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{{Short description|Vocabulary of the Hindustani language}}
{{Hindustani_language}}

'''Hindustani''', also known as '''Hindi-Urdu''', like all [[Indo-Aryan languages]], has a core base of [[Sanskrit]]-derived vocabulary, which it gained through [[Prakrit]].<ref name="Sebeok1971">{{cite book|last=Sebeok|first=Thomas Albert|title=Current Trends in Linguistics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqYMTdBws40C&pg=PA688|accessdate=21 November 2014|year=1971|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|pages=688|quote=This Proto-Prakrit differs from Sanskrit partly in the phonology and the vocabulary which are common to all modern Indo-Aryan vernaculars.}}</ref> As such the [[Standard register (linguistics)|standardized register]]s of the [[Hindustani language]] (Hindi-Urdu) share a common vocabulary, especially on the colloquial level.<ref name="BhatiaKoul2000a">{{cite book|last1=Bhatia|first1=Tej K.|last2=Koul|first2=Ashok|title=Colloquial Urdu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkPwaXWipVcC&dq=%22The+languages+share+a+virtually+identical+grammar+and+also+possess+a+very+large+body+of+common+vocabulary+which%22&pg=PP11|accessdate=21 November 2014|year=2000|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780415135405|page=11|quote=The languages share a virtually identical grammar and also possess a very large body of common vocabulary which consists mainly of words used in everyday, normal conversation. }}</ref> However, in formal contexts, [[Modern Standard Hindi]] tends to draw on Sanskrit, while [[Standard Urdu]] turns to [[Persian language|Persian]] and sometimes [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref name="BhatiaKoul2000b">{{cite book|last1=Bhatia|first1=Tej K.|last2=Koul|first2=Ashok|title=Colloquial Urdu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkPwaXWipVcC&dq=%22The+languages+share+a+virtually+identical+grammar+and+also+possess+a+very+large+body+of+common+vocabulary+which%22&pg=PP11|accessdate=21 November 2014|year=2000|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780415135405|page=12|quote=In additional, although Urdu and Hindi share a large number of colloquial words, ''formal'' and ''literary'' Hindi and Urdu can differ markedly in terms of vocabulary. For higher registers, Urdu still continues to draw on Perso-Arabic resources, but Hindi turns to Sanskrit.}}</ref> This difference lies in the [[history of Hindustani]], in which the ''[[lingua franca]]'' started to gain more Persian words in urban areas (such as [[Delhi]], [[Lucknow]] and [[Hyderabad]]), under the [[Delhi Sultanate]]; this dialect came to be termed Urdu.<ref name="Simpson2007a">{{cite book|last=Simpson|first=Andrew|title=Language and National Identity in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3XvBbdWCKYC&pg=PA62|accessdate=21 November 2014|date=30 August 2007|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780191533082|pages=62–63|quote=Considered from a historical point of view, the Hindustani-Hindi-Urdu complex developed out of a common broadly-spoken lingua franca that came to be used through much of north and central India from the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries during the dynasties of Muslim rulers that pre-dated the Mughal rule. During this time, Persian was in force as the official language of administration and writing but was supplemented by a mixture of the speech of the Delhi area ('Khari Boli', which had Sanskrit as its ultimate ancestor) together with many Persian loanwords as very general means of oral communication among different parts of the Muslim-controlled territories. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, this form of speech was patronized by the rulers of various southern kingdoms and resulted in the growth of an early literature in a language known as Dakhini or southern Hindi-Urdu.}}</ref><ref name=Taj>{{cite web|url=http://www.unc.edu/~taj/abturdu.htm|title=About Hindi-Urdu|last=Taj|first=Afroz|year=1997|publisher=[[The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]|accessdate=21 November 2014|quote=Then, about seven centuries ago, the dialects of Hindi spoken in the region of Delhi began to undergo a linguistic change. In the villages, these dialects continued to be spoken much as they had been for centuries. But around Delhi and other urban areas, under the influence of the Persian-speaking Sultans and their military administration, a new dialect began to emerge which would be called Urdu. While Urdu retained the fundamental grammar and basic vocabulary of its Hindi parent dialects, it adopted the Persian writing system, "Nastaliq" and many additional Persian vocabulary words. Indeed, the great poet Amir Khusro (1253-1325) contributed to the early development of Urdu by writing poems with alternating lines of Persian and Hindi dialect written in Persian script. What began humbly as a hodge-podge language spoken by the Indian recruits in the camps of the Sultan's army, by the Eighteenth Century had developed into a sophisticated, poetic language. It is important to note that over the centuries, Urdu continued to develop side by side with the original Hindi dialects, and many poets have written comfortably in both. Thus the distinction between Hindi and Urdu was chiefly a question of style. A poet could draw upon Urdu's lexical richness to create an aura of elegant sophistication, or could use the simple rustic vocabulary of dialect Hindi to evoke the folk life of the village. Somewhere in the middle lay the day to day language spoken by the great majority of people. This day to day language was often referred to by the all-encompassing term "Hindustani."}}</ref>

