language-in-8th-schedule-of-constitution-1479046804.html}}</ref> The language is currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Language Census|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf}}</ref> even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
*[[Mahasu Pahari]]<br />
*[[Keonthali dialect]]<br />
*[[Baghati dialect]]<br />
*[[Baghliani dialect]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Dogri-Kangri languages}}<br />
[[Category:Languages of India]]<br />
[[Category:Northern Indo-Aryan languages]]<br />
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]<br />
[[Category:Languages written in Takri]]<br />
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]<br />
[[Category:Languages listed as Hindi dialects in latest census]]</div>
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