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{{About|the history and evolution of the [[Hindustani language]]|the history of the Hindustani people|Indian people|the history of the Hindustani culture|culture of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
'''[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]''' ([[Hindi]]: हिंदुस्तानी, [[Urdu]]: {{Nastaliq|ہندوستانی}}) is one of the predominant [[languages of South Asia]], with federal status in [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] in its standardized forms of [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]]. It is widely spoken and understood as a second language in [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], and the [[Persian Gulf]] and as such is considered [[Lingua franca|a lingua franca]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2006/munshis96677/munshis96677.pdf|title=Jammu and Kashmir Burushaski: Language, Language contact and change|work=Sadaf Munshi, Doctor of Philosophy, University of Texas|access-date=24 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921060336/https://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2006/munshis96677/munshis96677.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is also one of the most widely spoken languages in the world by total number of speakers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/language-linguistics-and-literary-terms/language-and-linguistics/hindustani|title=Hindustani|work=Columbia University press|publisher=encyclopedia.com}}</ref>
It developed in [[north India]], principally during the [[Mughal Empire]], when the [[Persian language]] exerted a strong influence on the Western [[Hindi languages]] of central India; this [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb|contact between the Hindu and Muslim cultures]] resulted in the core Indo-Aryan vocabulary of the Indian dialect of Hindi spoken in Delhi, whose earliest form is known as [[Old Hindi]], being enriched with Persian loanwords.<ref name="Rekhta2020">{{cite web |title=Women of the Indian Sub-Continent: Makings of a Culture - Rekhta Foundation |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/women-of-the-indian-sub-continent-makings-of-a-culture-rekhta-foundation/dwJy7qboNi3fIg?hl=en |publisher=[[Google Arts & Culture]] |access-date=25 February 2020 |language=en |quote=The "Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb" is one such instance of the composite culture that marks various regions of the country. Prevalent in the North, particularly in the central plains, it is born of the union between the Hindu and Muslim cultures. Most of the temples were lined along the Ganges and the Khanqah (Sufi school of thought) were situated along the Yamuna river (also called Jamuna). Thus, it came to be known as the Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, with the word "tehzeeb" meaning culture. More than communal harmony, its most beautiful by-product was "Hindustani" which later gave us the Hindi and Urdu languages.}}</ref><ref name="Farooqi2012">{{cite book |last1=Farooqi |first1=M. |title=Urdu Literary Culture: Vernacular Modernity in the Writing of Muhammad Hasan Askari |date=2012 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|isbn=978-1-137-02692-7 |language=en |quote=Historically speaking, Urdu grew out of interaction between Hindus and Muslims.}}</ref><ref name="Dhulipala2000">{{cite book |last1=Dhulipala |first1=Venkat |title=The Politics of Secularism: Medieval Indian Historiography and the Sufis |date=2000 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] |page=27 |language=en |quote=Persian became the court language, and many Persian words crept into popular usage. The composite culture of northern India, known as the Ganga Jamuni tehzeeb was a product of the interaction between Hindu society and Islam.}}</ref><ref name="IJSW1943">{{cite book |title=Indian Journal of Social Work, Volume 4 |date=1943 |publisher=[[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] |page=264 |language=en |quote=... more words of Sanskrit origin but 75% of the vocabulary is common. It is also admitted that while this language is known as Hindustani, ... Muslims call it Urdu and the Hindus call it Hindi. ... Urdu is a national language evolved through years of Hindu and Muslim cultural contact and, as stated by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, is essentially an Indian language and has no place outside.}}</ref><ref name="JainCardona2007">{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Danesh |last2=Cardona |first2=George |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 |language=en |quote=The primary sources of non-IA loans into MSH are Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Turkic and English. Conversational registers of Hindi/Urdu (not to mentioned formal registers of Urdu) employ large numbers of Persian and Arabic loanwords, although in Sanskritized registers many of these words are replaced by ''tatsama'' forms from Sanskrit. The Persian and Arabic lexical elements in Hindi result from the effects of centuries of Islamic administrative rule over much of north India in the centuries before the establishment of British rule in India. Although it is conventional to differentiate among Persian and Arabic loan elements into Hindi/Urdu, in practice it is often difficult to separate these strands from one another. The Arabic (and also Turkic) lexemes borrowed into Hindi frequently were mediated through Persian, as a result of which a thorough intertwining of Persian and Arabic elements took place, as manifest by such phenomena as hybrid compounds and compound words. Moreover, although the dominant trajectory of lexical borrowing was from Arabic into Persian, and thence into Hindi/Urdu, examples can be found of words that in origin are actually Persian loanwords into both Arabic and Hindi/Urdu.}}</ref><ref name="Kuiper2010">{{cite book |last1=Kuiper |first1=Kathleen |title=The Culture of India |date=2010 |publisher=[[Rosen Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-61530-149-2 |language=en |quote=Urdu is closely related to Hindi, a language that originated and developed in the Indian subcontinent. They share the same Indic base and are so similar in phonology and grammar that they appear to be one language.}}</ref><ref name="Strnad2013"/><ref name="Ahmad2002"/> ''[[Rekhta]]'', or "mixed" speech, which came to be known as Hindustani, [[Hindi]], [[Hindustani language|Hindavi]], and [[Urdu]] (derived from ''Zabaan-i-Ordu'' by [[Mashafi]] meaning "language of the [[Orda (organization)|Horde]]".), also locally known as ''Lashkari'' or ''Lashkari Zaban'' in long form<ref>Dar, Kamran Shaukat, Ahmad Bin Shafat, and Muhammad Umair Hassan. "An efficient stop word elimination algorithm for Urdu language." 2017 14th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON). IEEE, 2017.</ref><ref>Khalid, Kanwal. "LAHORE DURING THE GHANAVID PERIOD."</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=April 2021}}, was thus created.<ref name="Mody2008"/> This form was elevated to the status of a literary language, and after the [[Partition of India|partition of colonial India]] and independence this collection of dialects became the basis for modern standard Hindi and Urdu. Although these official languages are distinct [[Register (sociolinguistics)|registers]] with regards to their formal aspects, such as modern technical vocabulary, they continue to be all but indistinguishable in their vernacular forms.

