>Philoserf at 03:03, 29 May 2021

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{{Short description|Governance of a colony, dependent country, locality, or region by its own citizens}}
{{for|the former political party called Home Rule Party|Irish Parliamentary Party}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}

'''Home rule''' is government of a colony, dependent country, or region by its own citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/home_rule|title=home rule - Definition of home rule in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries - English}}</ref> It is thus the power of a ''[[wikt:constituent|constituent]]'' part ([[administrative division]]) of a [[State (polity)|state]] to exercise such of the state's powers of [[governance]] within its own [[Administration (government)|administrative]] area that have been [[Decentralization|decentralized]] to it by the central government.

In the [[British Isles]], it traditionally referred to [[self-government]], [[devolution]] or independence of its constituent nations—initially [[Ireland]], and later [[Scotland]], [[Wales]], and [[Northern Ireland]]. In the United States and other countries organised as [[Federation|federations of states]], the term usually refers to the process and mechanisms of self-government as exercised by municipalities, counties, or other units of local government at the level below that of a federal state (e.g., US state, in which context see [[special legislation]]). It can also refer to the system under which [[Greenland]] and the [[Faroe Islands]] are associated with [[Denmark]].

Home rule is not, however, equivalent to [[federalism]]. Whereas states in a [[federal system]] of government (e.g., [[Canada]], [[Germany]], [[Switzerland]], [[Brazil]], [[Ethiopia]] and the [[United States]]) have a guaranteed constitutional existence, a devolved home rule system of government is created by ordinary legislation and can be reformed, or even abolished, by [[repeal]] or amendment of that ordinary legislation.

A legislature may, for example, create home rule for an administrative division, such as a [[province]], a [[county]], or a [[Department (country subdivision)|department]], so that a local [[county council]], [[county commission]], [[Parish councils in England|parish council]], or [[board of supervisors]] may have [[jurisdiction]] over its [[unincorporated area]]s, including important issues like [[zoning]]. Without this, the division is simply an extension of the higher government. The legislature can also establish or eliminate [[municipal corporation]]s, which have home rule within town or [[city limit]]s through the [[city council]]. The higher government could also abolish counties/townships, redefine their boundaries, or dissolve their home-rule governments, according to the relevant laws.

== Denmark ==

=== Faroe Islands ===
{{see |History of the Faroe Islands#Post-World War II: Home Rule}}
The [[Faroe Islands]] is a [[self-governing]] country in the [[Danish Realm]]. Home rule was granted by the [[Parliament of Denmark]] in 1948, after [[History of the Faroe Islands#Post-World War II: Home Rule|a failed attempt of the Faroese to gain complete independence]], with further autonomy granted in 2005.<ref name="SDFaroe">State Department of Denmark: [http://www.stm.dk/_a_2956.html The Faroe Islands Home Rule Arrangement].</ref> [[Monarchy of Denmark|Denmark's monarch]] is the Faroese head of state. The Faroe Islands are not part of the [[European Union]], even though [[Denmark]] is.

=== Greenland ===
{{main|History of Greenland#Home rule}}
[[Greenland]] is a self-governing country in the Danish Realm. Following [[1979 Greenlandic home rule referendum|a referendum in Greenland]] where the majority favored a higher degree of autonomy, home rule was granted by the Parliament of Denmark in 1979.<ref name="SDGreenland">State Department of Denmark: [http://www.stm.dk/_a_2957.html The Greenlandic Home Rule Arrangement].</ref> After [[2008 Greenlandic self-government referendum|another referendum]], further autonomy was granted in 2009.<ref name="SDGreenland" /> Denmark's monarch is Greenland's head of state. Greenland is not part of the European Union, even though Denmark is.

