>Br Ibrahim john at 06:28, 8 July 2021

2021-07-08T06:28:39Z

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{{Short description|Eucharist in East Syriac Christianity}}
{{Eastern Christianity}}
{{about|Eucharist in East Syriac Christianity}}
{{Eucharist}}

The '''Holy Qurbana''' ({{Script/Mdnh|ܩܘܼܪܒܵܢܵܐ ܩܲܕܝܫܵܐ}}, ''Qurbānā Qaddišā'' in [[Syriac language|Eastern Syriac]] or ''Qurbānā Qandišā'' in the Indian variant of Eastern Syriac, the "Holy Offering" or "Holy Sacrifice" in English), refers to the [[Eucharist]] as celebrated in [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac Christianity]]. This includes various descendants of the [[Church of the East]]. East Syriac Christianity consists of an [[Edessan Rite|Edessan]] [[liturgical rite]], the [[East Syriac Rite]] (also known as the Edessan Rite, Assyrian Rite, Babylonian Rite, Chaldean Rite or Persian Rite). The major [[Anaphora (liturgy)|anaphora]] of the [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] tradition is the [[Liturgy of Addai and Mari|Holy Qurbana of Saints Addai and Mari]]; Addai being a disciple of [[Thomas the Apostle]] and Mari being Addai's disciple. The churches are primarily based in the [[Middle East]] and [[India]], along with the [[diaspora]] communities settled in the [[western world]].

The East Syriac Rite is employed in the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] based in Iraq (including its archdiocese the [[Chaldean Syrian Church]] of India), the [[Ancient Church of the East]] based in Iraq, the [[Syro-Malabar Church]] based in India, and the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] based in [[Iraq]]. The Assyrian Church of the East and the Ancient Church of the East are not a part of the Oriental Orthodox communion and they are not a part of the Eastern Catholic churches. The Syro-Malabar and Chaldean Catholic churches are [[Eastern Catholic]] churches in full communion with the [[Holy See]].

==Etymology==
The East Syriac word ''Qurbana'' is derived from the [[Aramaic]] term ''Qurbana'' ({{Script/Strng|ܩܘܪܒܢܐ}}). When the Temple stood in Jerusalem, and sacrifices were offered, "Qorban" was a technical Hebrew term for some of the offerings that were brought there. It comes from a Hebrew root, "Qarab", meaning "to draw close or 'near'". A required Korban was offered morning and evening daily and on holidays (at certain times, additional 'korbanot' were offered), in addition to which individuals could bring an optional personal Korban.

The Holy Qurbana is referred to as "complete" worship, since it is performed for the benefit of all members of the Church. The other [[sacraments]] are celebrated for individual members. Thus the Holy Qurbana is believed to be the sacrament that completes all the others. Hence it is called the "sacrament of perfection" or the "queen of sacraments".

==Usage==
[[File:Mar_Kallarangatt.jpg|thumb|right|A Bishop of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Syro-Malabar Church]] celebrates Holy Qurbana in East Syriac ]]
The East Syriac or Chaldean rite was associated with the historical [[Church of the East]], centered in the [[Persia]]n capital of [[Seleucia-Ctesiphon]]. Today the [[Liturgy of Addai and Mari|Liturgy of Mar Addai and Mari]] is used in the [[Ancient Church of the East]], the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], as well as the [[Syro-Malabar Church]] and the [[Chaldean Syrian Church]] based in [[Kerala]], [[India]].

===Edessan Liturgical Rite===
{{Main|Edessan Rite}}
{{See also|Liturgy of Addai and Mari}}
The ''Liturgy of Saints Addai and Mari'' belongs to the [[Edessan Rite]] (East Syriac), the [[anaphora (liturgy)|anaphora]] or ''Eucharistic Prayer'' that is part of this liturgy, possibly dating back to 3rd-century [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]],<ref name=ODCC>''Addai and Mari, Liturgy of''. Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. 2005</ref> and is the oldest in Christianity. This liturgy is traditionally attributed to [[Thaddeus of Edessa|Saint Addai]] ([[Disciple (Christianity)|disciple]] of [[Saint Thomas the Apostle]]) and [[Saint Mari]] (a disciple of Saint Addai). In the form given in the oldest manuscripts, all of the [[High Middle Ages]], this anaphora does not include the [[Words of Institution]], a matter that raised ecumenical concerns.

