>Nemo bis at 22:28, 24 April 2021

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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
[[File:Bangalore LadyCurzonHospital.jpg|thumb|[[Mary Curzon, Baroness Curzon of Kedleston|Lady Curzon]] hospital in the Bangalore Cantonment was established in 1864 and later named after the first wife of the [[Viceroy]] of India, [[Lord Curzon]].]]
'''[[Bangalore]]''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|æ|ŋ|ɡ|əl|ɔr}}; ) is the capital city of the [[States of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]]. Bangalore, as a city, was founded by [[Kempe Gowda I]], who built a mud fort at the site in 1537. But the earliest evidence for the existence of a place called Bangalore dates back to c. 890.<ref name=TheHinduinscription>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040912144705/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 September 2004|title=Inscription reveals Bengaluru is over 1,000 years old|date= 20 August 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref>

== Gangas, Cholas and Hoysalas ==
[[File:Belur4.jpg|thumb|The Hoysala architecture is noted for its elaborate motifs.]]
The Gangas ruled Gangavadi from [[Kolar]] starting c. 350 and later shifted their capital to [[Talakadu]].<ref name=Karnataka>[http://www.karnataka.com/history/ "History of Bangalore"].</ref>
An article, published in ''[[The Hindu]]'', states:<ref name=TheHindu>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040912144705/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm "Inscription reveals Bangalore is over 1,000 years old"]. The Hindu. 2006. The Hindu Group. 20 Aug. 2004</ref>{{reliable|date=September 2016}})
:''An inscription, dating back to 890 AD, shows Bangalore is over 1,000 years old. But it stands neglected at the Parvathi Nageshwara Temple in Begur near the city ... written in ''hale Kannada'' (old Kannada) of the 9th Century, the [[epigraph (archeology)|epigraph]] refers to a ''Bangalore war'' in 890 AD in which Buttanachetty, a servant of Nagatta, died.
Though this has been recorded by historian R. Narasimhachar in his "Epigraphia of Carnatica" (Vol. 10 supplementary), no efforts have been made to preserve it.'' The inscription stone found near [[Begur, India|Begur]] reveals, that the district was part of the [[Ganga kingdom|Ganga Kingdom]] ruled from [[Gangavadi]] until 1024 C.E and was known as 'Benga-val-oru', the ''City of Guards'' in old [[Kannada]].

Edgar Thurston (Castes and Tribes of India Volume 5) states that the [[Kongu Nadu|Kongu]] region was ruled by a series of twenty eight kings before being conquered by the [[Cholas]] of [[Tanjore]], citing the earliest portion of the Kongu Chronicle - ''Kongu Desa Rajakkal'' (a manuscript in ''The Mackenzie Collection'') which gives a series of short notices of the reigns of all the kings who ruled the country from the start of the Christian era till its conquest by the Cholas. These kings belonged to two distinct dynasties: the earlier line of the ''Solar race'' which had a succession of seven kings of the Ratti tribe, and the later line of the Ganga race, itself claimed to be a branch of the Solar race.

In 1024 C.E, the [[Chola Empire]] captured the city. Today, little evidence can be seen of this period. A small village in south Bangalore and one in [[Anantapur district]] bear the [[Chola]] name but the residents are of native stock. The later Gangas often fought alongside the [[Chalukyas]], [[Rastrakutas]] and the [[Hoysalas]]. In 1117 C.E, the [[Hoysala]] king [[Vishnuvardhana]] defeated the Cholas in the battle of Talakad which led to the Hoysalas regaining control of Talakad.

A popular [[anecdote]] recounts that the 11th-century Hoysala king Veera Ballala II, while on a hunting expedition, lost his way in the forest. Tired and hungry, he came across a poor old woman who served him boiled ladyfinger. The grateful king named the place "benda kaal-ooru" ({{lang-kn|ಬೆಂದ ಕಾಳು ಊರು}}) (literally, "town of boiled beans"), which was eventually colloquialised to "Bengalūru".<ref name="Bendakaalooru">http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/Oct302006/index20581420061029.asp</ref>
There are also theories that the name has a floral origin and is derived from the tree Benga or "Ven-kai", also known as the [[Indian Kino Tree]] (Pterocarpus marsupium).<ref name=BangaloreGuide>[http://www.bangaloreguide.com/About/history.asp "History of Bangalore"]. Bangalore Guide 2006. Bangalore Guide</ref> The city as it is known today was named by Kempe Gowda I.