The original Hindi dialects continued to develop alongside Urdu and according to Professor Afroz Taj, "the distinction between Hindi and Urdu was chiefly a question of style. A poet could draw upon Urdu's lexical richness to create an aura of elegant sophistication, or could use the simple rustic vocabulary of dialect Hindi to evoke the folk life of the village. Somewhere in the middle lay the day to day language spoken by the great majority of people. This day to day language was often referred to by the all-encompassing term ''Hindustani''."<ref name=Taj/> In [[Colonial India]], Hindi-Urdu acquired vocabulary introduced by [[Mission (Christianity)|Christian missionaries]] from the [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] and [[Romanic languages]], e.g. ''pādrī'' (Devanagari: पादरी, Nastaleeq: پادری) from ''[[wikt:padre|padre]]'', meaning [[pastor]].<ref name="Shackle1990">{{cite book|last=Shackle|first=C.|title=Hindi and Urdu Since 1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0X1jAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=21 November 2014|date=1 January 1990|publisher=Heritage Publishers|isbn=9788170261629|page=6}}</ref>

When describing the state of Hindi-Urdu under the [[British Raj]], Professor Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa stated that "Truly speaking, Hindi and Urdu, spoken by a great majority of people in north India, were the same language written in two scripts; Hindi was written in Devanagari script and therefore had a greater sprinkling of Sanskrit words, while Urdu was written in Persian script and thus had more Persian and Arabic words in it. At the more colloquial level, however, the two languages were mutually intelligible."<ref name="Bandyopādhyāẏa2004">{{cite book|last=Bandyopādhyāẏa|first=Śekhara|title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC&pg=PA243|accessdate=21 November 2014|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=9788125025962|page=243}}</ref> After the [[partition of India]], political forces within [[India]] tried to further [[Sanskritisation (linguistics)|Sanskritize]] Hindi,<ref name="George2013">{{cite book|last=George|first=Rosemary Marangoly|title=Indian English and the Fiction of National Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RtdGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA213|accessdate=21 November 2014|date=21 November 2013|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9781107729551|page=213|quote==Elsewhere Gandhi advocated for both Hindi and Hindustani (an amalgam of Hindi and Persianized Urdu that was in use in the north and could be written in either Nagri or Urdu/Persian script). In 1945, Gandhi resigned from the Hindi Sahitya when it advocated that Hindi was to be written exclusively in the Devanagri script. Over time, as both Hindi and Urdu became increasingly linked with Hindu and Muslim identity respectively, Hindustani had few advocates in India with voices powerful enough to drown out the opposition to it, especially after the trauma of partition. Hindi was deliberately Sanskritized to underline its Hindu roots and to create a purer etymology for the language.}}</ref> while political forces in [[Pakistan]] campaigned to remove Prakit/Sanskrit derived words from Urdu and [[Persianization|supplant them]] with Persian and Arabic words.<ref name="Everaert2010">{{cite book|last=Everaert|first=Christine|title=Tracing the Boundaries Between Hindi and Urdu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LqZ-6QRKc7wC&pg=PA268|accessdate=21 November 2014|year=2010|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004177314|page=268|quote=According to some, Pakistani Urdu has been following the path of religious fanatics in the last twenty-five to thirty years, removing Hindi words from Urdu and replacing them by Persian and Arabic words. The [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]], where Pakistanis go in huge numbers to work during several years of their lives and who sponsor the conservative ''madaris'', are taking the blame for this evolution. The foreign labourers returning to Pakistan after several years in Saudi Arabic and neighbouring countries are said to have been indoctrinated by their Arab hosts.