==''Qudasha'' of Saints Addai and Mari==
{{Main|Liturgy of Addai and Mari}}
The ''[[anaphora (liturgy)|Qudasha]]'' or ''Eucharistic Prayer'' that is part of the East Syriac Rite is of particular interest, being one of the oldest in Christianity, possibly dating back to 3rd-century [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]],<ref name=ODCC>''Addai and Mari, Liturgy of''. Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. 2005</ref> even if the outline of the current form can only be traced as far back as the time of the Patriarch [[Ishoyahb III]] in the 7th century. In the form given in the oldest manuscripts, this anaphora does not include the [[Words of Institution]]. The Eastern Catholic churches employing this liturgy have the words of institution added in.

{{#section-h:Liturgy of Addai and Mari|Use}}

==Other ''Qudashe''==
===Qudasha of Mar Theodore===
The ''[[Hallowing of Theodore of Mopsuestia|Qudasha of Theodore of Mopsuestia]]'' is one of three [[Eucharistic]] [[liturgies]] used in the [[East Syriac Rite]]. It is currently employed by [[Assyrian Church of the East]], [[Ancient Church of the East]], the [[Syro-Malabar Church]] and to a lesser extend in the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], which are descendants of the erstwhile [[Church of the East]]. It is attributed to [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]] and is considered to be his genuine work. It is used from [[Advent]] until the [[Palm Sunday|Sunday of the Hossanas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nestorian.org/church_of_the_east_in_india.html |title=Assyrian Church of the East in India |author=Dr. Mar Aprem Metropolitan |location=Trichur, Kerala, India |publisher=nestorian.org |access-date=2 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515041838/http://www.nestorian.org/church_of_the_east_in_india.html |archive-date=15 May 2011 }}</ref>

===Qudasha of Mar Nestorius===
The ''[[Hallowing of Nestorius|Qudasha of Nestorius]]'' is one of the [[Eucharistic]] [[liturgies]] used by the erstwhile [[Church of the East]]. It is currently employed in the Holy Qurbana of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], [[Assyrian Church of the East]], [[Ancient Church of the East]], and the [[Syro-Malabar Church]], which are descendants of the Church of the East. It is a part of the [[East Syriac Rite]], formally attributed to [[Nestorius]], [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Patriarch of Constantinople]] and is traditionally celebrated for the Feast of the [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]], Commemoration of [[John the Baptist|St. John the Baptist]], Commemoration of the Greek Teachers: [[Diodorus of Tarsus|Mar Diodore]], [[Theodore of Mopsuestia|Mar Theodore the interpreter]] and Mar Nestorius, and also for the Wednesday liturgy of the [[Fast of Nineveh|Rogation of the Ninevites]], and the [[Passover|Feast of the Passover]] (Holy Thursday).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nestorian.org/church_of_the_east_in_india.html |title=Assyrian Church of the East in India |author=Dr. Mar Aprem Metropolitan |location=Trichur, Kerala, India |publisher=nestorian.org |access-date=2 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515041838/http://www.nestorian.org/church_of_the_east_in_india.html |archive-date=15 May 2011 }}</ref>

==Holy Malka==
{{Main|Holy Leaven}}
[[File:East Syrian sacramental bread.jpg|thumb|[[Sacramental bread]] in East Syriac tradition prepared with Holy Malka]]
Traditionally the East Syriac Churches use [[leavened bread]] for the [[Eucharist]], like most churches of [[Eastern Christianity]], but they are the only Churches to include the additional ingredient of Holy Malka (or Holy Leaven). Holy Leaven is a powder added to [[sacramental bread]] before it is baked.{{sfn|Spinks|2011|p=63}} Despite the name, Holy Leaven does not actually contain a [[leavening agent]].{{sfn|Spinks|2011|p=63}} Instead, ''hmira'', fermented dough from previously used sacramental bread, is added and acts as leaven.<ref name="newa_CATH">{{Cite book | chapter = East Syrian Rite | last = Jenner | first = Henry | editor-last=Herbermann | editor-first = Charles | title = The Catholic Encyclopedia | location = New York | publisher = Robert Appleton Company | via = New Advent | date = 1912 | volume = 14 | access-date = 21 July 2016 | chapter-url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14413a.htm |oclc = 36291432}}</ref>
What the Holy Leaven does contain is remainder from the original Holy Leaven, renewed annually by mixing it with common ingredients.{{sfn|Spinks|2011|p=63}}

==See also==
*[[Holy Qurobo]]
*[[Mass in the Catholic Church]]
*[[Divine Liturgy]]
*[[Holy Leaven]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110724083350/http://www.stmaryscathedral.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=65 Explanation about the Holy Qurbana - St. Mary's Malankara Orthodox Cathedral of Philadelphia]

[[Category:Eucharist]]
[[Category:Church of the East]]
[[Category:Eastern Christianity]]
[[Category:Assyrian Church of the East]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Ancient Church of the East]]

Holy Qurbana - Revision history

>Br Ibrahim john at 06:28, 8 July 2021