== Ireland ==
{{main|Irish Home Rule movement}}

The issue of Irish home rule was the dominant political question of British and Irish politics at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/home_rule_movement_01.shtml |title=Irish Home Rule: An imagined future |last=McConnel | first=James |publisher=BBC History |date=17 February 2011 |access-date=30 June 2014}}</ref>

From the late nineteenth century, Irish leaders of the [[Home Rule League]], the predecessor of the [[Irish Parliamentary Party]], under [[Isaac Butt]], [[William Shaw (Irish politician)|William Shaw]], and [[Charles Stewart Parnell]] demanded a form of home rule, with the creation of an Irish parliament within the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]. This demand led to the eventual introduction of four Home Rule Bills, of which two were passed, the [[Government of Ireland Act 1914]] won by [[John Redmond]] and most notably the [[Government of Ireland Act 1920]] (which created the home rule parliaments of [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Southern Ireland (1921–22)|Southern Ireland]] – the latter state did not in reality function and was replaced by the [[Irish Free State]]).

The home rule demands of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century differed from earlier demands for [[(Irish) Repeal|Repeal]] by [[Daniel O'Connell]] in the first half of the nineteenth century. Whereas home rule meant a constitutional movement towards a national All-Ireland parliament in part under [[Palace of Westminster|Westminster]], ''repeal'' meant the repeal of the [[1801 Act of Union]] (if need be, by physical force) and the creation of an entirely independent Irish state, separated from the United Kingdom, with only a shared monarch joining them.

* 1886: [[First Irish Home Rule Bill]] was defeated in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]].
* 1893: [[Second Irish Home Rule Bill]] passed by the House of Commons, vetoed in the [[House of Lords]].
* 1914: [[Third Irish Home Rule Bill]] passed to the statute books, temporarily suspended by intervention of [[World War I]] (1914–1918), finally following the [[Easter Rising]] in Dublin (1916).
* 1920: [[Government of Ireland Act 1920]] (Government of Ireland Act 1920) fully implemented in [[Northern Ireland]] and partially implemented in [[Southern Ireland (1921–22)|Southern Ireland]].

Senior Liberals [[Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire|Lord Hartington]] and [[Joseph Chamberlain]] led the battle against Home Rule in Parliament. They broke with the Liberal leader [[William Ewart Gladstone]] who insisted on Home Rule, and in 1886 formed a new party, the [[Liberal Unionist Party]]. It helped defeat Home Rule and eventually merged with the Conservative party. Chamberlain used anti-Catholicism to built a base for the new party among "Orange" Nonconformist Protestant elements in Britain and Ireland.<ref>{{cite book|author=D. W. Bebbington|title=The Nonconformist Conscience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KUNpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|page=93}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Travis L. Crosby|title=Joseph Chamberlain: A Most Radical Imperialist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAKPcVqFqQsC&pg=PA74|year=2011|publisher=I.B.Tauris|pages=74–76}}</ref> Liberal Unionist [[John Bright]] coined the party's catchy slogan, "Home rule means Rome rule."<ref>{{cite book|author=Hugh Cunningham|title=The Challenge of Democracy: Britain 1832-1918|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyIiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA134|year=2014|pages=134–}}</ref>

== India ==
{{main|Indian Home Rule movement}}

Several nationalist leaders banded together in 1916 under the leadership of [[Annie Besant]] to voice a demand for self-government, and to obtain the status of a [[British Dominions|dominion]] within the [[British Empire]] as enjoyed by Australia, Canada, South Africa, [[New Zealand]] and [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]] at the time.

While enjoying considerable popularity for some years, its growth and activity were stalled by the rise of [[Mohandas Gandhi]] and his ''[[satyagraha]]'' art of revolution: [[non-violence|non-violent]], but mass-based [[civil disobedience]], aimed at complete independence.

== United Kingdom ==
{{main|Devolution in the United Kingdom}}
===England===
{{main|West Lothian question}}
English home rule has been discussed in relation to proposals for constitutional changes regarding England following the [[2014 Scottish independence referendum]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Greenslade|first1=Roy|date=22 September 2014|title=English 'home rule' - what the national newspapers say|work=Greenslade blog - [[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2014/sep/22/constitution-national-newspapers|access-date=23 September 2014}}</ref>

=== Scotland ===
{{main|History of Scottish devolution}}
In a similar fashion to Ireland, supporters of home rule in [[Scotland]] have historically desired greater levels of [[devolution|devolved]] governance within the United Kingdom. Although the term 'home rule' has been largely superseded by "devolution," the home rule movement can be seen as the forerunner to the creation of the current devolved [[Scottish Parliament]].