}}</ref> Despite these government efforts, the film industry, [[Bollywood]] continues to release its films in the original Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) language, easily understood and enjoyed by speakers of both registers;<ref name="Simpson2007b">{{cite book|last=Simpson|first=Andrew|title=Language and National Identity in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3XvBbdWCKYC&pg=PA62|accessdate=21 November 2014|date=30 August 2007|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780191533082|page=62|quote=In their formal spoken and written forms, Hindi and Urdu share a common grammar and much basic vocabulary. When Hindi and Urdu are spoken ''informally'' by most of the population, the differences present and clearly discernible in formal language tend to disappear to a very significant extent, and the two varieties become both mutually intelligible and often difficult to tell apart. This frequently used, colloquial form of Hindi and Urdu used in everyday conversation by the majority of speakers has in the past regularly been referred to with the term 'Hindustani'. It is also the form of language standardly used in Bollywood films, which are widely enjoyed by speakers of both Hindi and Urdu.}}</ref> in addition, many of the same television channels are viewed across the border.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/kids-have-it-right-boundaries-of-urdu-and-hindi-are-blurred-579088.html|title=Kids have it right: boundaries of Urdu and Hindi are blurred|last=Patel|first=Aakar|work=[[Firstpost]]|publisher=[[Network 18]]|accessdate=21 November 2014|quote=Cartoon Network, Pogo and the rest were available in English also, of course. However, according to a cable operator from Allama Iqbal Town also quoted in the story, Pakistani children preferred their cartoons in Hindi. This is true of India also, where children including those studying in English schools, watch their cartoons only in Hindi.}}</ref> In modern times, a third variety of Hindustani with significant English influences has also appeared, which is sometimes called [[Hinglish]] or [[Urdish]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kothari |first1=Rita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4tmwFFhoAEC&pg=PA37 |title=Chutnefying English: The Phenomenon of Hinglish |last2=Snell |first2=Rupert |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341639-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Hindi, Hinglish: Head to Head |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/world-policy-journal/article-abstract/29/2/97/78965/Hindi-Hinglish-Head-to-Head |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=read.dukeupress.edu}}</ref><ref name=":3">Salwathura, A. N. "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anusha-Salwathura/publication/346595689_EVOLUTIONARY_DEVELOPMENT_OF_'HINGLISH'_LANGUAGE_WITHIN_THE_INDIAN_SUB-CONTINENT/links/5fc8df9aa6fdcc697bd861a3/EVOLUTIONARY-DEVELOPMENT-OF-HINGLISH-LANGUAGE-WITHIN-THE-INDIAN-SUB-CONTINENT.pdf Evolutionary development of ‘hinglish’language within the indian sub-continent.]" ''International Journal of Research-GRANTHAALAYAH''. Vol. 8. No. 11. Granthaalayah Publications and Printers, 2020. 41-48.</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Vanita |first=Ruth |date=2009-04-01 |title=Eloquent Parrots; Mixed Language and the Examples of Hinglish and Rekhti |url=https://scholarworks.umt.edu/libstudies_pubs/2 |journal=International Institute for Asian Studies Newsletter |issue=50 |pages=16–17}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Rajendra |date=1985-01-01 |title=Modern Hindustani and Formal and Social Aspects of Language Contact |url=https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/itl.70.02sin |journal=ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics |language=en |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=33–60 |doi=10.1075/itl.70.02sin |issn=0019-0829|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Linguistic classification==
[[Hindi language|Hindi]] (हिन्दी ''Hindi'') is one of the [[Indo-Aryan languages]] of the [[Indo-European language family]]. The core of Hindi vocabulary is thus [[etymology|etymologically]] Indo-European. However, centuries of [[loanword|borrowing]] has led to the adoption of a wide range of words with foreign origins.