== Formation ==
Most of the [[Hindustani grammar|grammar]] and basic [[Hindustani vocabulary|vocabulary of Hindustani]] descends directly from the [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|medieval Indo-Aryan language of central India]], known as ''[[Shauraseni|Śauraseni]]''.<ref>{{cite book | title = Introduction to Prakrit | author = Alfred C. Woolner | page = 5 | year = 1999 | publisher = [[Motilal Banarsidass]] | isbn = 978-81-208-0189-9}}</ref> After the tenth century, several ''Śauraseni'' dialects were elevated to literary languages, including [[Braj Bhasha]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] and the [[Old Hindi|Khari Boli]] of [[Delhi]].

During the reigns of the Turko-Afghan [[Delhi Sultanate]] and the Mughal Empire in India, where Persian was adopted as the official language and Delhi was established as the capital, the imperial court and concomitant immigration infused the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] dialect of Hindi spoken in Delhi (the earliest form is known as [[Old Hindi]]) with large numbers of Persian, [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]] words from the court; this occurred as a result of [[Hindu-Muslim unity|cultural contact between Hindus and Muslims]] in Hindustan and became the fruit of a composite [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb]].<ref name="Rekhta2020"/><ref name="Farooqi2012"/><ref name="Kesavan1997">{{cite book |last1=Kesavan |first1=B. S. |title=History Of Printing And Publishing In India |date=1997 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |isbn=978-81-237-2120-0 |page=31 |language=en |quote=It might be useful to recall here that Old Hindi or Hindavi, which was a naturally Persian- mixed language in the largest measure, has played this role before, as we have seen, for five or six centuries.}}</ref><ref name="Strnad2013">{{cite book |last1=Strnad |first1=Jaroslav |title=Morphology and Syntax of Old Hindī: Edition and Analysis of One Hundred Kabīr vānī Poems from Rājasthān |date=2013 |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-25489-3 |language=en |quote=Quite different group of nouns occurring with the ending ''-a'' in the dir. plural consists of words of Arabic or Persian origin borrowed by the Old Hindi with their Persian plural endings.}}</ref><ref name="Taj">{{cite web |last1=Taj |first1=Afroz |title=About Hindi-Urdu |url=http://www.unc.edu/~taj/abturdu.htm |publisher=[[The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] |access-date=30 June 2019 |language=en |date=1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419162950/http://www.unc.edu/~taj/abturdu.htm |archive-date=19 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Brill1993">{{cite book|title=First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936|year=1993|publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]]|language=en|isbn=9789004097964|page=1024|quote=Whilst the Muhammadan rulers of India spoke Persian, which enjoyed the prestige of being their court language, the common language of the country continued to be Hindi, derived through Prakrit from Sanskrit. On this dialect of the common people was grafted the Persian language, which brought a new language, Urdu, into existence. Sir George Grierson, in the Linguistic Survey of India, assigns no distinct place to Urdu, but treats it as an offshoot of Western Hindi.}}</ref> The introduced words were primarily nouns and were employed for cultural, legal and political concepts. These Persian and Arabic loanwords form 25% of Urdu's vocabulary.<ref name="Ahmad2002"/><ref name="PTI1995">{{cite book |title=India Perspectives, Volume 8 |date=1995 |publisher=PTI for the Ministry of External Affairs |page=23 |language=en |quote=All verbs in Urdu are of Sanskrit origin. According to lexicographers, only about 25 percent words in Urdu diction have Persian or Arabic origin.