== Vijayanagara and Kempe Gowda ==


Kempe Gowda I, Modern Bangalore was founded by a [[vassal|feudatory]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], who built a mud fort in the year 1537. Kempe Gowda also referred to the new town as his "gandu bhoomi" or "Land of Heroes".<ref name=gandubhoomi>{{cite web|url= http://www.bangaloreit.in/html/aboutbng/history.htm |title=About Bangalore - History |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060919220936/http://www.bangaloreit.in/html/aboutbng/history.htm |archive-date=19 September 2006 |publisher=Department of IT and Biotechnology, Government of Karnataka}}</ref> Within Bangalore, the town was divided into '''''pete'''''s ({{IPA-kn|pete|IPA}}) or market. The town had two main streets: [[Streets of Old Bangalore|Chikkapete Street]] ran east–west and Doddapete Street ran north–south. Their intersection formed Doddapete square<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Making of Bengaluru|url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/cover-story/2019/05/08/the-making-of-bengaluru|access-date=2021-01-27|website=www.livehistoryindia.com|language=en}}</ref> – the heart of then Bangalore. Kempe Gowda's successor, Kempe Gowda II, built temples, tanks including Kempapura and Karanjikere tanks and four watching towers that marked Bangalore's boundary.<ref name=bglrHist2>Vagale, Uday Kumar. [http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9941 "Public Space in Bengaluru: Present and Future Projections"]. Digital Libraries and Archives. 2006. Virginia Tech. 27 Apr. 2004.</ref> There is an inscription dated 1628 C.E in the Ranganatha Temple in Telugu. The English translation of which is "Be it well, When Rajadhi-Raja-Parameshwara Vira Pratapa Vira-Maha-Deva Maharaya seated in the Jewel throne was ruling the empire of the world: When of the Asannavakula, the Yelahanka Nadu Prabhu Kempanacharya-Gauni's grandson Kempe Gowda's son, Immadi Kempegaunayya was ruling a peaceful kingdom in righteousness with the decline of the Vijayanagar empire, the eclipse of the rule of Yelahanka Nadu Prabhus took place at the dawn of the 17th century."

The four watchtowers built at the time in Bangalore are still seen today in the following places which are :
* Lal Bagh Botanical Garden<ref>{{Cite book|last= Vinoda|first=K.|url=http://archive.org/details/TheLalbaghAHistoryByKVinoda|title=The Lalbagh - A History, By K. Vinoda|date=1989-09-27|publisher=Department of history, Bangalore University|year=1989|isbn=|location=|pages=1}}</ref>
* Kempambudhi Tank
* Ulsoor Lake
* Mekhri Circle

== Sultanate of Bijapur ==
It was captured by the [[Maratha]] chief [[Shahaji]] [[Bhosale]], father of [[Shivaji]], then working for the [[Adil Shahi]] [[sultan]]s of [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] in 1638. During the siege of Bangalore, Shivaji's elder brother '''Sambhaji/Shambhuji''' was killed<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Marathas: Shivaji's Ancestors|url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesFarEast/India_EarlyModern_Marathas02.htm|access-date=2021-01-06|website=www.historyfiles.co.uk}}</ref> by incumbents of [[Mudhol State]], for which Shivaji was to later exact revenge.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

== Mughal Influence ==
After conquering the Sultanate of Bijapur, the [[Mughals]] under the command of Khasim Khan, then arrived in Bangalore, which was ruled by Shivaji's brother Venkoji/Ekoji Bhonsale. Ekoji, who faced the prospect of losing his jagir to the Mughals, made an offer to sell Bangalore to [[Chikka Devaraja]] [[Wodeyar]] in 1689 for three lakhs.<ref>https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/spectrum/spectrum-top-stories/how-bengaluru-was-bought-for-rs-3-lakh-333-years-ago-859720.html?__twitter_impression=true</ref> Later, Bangalore was given as a personal jagir by the then Woedeyar King [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar II]] to his ''dalvoy'' [[Hyder Ali]] in 1759. But by 1761, Hyder Ali had become a de facto Ruler and was proclaimed as the ''Sarvadhikari''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hayavadana Rao C|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.81297|title=History Of Mysore 1399-1799 Vol Ii|date=1946|publisher=|isbn=|location=|pages=362}}</ref>(Regent) of the Kingdom.

== Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan ==
When Hyder Ali died in 1782,<ref>{{Cite book|last=William Edward Hartpole Lecky|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98128|title=A History Of England In The Eighteenth Century|date=1911|publisher=|isbn=|location=|pages=87}}</ref> his son [[Tipu Sultan]] deposed the weak Wodeyar, proclaimed himself Sultan. Under Tipu Sultan and Hyder Ali the state progressed economically and trade flourished with many foreign nations through the ports of [[Mangalore]]. Several attempts by the British to capture Bangalore were repulsed by the Mysorean Army, most notably in 1768 when Hyder Ali forced Colonel Nicholson of the British Army to lift his siege of Bangalore. The [[French people|French]] under [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] had promised to drive the British from India. Tipu successfully stalled the British in the [[First Anglo-Mysore War|first]], [[Second Anglo-Mysore War|second]] and [[Third Anglo-Mysore War|third]] [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]].

[[Bangalore fort]] was captured by the East India company armies under the command of [[Governor-General of India|company governor general]], [[Charles Cornwallis]], on 21 March 1791 during the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] and formed a centre for British resistance against Tipu Sultan,<ref name="Mil_Engr_In_India_Vol_1">{{cite book |title=The Military Engineer in India, Vol I |last=Sandes |first=Lt Col E.W.C. |year=1933 |publisher=The Institution of Royal Engineers |location=Chatham |pages=163–165 }}</ref> being incorporated into the [[British India]]n Empire after Tipu Sultan was defeated and killed in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1799). A prominent role was played by the [[Madras Sappers]] in the capture of the Fort and subsequent development of the cantonment and the city. Bangalore is the permanent home of this Indian Army regiment since the mid-nineteenth century.

== Wodeyars and British East India ==
[[File:Bangalore Palace.jpg|thumb|[[Bangalore Palace]], built in 1887, was home to the [[Kingdom of Mysore|rulers of Mysore]]]]
Upon the passing of Tipu Sultan, the Wodeyars returned to the throne of [[Mysore State|Mysore]], and therefore Bangalore, although only as figureheads. Bengaluru remained part of [[British East India]] until Indian independence in August, 1947.

The 'Residency' of Mysore State was first established at Mysore in 1799 and later shifted to Bengaluru in the year 1804. It was
abolished in the year 1843 only to be revived in 1881 at Bengaluru and finally to be closed down in 1947 with the departure of the
British. (https://web.archive.org/web/20120206190404/http://rajbhavan.kar.nic.in/history/fromresi-rajbhavan.htm)

The British troops which were first stationed at Srirangapatna after the fall of Tipu Sultan in 1799 were later shifted to the Civil and
Military Station of Bangalore in 1809.

The salubrious climate of Bangalore attracted the ruling class and led to the establishment of the famous Military Cantonment, a
city-state close to the old town of Bangalore. The area became not only a military base for the British but also a settlement for a
large number of Europeans, Anglo-Indians and missionaries.

In Cantonment, the names of many of its streets are derived from military [[wikt:nomenclature|nomenclature]] — [[Artillery]] Road, [[Brigade]] Road, [[Infantry]] Road and [[Cavalry]] Road. The South Parade (now known as [[Mahatma Gandhi]] Road) was to the south of the Parade Ground. The [[Plaza Theatre (Bengaluru)|Plaza theatre]] was constructed in the year 1936 on the South Parade and was used by the soldiers for viewing [[Hollywood]] movies. The British representative maintained a residence within the cantonment area and his quarters was called the [[House|Residency]] and hence the name Residency Road. Around 1883, three developments were added to the cantonment – Richmond Town, Benson Town and Cleveland Town.