==Examples of borrowed words==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2022}}
Due to centuries of contact with [[European ethnic groups|European]]s, [[Turkic peoples]], [[Arabs]], [[Persia]]ns, and [[East Asians]], Hindi-Urdu has absorbed countless words from foreign languages, often totally integrating these [[Loanword|borrowings]] into the core vocabulary. The most common borrowings from foreign languages come from three different kinds of contact. Close contact with neighboring peoples facilitated the borrowing of words from [[Languages of India|other Indian languages]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Burmese language|Burmese]], and several indigenous [[Austroasiatic languages]] of North India. After centuries of invasions from [[Persia]] and the [[Middle East]], particularly under the [[Mughal Empire]], numerous [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and [[Persian language|Persian]] words were absorbed and fully integrated into the lexicon. Later, [[Europe]]an [[colonialism]] brought words from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[French language|French]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], and most significantly [[English language|English]]. Some very common borrowings are shown below.

===Borrowings from neighboring languages===

====Other Indo-Aryan languages====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Origin
|-
|style="width:08em"|चड्डी چڈی ''caḍḍī''||underwear||[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ਚੱਡੀ ''caḍḍī''
|-
|खट्टा کھٹا ''khaṭṭā''||sour||Punjabi ਖੱਟਾ ''khaṭṭā''
|-
|कुंजी کنجی ''kuñjī''||key||Punjabi ਕੁੰਜੀ ''kuñjī''
|-
|लफड़ा لفڑا ''laphṛā''||fight, love affair (originally [[Bombay Hindi]])||[[Marathi language|Marathi]] लफडे ''laphḍe'' or [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] લફડો ''laphḍo''
|-
|}

====Dravidian languages (द्राविड़ी دراوڑی ''Drāviṛī'')====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Origin
|-
|style="width:08em"|कबड्डी کبڈی ''kabaḍḍī''||[[kabaddi]]||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] கை பிடி ''kai piṭi'' ("to hold hands")
|-
|वड़ा وڑا ''vaṛā''||[[Vada (food)|vada]]||Tamil வடை ''vaṭai''
|-
|अगर اگر ''agar''||[[agarwood]]||Tamil அகில் ''akil''
|-
|चप्पल چپل ''cappal''||sandals||[[Telugu language|Telugu]] చెప్పులు ''ceppulu'' ("shoes, footwear")
|}

====Austroasiatic languages====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning
|-
|style="width:08em"|आलू آلو ''ālū''||potato
|-
|खोज کھوج ''khoj''||discovery
|-
|चावल چاول ''cāwal'' ||rice grains
|-
|चूल्हा چولہا ''cūlhā''||oven, stove
|-
|झोल جھول ''jhol''||gravy
|-
|टांग ٹانگ ''ṭaṅg''||leg
|-
|ढोल ڈھول ''ḍhol''||[[dhol]], drum
|-
|पेट پیٹ ''peṭ''||belly
|-
|}

====Chinese (चीनी چینی ''Cīnī'')====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|चाय چائے ''cāy''||tea||茶 ''chá''
|-
|चीनी چینی ''cīnī''||sugar/Chinese||秦 ''qín''
|-
|लीची لیچی ''līcī''||lychee||茘枝 ''lìzhī''
|-
|}