}}</ref> As a form of Hindustani and a member of the [[Western Hindi]] category of Indo-Aryan languages,<ref name="Brill1993"/> 75% of Urdu words have their [[Hindustani etymology|etymological roots]] in [[Sanskrit]] and [[Prakrit]],<ref name="Ahmad2002">{{cite book|last=Ahmad|first=Aijaz|title=Lineages of the Present: Ideology and Politics in Contemporary South Asia|year=2002|publisher=Verso|language=en|isbn=9781859843581|page=113|quote=On this there are far more reliable statistics than those on population. ''Farhang-e-Asafiya'' is by general agreement the most reliable Urdu dictionary. It twas compiled in the late nineteenth century by an Indian scholar little exposed to British or Orientalist scholarship. The lexicographer in question, Syed Ahmed Dehlavi, had no desire to sunder Urdu's relationship with [[Persian language|Persian]], as is evident even from the title of his dictionary. He estimates that roughly 75 per cent of the total stock of 55,000 Urdu words that he compiled in his dictionary are derived from Sanskrit and Prakrit, and that the entire stock of the base words of the language, without exception, are derived from these sources. What distinguishes Urdu from a great many other Indian languauges ... is that is draws almost a quarter of its vocabulary from language communities to the west of India, such as [[Persian language|Persian]], Turkish, and Tajik. Most of the little it takes from Arabic has not come directly but through Persian.}}</ref><ref name="Dalmia2017">{{cite book|last=Dalmia|first=Vasudha|title=Hindu Pasts: Women, Religion, Histories|date=31 July 2017|publisher=[[SUNY Press]]|language=en|isbn=9781438468075|page=310|quote=On the issue of vocabulary, Ahmad goes on to cite Syed Ahmad Dehlavi as he set about to compile the Farhang-e-Asafiya, an Urdu dictionary, in the late nineteenth century. Syed Ahmad 'had no desire to sunder Urdu's relationship with Farsi, as is evident from the title of his dictionary. He estimates that roughly 75 per cent of the total stock of 55.000 Urdu words that he compiled in his dictionary are derived from Sanskrit and Prakrit, and that the entire stock of the base words of the language, without exception, are from these sources' (2000: 112-13). As Ahmad points out, Syed Ahmad, as a member of Delhi's aristocratic elite, had a clear bias towards Persian and Arabic. His estimate of the percentage of Prakitic words in urdu should therefore be considered more conservative than not. The actual proportion of Prakitic words in everyday language would clearly be much higher.}}</ref><ref name="Taj1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.unc.edu/~taj/abturdu.htm|title=About Hindi-Urdu|last=Taj|first=Afroz|year=1997|publisher=[[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]|language=en|access-date=27 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107083412/http://www.unc.edu/~taj/abturdu.htm|archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> and approximately 99% of Urdu verbs have their roots in Sanskrit and Prakrit.<ref name="PTI1995"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/681263/urdus-origin-its-not-a-camp-language|title=Urdu's origin: it's not a "camp language"|work=dawn.com|access-date=5 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135247/http://www.dawn.com/news/681263/urdus-origin-its-not-a-camp-language|archive-date=24 September 2015|date=17 December 2011|quote=Urdu nouns and adjective can have a variety of origins, such as Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Pushtu and even Portuguese, but ninety-nine per cent of Urdu verbs have their roots in Sanskrit/Prakrit. So it is an Indo-Aryan language which is a branch of Indo-Iranian family, which in turn is a branch of Indo-European family of languages. According to Dr Gian Chand Jain, Indo-Aryan languages had three phases of evolution beginning around 1,500 BC and passing through the stages of Vedic Sanskrit, classical Sanskrit and Pali. They developed into Prakrit and Apbhransh, which served as the basis for the formation of later local dialects.}}</ref>