The Cantonment has retained it distinct atmosphere through the years with large populations of Anglo-Indians and Tamils from the British era.
[[File:Central Library @ Cubbon Park.jpg|thumb|Central Library]]

===Water shortages===
The lack of water supplies within the city of Bangalore was first tackled in 1873 by building a chain of tanks called Miller's Tanks in the Cantonment area. Prior to this water was pumped from the Halsoor, Shoolay and Pudupacherry tanks which were insufficient for the Civil and Military Station. The city area drew water from a ''Karanjee'' system from Dharmambudhi and Sampangi tanks. The Great Famine of 1875-77<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-08-04|title=A devastating famine|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/423536/a-devastating-famine.html|access-date=2021-01-18|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> and the failure of the monsoons led to drying of all these water bodies. During this time water carriers ''Bihistis'' supplied water. In 1882 the [[Sankey Tank|Sankey Reservoir]] was constructed at the cost of ₹5.75 Lakhs by [[Richard Hieram Sankey]] and collected rain water from an area of {{convert|2.5|sqmi|km2}}. The water was said to be unsavoury and impure. On 23 June 1896 water was pumped from the Chamarajendra Reservoir (Hessarghatta) which dammed the waters of the Arkavathi. This tank went dry for one year in 1925. It was built at the cost of ₹20,78,641. On 15 March 1933, the Thippagondanahalli Reservoir was put into service. On 21 May 1961, the Integrated Water Supply Scheme was inaugurated. This system collected water from the Cauvery river near Halgur and pumped up at Thorekadanahalli, Voddaradoddi, Gantakanadoddi and Tatguni and stored in reservoirs at Mount Joy, Byrasandra and High Grounds.<ref>Hassan (1970):183-194</ref>

=== Plague-Crisis of 1898 ===
Bangalore was hit by a [[Bubonic plague|plague]] [[epidemic]] in 1898.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tennant|first1=Warren S. D.|last2=Tildesley|first2=Mike J.|last3=Spencer|first3=Simon E. F.|last4=Keeling|first4=Matt J.|date=2020-06-10|title=Climate drivers of plague epidemiology in British India, 1898–1949|url= |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=287|issue=1928|pages=20200538|doi=10.1098/rspb.2020.0538|pmc=7341932|pmid=32517609}}</ref> The epidemic took a huge toll and many temples were built during this time, dedicated to the goddess Mariamma. The crisis caused by this epidemic catalyzed the improvement and [[sanitation]] of Bengaluru and, in turn, improvements in sanitation and health facilities helped to modernize Bengaluru.

Telephone lines were laid to help coordinate anti-plague operations. Regulations for building new houses with proper sanitation facilities came into effect. A health officer was appointed in 1898, the city was divided into four wards for better coordination and the [[Victoria Hospital (Bangalore Medical College)|Victoria Hospital]] was inaugurated in 1900 by [[George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], [[Viceroy]] and [[Governor-General]] of British India.

=== 1900s ===
[[File:Bangalore1924 map.png|thumb|300px|right|Bangalore city map, circa 1924 from "Murray's 1924 Handbook", with the ''pete'' and Cantonment areas clearly visible.]]

Sometimes it is claimed that, in 1906, Bangalore became the first city in Asia to have electricity, supplied by the [[hydroelectric]] plant situated in [[Shivanasamudra]]. This information is controversial, as the first electric power supply was started in Kolkata in the year of 1898, to the then Bank of Bengal.

Basavanagudi (named either after the Basavanna Temple or the [[Bull Temple]] in the village of Sunkenahalli) and [[Malleshwaram]] (named after the Kadu Malleshwara Temple in the old Mallapura village) were created during this time. Kalasipalyam (near the old fort) and [[Gandhinagar]] were created between 1921–1931.

Bangalore's reputation as the Garden City of India began in 1927 with the [[Silver Jubilee]] celebrations of the rule of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV]]. Several projects such as the construction of parks, public buildings and hospitals were instituted to improve the city.
<ref name="outlook">{{cite news|last=Srinivasaraju|first=Sugata|title=ElectriCity|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?230851|access-date=15 November 2011|newspaper=Outlook India|date=10 April 2006}}</ref>
Bangalore therefore served traditionally as a retreat for people from the surrounding [[South India]]n regions. Even today, the city administration manages to maintain several parks. [[Cubbon Park]] and [[Lal Bagh]] are two such examples.

==Indian Independence (1947)==
After Indian independence in August 1947, Bangalore remained in the Mysore State of which the Maharaja of Mysore was the [[Rajapramukh]].<ref name="outlook"/>
[[File:Vidhana Soudha 2012.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The [[Vidhana Soudha]]]]

Bangalore continued to be the capital of the unified and linguistically homogeneous [[Kannada]]-speaking new Mysore state that was created in 1956, and renamed to [[Karnataka]] in 1973.