===Borrowings from the Persianate era===

====Arabic (अरबी عربی ''Arbī'')====
All Arabic loanwords in Hindi-Urdu are through Classical Persian.
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|अक़्ल عقل ''aql''||wisdom|| عقل ''‘aql''
|-
|इलाक़ा علاقہ ''ilāqā''||area|| علاقة ''‘alāqa'' "relationship, connection"
|-
|वज़न وزن ''vazan''||weight||وزن ''wazn'' "scale"
|-
|क़बर قبر ''qabr''||grave||قبر ''qubr''
|-
|ख़बर خبر ''k͟habar''||news||خبر ''ḫabar''
|-
|ख़ाली خالی ''k͟hālī''||empty||خالي ''ḫāliyy''
|-
|ख़्याल خیال ''k͟hayāl''||consideration||خيال ''ḫayāl'' " imagination"
|-
|ग़रीब غریب ''ġarīb''||poor||غريب ''ġarīb'' "strange"
|-
|जवाब جواب ''javāb'' ||answer||جواب ''jawāb''
|-
|सवाल سوال ''savāl'' ||question||سؤال ''su‘āl''
|-
|जमा جمع ''jamā''||collect||جمع ''jam‘''
|-
|तारीख़ تاریخ ''tārīk͟h''||date||تاريخ ''tārīḫ'' "history, date"
|-
|दुनिया دنیا ''duniyā''||world||دنيا ''dunyā''
|-
|नक़ल نقل ''naqal''||fake||نقل ''naql''
|-
|फ़क़ीर فقیر ''faqīr''||poor person||فقير ''faqīr''
|-
|बदल بدل ''badal''||exchange||بدل ''badl''
|-
|बाक़ी باقی ''bāqī''||remaining||بقي ''baqīy''
|-
|साहब صاحب ''sāhab''||sir||صاحب ''ṣāḥib'' "friend"
|-
|हिसाब حساب ''hisāb'' ||calculation||حساب ''ḥisāb''
|-
|मालिक مالک ''mālik'' ||owner||مالك ''mālik'' "owner, proprietor, holder"
|-
|लज़ीज़ لذیذ ''lazīz'' ||delicious||لذيذ ''laḏīḏ'' "tasty"
|-
|किताब کتاب ''kitāb''||book||كتاب
''kitāb'' "book"
|-
|एहतियात احتیاط ''ehtiyāt''||precaution||احتياط
''iḥtiyyāt'' "precaution, reserve"
|-
|शख़्स شخص ''śak͟hs''||person||شخص ''šaḫs'' "person"
|-
|शहीद شہید ''śahīd''||martyr||شهيد ''šahīd'' "martyr"
|-
|हद حد ''had''||limit||حد ''ḥadd'' "limit"
|-
|सेहत صحت ''sehat''||health|| صحة ''ṣiḥa'' "health"
|-
|}

====Persian (फ़ारसी فارسی)====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Caption text
|-
! Word !! Meaning !! Original Form
|-
| ख़ुश خوش ''k͟huś'' || happy || خوش ''xwaš''
|-
| दर्द درد ''dard'' || pain || درد ''dard''
|-
| बदन بدن ''badan'' || body || بدن ''badan''
|-
| शायद شاید ''śāyad'' || maybe || شاید ''šāyad''
|-
| हमेशा ہمیشہ ''hameśā'' || always || همیشه ''hamēša''
|-
| साल سال ''sāl'' || year || سال ''sāl''
|-
| गर्म گرم ''garm'' || warm || گرم ''garm''
|-
| आसमान آسمان ''āsmān'' || sky || آسمان ''āsmān''
|-
| ज़मीन زمین ''zamīn'' || land || زمین ''zamīn'', "the earth"
|-
| रोज़ा روزہ ''rozā'' || fasting || روزه ''rōza'', "a fast"
|}

====Turkic languages (तुर्की ترکی ''Turkī'')====
Almost all [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] loans in Hindi-Urdu have been borrowed via Classical Persian.
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|उर्दू اردو ''Urdū''||Urdu||Ultimately from [[Proto-Turkic]] *''ordu'' ("army") (via Persian اردو ''urdū''; language sense is shortened from Persian زبان اردوی معلی ''zubān-i urdū-yi mu‘allā'', "language of the exalted camp"; see more at [[Urdu#Etymology|Urdu § Etymology]])
|-
|क़ैंची قینچی ''qaiñcī''||scissors|| ''kaïcï'' in [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]]/[[Proto-Mongolic]] (via Persian قینچی ''qaynčī'')
|-
|क़ोरमा قورمہ ''qormā''||[[korma]]||[[Ottoman Turkish]] قاورمه ''kaverma'' ("roasted meat") (via Persian قورمه ''qōrma'')
|-
|बावरची باورچی ''bāvarcī''||cook, chef||Ottoman Turkish via Persian باورچی ''bāwarčī''
|-
|बेगम بیگم ''begam''||lady||Chagatai بیگم ''begim'' (via Persian بیگم ''bēgum'')
|-
|क़ुली قلی ''qulī''||laborer, porter||Chagatai قلی ''quli'' ("slave of")
|-
|यूरिश یورش ''yūriś''||assault||Chagatai یورش ''yöriş'' (via Persian یورش ''yūriš'')
|-
|}