The new court language developed simultaneously in Delhi and [[Lucknow]], the latter of which is in an Awadhi-speaking area; and thus, modern Hindustani has a noticeable Awadhi influence even though it is primarily based on Delhi dialect. In these cities, the language continued to be called "Hindi" as well as "Urdu".<ref name="From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History">{{Cite book|title=From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History|last=Rahman|first=Tariq|author-link=Tariq Rahman|year=2001|pages=1–22|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-906313-0|url=http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010094507/http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2014|access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Taj"/> While Urdu retained the grammar and core vocabulary of the local Hindi dialect, it adopted the [[Nastaleeq]] writing system from Persian.<ref name="Taj"/><ref name="DelacyAhmed2005">{{cite book |last1=Delacy |first1=Richard |last2=Ahmed |first2=Shahara |title=Hindi, Urdu & Bengali |date=2005 |publisher=Lonely Planet |pages=11–12 |quote=Hindi and Urdu are generally considered to be one spoken language with two different literary traditions. That means that Hindi and Urdu speakers who shop in the same markets (and watch the same Bollywood films) have no problems understanding each other -- they'd both say yeh ''kitne'' kaa hay for 'How much is it?' -- but the written form for Hindi will be यह कितने का है? and the Urdu one will be یہ کتنے کا ہے؟ Hindi is written from left to right in the Devanagari script, and is the official language of India, along with English. Urdu, on the other hand, is written from right to left in the Nastaliq script (a modified form of the Arabic script) and is the national language of Pakistan. It's also one of the official languages of the Indian states of Bihar and Jammu & Kashmir. Considered as one, these tongues constitute the second most spoken language in the world, sometimes called Hindustani. In their daily lives, Hindi and Urdu speakers communicate in their 'different' languages without major problems. ... Both Hindi and Urdu developed from Classical Sanskrit, which appeared in the Indus Valley (modern Pakistan and northwest India) at about the start of the Common Era. The first old Hindi (or Apabhransha) poetry was written in the year 769 AD, and by the European Middle Ages it became known as 'Hindvi'. Muslim Turks invaded the Punjab in 1027 and took control of Delhi in 1193. They paved the way for the Islamic Mughal Empire, which ruled northern India from the 16th century until it was defeated by the British Raj in the mid-19th century. It was at this time that the language of this book began to take form, a mixture of Hindvi grammar with Arabic, Persian and Turkish vocabulary. The Muslim speakers of Hindvi began to write in the Arabic script, creating Urdu, while the Hindu population incorporated the new words but continued to write in Devanagari script.}}</ref>