Kumara Park came into existence in 1947 and [[Jayanagar, Bangalore|Jayanagar]] in 1948. In the 1960s and 1970s an elite neighborhood was developed in the former gardens of the Bangalore Palace, which was known as "Palace Orchards" now called [[Sadhashivnagar]]. The area is now home to many of the wealthy members of Bangalore society, celebrities and politicians.

Public sector employment and education provided opportunities for Kannadigas from the rest of the state to migrate to the city. In the decades that followed, Bangalore's manufacturing base continued to expand with the establishment of private companies such as [[MICO]] (Motor Industries Company), which set up its manufacturing plant in the city. Industrialization created further growth that extended from the [[Peenya]] Industrial Area in the west to [[Indiranagar]] and [[Whitefield, India|Whitefield]] in the east; from [[Yelahanka]] Town in the north, to [[J.P. Nagar]] in the south.

===1991 Economic Reforms===
Bangalore experienced a growth in its real estates e market in the 1980s and 1990s, spurred by capital investors from other parts of the country who converted Bangalore's large plots and colonial [[bungalow]]s into multi-storied apartments.
In 1985, [[Texas Instruments]] became the first [[multinational corporation]] to set up base in Bangalore. Other information technology companies followed suit, and, by the end of the 20th century, Bangalore had firmly established itself as the ''[[Silicon Valley]] of India''.

With an estimated population of 8.5 million in 2011,
<ref name=2011UA>{{cite web|title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|work=Censusindia|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref>
Bangalore is now the fourth most populous city in India and the 28th most populous city in the world.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=aohdq |work=World-Gazetter.com |title=World: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population |access-date=17 October 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121217203749/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=aohdq |archive-date=17 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Bangalore was the fastest-growing Indian metropolis after New Delhi between 1991–2001.

In 2005, the [[Government of Karnataka]] announced it had accepted a proposal to [[Renaming of cities in India|rename]] Bangalore to ''Bengaluru''.
<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-11/india/27862209_1_bengaluru-classical-language-kannada|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929222432/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-11/india/27862209_1_bengaluru-classical-language-kannada|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2012|title=Bangalore to be renamed Bengaluru|date=11 December 2005|location=India|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 April 2009}}</ref>
In 2006, the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] (BBMP), the [[municipal government|third level of government]], passed a resolution to implement the proposed name change.
<ref>{{Cite news| title=It will be 'Bengaluru', resolves BMP | date=28 September 2006 | url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/28/stories/2006092824250300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001090623/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/28/stories/2006092824250300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 October 2007 |access-date=16 May 2007 | work=[[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
However, this process had been stalled due to delays in getting clearances from the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Union Home Ministry]].<ref>{{Cite news| title=Centre mum on 'Bengaluru' | date=18 December 2007 | url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/18/stories/2007121854970600.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219174128/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/18/stories/2007121854970600.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 December 2007 |access-date=10 April 2008 | work=[[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
In 2014, Union ministry approved the name change to Bengaluru.<ref>Indian Express. {{cite web|url= http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bangalore-is-now-bengaluru/|title=Bangalore is now Bengaluru}} {{small|(149 KB)}}.</ref>

{{Historical populations
| align=left
|state=collapsed
| 1871 | 142513
| 1881 | 155857
| 1891 | 180366
|1901 | 159030
| 1911 | 189485
|1921 | 237496
|1931 | 306470
| 1941 | 406760
| 1951 | 778977
| 1961 | 1199931
| 1971 | 1653779
| 1981 | 2913537
| 1991 | 3628165
}}

== See also ==
* [[History of India]]
* [[Bengaluru]]
* [[Bengaluru Pete]]
* [[Mysore State]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* Fazlul Hasan. 1970. ''Bengaluru Through the Centuries''. Historical Publications.
*[[Ba. Na. Sundara Rao|Sundara Rao, B.N.]] 1985. Bengalurina Itihasa - A History of Bangalore in Kannada. Second reprint 2011, Ankita Pustaka, Bangalore.
* Annaswamy, T.V. 2003. Bengaluru to Bangalore: urban history of Bangalore from the pre-historic period to the end of the 18th century. Vengadam Publications, Bangalore.

{{Bangalore topics}}

[[Category:History of Bangalore| ]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka]]

[[gl:Historia de Bangalore]]

History of Bangalore - Revision history

>Nemo bis at 22:28, 24 April 2021