===Borrowings from the Colonial Era===

====Portuguese (पुर्तुगाली پرتگالی ''Purtugālī'')====
Portuguese borrowings mostly describe household items, fruits, and religious concepts dealing with [[Catholicism]]:

'''''Household'''''

{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|अलमारी الماری ''almāri''||closet, cupboard||armário
|-
|आलपीन آلپین ''ālpīn''||safety pin||alfinete
|-
|इस्त्री استری ''istrī''||to iron||estirar (means to lengthen a cable)
|-
|इस्पात ایسپات ''ispāt''||steel||espada "sword"
|-
|गमला گملا ''gamlā''||basket||gamela "wooden trough"
|-
|चाबी چابی ''cābī''||key||chave
|-
|जंगला جنگلا ''jaṅglā''||window-railing||janela
|-
|तम्बाकू تمباکو ''tambākū''||tobacco||tabaco
|-
|तौलिया تولیہ ''tauliyā''||towel||toalha
|-
|फ़ीता فیتا ''fītā''||lace, ribbon||fita
|-
|बराम्दा برامدہ ''baramdā''||verandah||varanda
|-
|बाल्टी بالٹی ''bālṭī''||pail||balde
|-
|}

'''''Food'''''

{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|अनानास انناس ''anānās''||pineapple||ananás
|-
|काजू کاجو ''kāju''||cashew||caju
|-
|गोभी گوبھی ''gobhī''||cabbage, cauliflower||couve
|-
|पाउ रोटी پاؤ روٹی ''pāu roṭī''||sliced bread||pão "bread" (generic name for bread)
|-
|पपीता پپیتا ''papītā''||papaya||papaia
|-
|साबूदाना سابودانا ''sābūdānā''||sago||sagu
|-
|सलाद سلاد ''salād''||salad||salada
|-
|}

'''''Religion'''''

{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|क्रूस کروس ''krūs''||cross||cruz
|-
|गिरजा گرجا ''girjā''||church||igreja
|-
|पादरी پادری ''padrī''||Christian priest/minister ||padre
|-
|}

'''''Other'''''

{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|अंग्रेज़ انگریز ''aṅgrez''||English||inglês
|-
|ओलंदेज़ اولبدیز ''olandez''||Dutch||holandês ("Hollander")
|-
|अस्पताल اسپتال ''aspatāl''||hospital||espital
|-
|पिस्तौल پستول ''pistaul''||pistol||pistola
|-
|फ़ालतू فالتو ''fāltū''||useless||falto
|-
|}

====French (फ़रासीसी فراسیسی ''Farāsīsī'')====
Only a handful of French borrowings are still used in Hindi-Urdu today.

{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|कारतूस کارتوس ''kārtūs''||cartridge||cartouche
|-
|अटैची اٹیچی ''aṭaicī''||suitcase||attaché
|-
|रेस्तराँ ریستوراں ''restarā̃''||restaurant||restaurant
|}

====English (अंग्रेज़ी انگریزی ''Aṅgrezī'')====
{{See also|Englishisation#South Asia}}
Most borrowed words of European origin in Hindi-Urdu were imported through English and involve civic and household concepts:

''Civic life''

{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|अफ़सर افسر ''afsar''||officer
|-
|जेल جیل ''jel''||jail
|-
|डॉक्टर ڈاکٹر ''ḍôktar''||doctor
|-
|पुलिस پولیس ''pulis''||police
|-
|बैंक بینک ''baiṅk''||bank
|-
|वोट ووٹ ''voṭ''||vote
|-
|स्कूल اسکول ''skūl''/''iskūl''||school
|-
|}

''Household''

{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|कप کپ ''kap''||cup
|-
|गिलास گلاس ''gilās''||glass
|-
|टेबल ٹیبل ''ṭebal''||table
|-
|बॉक्स باکس ''bôks''||box
|-
|लालटेन لالٹین ''lālṭen''||lantern
|-
|कनस्तर کنستر ''kanastar''||canister
|}