The term ''Hindustani'' is derived from [[Hindustan]], the Persian-origin name for the northwestern Indian subcontinent. The works of the 13th century scholar [[Amir Khusro]] are typical of the Hindustani language of the time:

<poem>
:सेज वो सूनी देख के रोवुँ मैं दिन रैन ।
:पिया पिया मैं करत हूँ पहरों, पल भर सुख ना चैन ॥

:.سیج وو سونی دیکھ کے رووں میں دن رہیں
:.پیا پیا میں کرت ہوں پہروں، پل بھر سکھ نہ چین

:''sej vo sūnī dekh ke rovũ ma͠i din rain,''
:''piyā piyā ma͠i karat hū̃ pahrõ, pal bhar sukh nā cain.''

:Seeing the empty bed I cry day and night
:Calling for my beloved all day, not a moment of happiness or peace.
</poem>

The language went by several names over the years: ''Hindavi'' ("of Hindus or Indians"), ''[[Dehlavi dialect|Dahlavi]]'' ("of Delhi"), ''Hindustani'' ("of Hindustan") and [[Hindi (disambiguation)|''Hindi'']] ("Indian").<ref name="Mody2008">{{cite book |last1=Mody |first1=Sujata Sudhakar |title=Literature, Language, and Nation Formation: The Story of a Modern Hindi Journal 1900-1920 |date=2008 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |page=7 |language=en |quote=...Hindustani, Rekhta, and Urdu as later names of the old Hindi (a.k.a. Hindavi).}}</ref> The Mughal Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] built a new walled city in Delhi in 1639 that came to be known as [[Shahjahanabad]]. The market close to the royal fort (the [[Red Fort]]) was called ''[[Urdu Bazaar (Delhi)|Urdu Bazar]]'' ("Army/camp Market", from the Turkic word ''ordu'', "army"), and it may be from this that the phrase ''Zaban-e-Urdu'' ("the language of the army/camp") derives. This was shortened to ''Urdu'' around the year 1800. The Mughal term ''Ordu'' with the local equivalent ''Lashkari''<ref>{{cite book|title=Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach|author=Aijazuddin Ahmad|year=2009|page=120|isbn=978-8180695681|publisher=Concept Publishing Company, 2009}}</ref> or "camp language" (cognate with the English word, "[[Orda (organization)|horde]]"), was used to describe the [[Lingua franca|common language]] of the Mughal army. The language spread from the interaction of Persian-speaking Muslim soldiers to the local people who spoke [[Western Hindi|varieties of Hindi]]. Soon, the Persian script in the cursive [[Nasta'liq script|Nasta'liq]] form was adopted, with additional letters to accommodate the Indian [[phonetic]] system. Large number of Persian words were adopted in Hindustani, as were even grammatical elements such as the enclitic ''ezāfe''.<ref name="Ahmad2002"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhatia|first1=Tej K.|last2=Ritchie|first2=William C.|title=The Handbook of Bilingualism|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=9780631227359|page=789}}</ref>