Administrative devolution was granted to Scotland, with the creation of the [[Scottish Office]], in 1885. In the mid-20th century, the home rule movement became significant, campaigning for a Scottish assembly. Between 1947 and 1950, the [[Scottish Covenant]], a petition requesting a Scottish legislature within the UK, received over two million signatures. It was not until 1979 that devolution entered the political sphere – the [[1979 Scottish devolution referendum]] was held. Despite a vote of 51.6% in favour of devolution, the Scotland Act 1978 was not put into effect due to a requirement that the 'Yes' vote receive the support of 40% of the electorate, which was not met on 63.8% turnout. In 1999, due to the success of a [[1997 Scottish devolution referendum|second referendum]], the [[Scottish Parliament]] was created.

== United States ==

=== Local government ===
{{main|Home rule in the United States}}
In the United States, some states constitutionally or legislatively grant home rule to cities, counties, and municipalities within their borders. These are called "home rule states." Local governments in home rule states are free to pass laws and ordinances as they see fit to further their operations, within the bounds of the state and federal constitutions. In other states, local governments have only the authority expressly granted to them by state legislatures, typically in accordance with the legal principle known as [[John Forrest Dillon#Dillon's Rule|Dillon's Rule]]. A city charter, awarded by the state, defines the limits to a municipality's powers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the City|last=Caves|first=R. W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|pages=347}}</ref>

=== District of Columbia ===
{{main|District of Columbia home rule}}
The US Constitution gives jurisdiction over the capital city (District of Columbia or Washington, D.C.) to the [[United States Congress]] in "all cases whatsoever". This arrangement is due to the fact that the District is neither a state, nor part of a state. At certain times, and currently since 1973, Congress has provided for D.C. government to be carried out primarily by locally elected officials. However, congressional oversight of this local government still exists, and locally elected officials' powers could theoretically be revoked at any time.

=== Native American reservations ===
{{main|Tribal sovereignty in the United States}}
The United States federal government provides limited self-rule to some federally recognised Native American tribes over their lands on reservations. Tribal lands are recognised as "dependent domestic nations" and operate a parallel system of governance and law independent of the state(s) which the reservation lies within, sometimes including separate police forces. For instance, some tribes are permitted to operate gambling establishments and produce narcotics which may be illegal in the surrounding state or states. Reservations are not states and have no direct representation in Congress, and the citizens vote as citizens of the state by which they are surrounded. Furthermore, unlike the sovereignty of state legislatures, tribal sovereignty and land ownership are not guaranteed by the Constitution and is granted only by an act of Congress, which can be repealed or altered at any time.

==See also==
* [[Autonomous communities of Spain]]
* [[Fuero#Basque and Pyrenean fueros|Basque and Pyrenean fueros]]
* [[Federation]]
* [[Home Rule Cities Act (Michigan)]], an example of municipal home rule
* [[Devolution]], the practice of a national power granting specific powers to a region, state, or province
* [[Municipal home rule]], the legal ability in most American states where voters can adopt a home rule charter granting the municipal government greater local control
* [[Plaid Cymru]]
* [[Protectorate]]
* [[Scottish National Party]] (SNP)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |title=Liberalism, Scottish Nationalism and the Home Rule crisis, c.1886-1893 |first=Naomi |last=Lloyd-Jones |journal=[[The English Historical Review]] |volume=129 |issue=539 |pages=862–887 |date=August 2014 |doi=10.1093/ehr/ceu209}}

{{Autonomous types of first-tier administration}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Home Rule}}
[[Category:Home rule in the United Kingdom| ]]
[[Category:History of Ireland (1801–1923)]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Decentralization]]
[[Category:Local government]]

Home rule - Revision history

>Philoserf at 03:03, 29 May 2021