== Days of the week ==

Colloquial Hindustani uses [[Tadbhava|tadbhav]] words, (more precisely, ardh-tatsam terms), with slight variations across Delhi's [[Khari Boli]] and other regional [[Hindi languages]]. In present day, [[Modern Standard Hindi]], which is preferred by followers of [[Dharmic religions]], uses pure [[Tatsama|tatsam]] forms (direct Sanskrit loanwords). And [[Standard Urdu]], which is preferred by the followers of [[Islam]], uses 2 loanwords from [[Arabic]] (for Thursday and Friday), 2 loanwords from [[Classical Persian|Persian]] (for Monday and Saturday), and remaining words used from colloquial Hindustani as it is. [[Deccani language|Dakhini]] distinctively uses a different Persian loanword for Wednesday (''chār-śambah''), from [[Rekhta]], the older register of Standard Urdu, and still used today by Muslims for religious days like [[Akhiri Chahar Shambah]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Comparison of daynames across different registers
|-
! Hinglish
! Colloquial Hindustani
! Formal Hindi
! Formal Urdu
! Rekhta
|-
| Sunday
| itvār / ādi
| ravivār
| itwār
| ēk-śambah
|-
| Monday
| sōm
| sōmvār
| pīr
| dō-śambah
|-
| Tuesday
| mangal / mangar
| mangalvār
| mangal
| tī/sī-śambah
|-
| Wednesday
| budh
| budhvār
| budh
| chār-śambah
|-
| Thursday
| biphe / biphai
| guruvār
| jumerāt
| panj-śambah
|-
| Friday
| sukkar / sūk
| śukravār
| jum'ā
| jum'ā
|-
| Saturday
| sanīchar / thābar
| śanivār
| haftah
| śambah
|}

== Numbers ==

=== Zero ===

In Hindustani, the word ''sunnā'' is used for zero, and in Urdu, the Arabic word ''sifar'' is used. Today in Formal Hindi, the Sanskrit word ''śūnya'' is used, and in [[Hinglish]], it is ''jīrō'' (direct loanword from English).

=== Thousand ===

In [[Khariboli]] (Old Hindi), the word ''sahas'' was used to denote ''thousand'', which was the shortened [[tadbhava]] form of the Sanskrit word ''[[sahasra]]''. Since the [[Delhi Sultanate]], the Persian loanword ''hazār'' became commonly used in Hindustani for denoting ''thousand'', colloquially pronounced as ''hajār'' in Hindi.

=== Ordinals ===

For ordinal numbers, Hindustani uses [[tadbhava]] words (native vocabulary), Formal Hindi prefers [[tatsama]] (Sanskrit loanwords), and Formal Urdu prefers Perso-Arabic loanwords.

{| class="wikitable"
! English !! Hindustani !! Modern Standard Hindi !! Standard Urdu
|-
| First || Pahlā || Pratham || Avval
|-
| Second || Dūsrā || Dvitīya || Dom / Doyam
|-
| Third || Tīsrā || Tr̥tīya || Som / Soyam
|-
| Fourth || Cauthā || Caturtha || Cahārum
|-
| Fifth || Pāñcvāṅ || Pañcam || Panjum
|-
| Sixth || Chaṭhā || Ṣaṣṭha || Šašum
|-
| Seventh || Sātvāṅ || Saptam || Haftum
|-
| Eighth || Āṭhvāṅ || Aṣṭam || Haštum
|-
| Ninth || Nauvāṅ || Navam || Nuhum
|-
| Tenth || Dasvāṅ || Daśam || Dahum
|}

== See also ==
*[[Hindustani etymology]]
*[[Hindustani grammar]]
*[[Hindustani orthography]]
*[[Hindustani phonology]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindi Vocabulary}}
[[Category:Hindustani language|Vocabulary]]
[[Category:Hindi]]
[[Category:Urdu]]
[[Category:Lexis (linguistics)]]

Hindustani vocabulary - Revision history

Sbahin at 13:07, 29 April 2026