The official language of the [[Ghurids]], Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal Empire, and their successor states, as well as their language of poetry and literature, was Persian, while the official language of religion was Arabic. Most of the sultans and the nobility of the sultanate period were [[Turkic peoples]] from Central Asia who spoke Chagatai as their mother tongue. The Mughals were also Chagatai, but later adopted Persian. The basis in general for the introduction of Persian language into the Indian subcontinent was set, from its earliest days, by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic and [[Demographics of Afghanistan|Afghan]] dynasties.<ref>Sigfried J. de Laet. [https://books.google.nl/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&pg=PA734&dq=persian+language+in+anatolia&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAWoVChMIs-fO2_aRxgIVygYsCh2NJgBM#v=onepage&q=persian%20language%20in%20anatolia&f=false ''History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century''] UNESCO, 1994. {{ISBN|9231028138}} p 734</ref> [[Muzaffar Alam]] asserts that Persian became the [[lingua franca]] of the empire under Akbar for various political and social factors due to its non-sectarian and fluid nature.<ref>Alam, Muzaffar. "The Pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics." In ''Modern Asian Studies'', vol. 32, no. 2. (May, 1998), pp. 317–349.</ref> However, the armies, merchants, preachers, [[Sufi]]s, and later the court, also incorporated the local people and elements of the medieval Hindu literary language, [[Braj Bhasha]]. This new contact language soon incorporated other dialects, such as [[Haryanvi]], [[Panjabi language|Panjabi]], and in the 17th century the dialect of the new capital at [[Delhi]]. By 1800, Delhi dialect had become the dominant base of the language.<ref name=ELL>H. Dua, 2006, "Urdu", in the ''[[Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics]]'', 2nd edition.</ref>

When [[Wali Mohammed Wali]] arrived in Delhi, he established Hindustani with a light smattering of Persian words, a [[register (sociolinguistics)|register]] called [[Rekhta]], for poetry; previously the language of poetry had been Persian. When the Delhi Sultanate expanded south to the [[Deccan Plateau]], they carried their literary language with them, and it was influenced there by more southerly languages, producing the [[Dakhini]] dialect. During this time Hindustani was the language of both Hindus and Muslims. The non-communal nature of the language lasted until the [[British Raj|British Raj in India]], when in 1837 Hindustani in the Persian script (i.e. Urdu) replaced Persian as the official language and was made co-official along with English. This triggered a Hindu backlash in northwestern India, which argued that the language should be written in the native [[Devanagari]] script. This literary standard, called simply Hindi, replaced Urdu as the official register of [[Bihar]] in 1881, establishing a sectarian divide of "Urdu" for Muslims and "Hindi" for Hindus, a divide that was formalized with the independence of India and Pakistan after the withdrawal of the British.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Parthasarathy|first1=R.|last2=Kumar|first2=Swargesh|year=2012|title=Bihar Tourism: Retrospect and Prospect|page=120|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSZ987-0Fb8C|isbn=978-8-180-69799-9}}</ref>

== Poetry ==
The poet [[Wali Deccani]] (1667–1707) visited Delhi in 1700.<ref>Pain and Grace: A Study of Two Mystical Writers of Eighteenth-century Muslim India, By Annemarie Schimmel, BRILL, 1976</ref> His Rekhta or Hindavi ''[[ghazal]]s'' established Hindustani as a medium of poetic expression in the imperial city. Hindustani soon gained distinction as the preferred language in courts of India and eventually replaced Persian among the nobles. To this day, Rekhta retains an important place in literary and cultural spheres. Many distinctly Persian forms of literature, such as ghazals and ''[[nazm]]s,'' came to both influence and be affected by Indian culture, producing a distinct melding of Middle Eastern and South Asian heritages. A famous cross-over writer was [[Amir Khusro]], whose [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindavi]] couplets are read to this day in the subcontinent. Persian has sometimes been termed an adopted classical language of South Asia alongside Sanskrit due to this role.

==See also==
*[[Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent]]
*[[Hindustani etymology]]
*[[List of Hindi writers]]
*[[List of Urdu writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00shakrich An introduction to the Hindustani language]
*[http://adaniel.tripod.com/hindustani.htm History of Hindustani]

{{Hindi topics}}
{{Language histories}}
{{Urdu topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Hindustani}}
[[Category:Hindustani language]]
[[Category:Indo-European language histories]]
[[Category:Hindi|Hindustani]]
[[Category:Urdu|Hindustani]]
[[Category:Early Modern languages|Hindustani]]
[[Category:Linguistic history of Pakistan|Hindustani]]
[[Category:Linguistic history of India|Hindustani]]

History of Hindustani - Revision history

>Rsjaffe at 23:52, 3 May 2021