FXRChelsea at 11:11, 1 January 2026

2026-01-01T11:11:32Z

New page

{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language branch of India}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Hrusish
|altname=Southeast Kamengic<br/>Hruso-Miji
|region=[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|family=[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]?
|child1=[[Hruso language|Hruso]] (Aka)
|child2=[[Mijiic languages|Mijiic]]
|glotto=hrus1242
|glottoname=Hruso
|glotto2=miji1239
|glottoname2=Miji
}}

The '''Hrusish''' or '''Southeast Kamengic''' languages<ref name="Anderson2014">Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2014. ''On the classification of the Hruso (Aka) language''. Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.</ref> possibly constitute a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] branch in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[northeast India]]. They are [[Hruso language|Hruso]] (Aka) and [[Mijiic languages|Mijiic]].<ref name="Anderson2014"/> In [[Glottolog]], Hammarström, et al.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hrus1242|title = Glottolog 4.4 - Hruso}}</ref> does not accept Hrusish, and considers similarities between Hruso and Miji to be due to loanwords.

==Names==
[[George van Driem]] (2014) and Bodt & Lieberherr (2015)<ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr"/> use the name ''Hrusish'', while Anderson (2014)<ref name="Anderson2014"/> prefers ''Southeast Kamengic''.

==Classification==
Anderson (2014)<ref name="Anderson2014"/> considers Hrusish to be a branch of [[Tibeto-Burman]]. However, Blench and Post (2011) suggest that the Hruso languages likely constitute an independent [[language family]].<ref>{{citation | first1 = Roger | last1 = Blench | first2 = Mark | last2 = Post | title = (De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence | url = http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/South%20Asia/NEI/General/Lingres/Declassifying%20Arunachal.pdf | year = 2011 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130526230734/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/South%20Asia/NEI/General/Lingres/Declassifying%20Arunachal.pdf | archive-date = 2013-05-26 }}</ref>

Bodt's & Lieberherr's (2015:69)<ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr">{{cite journal | surname1 = Bodt | given1 = Timotheus Adrianus | surname2 = Lieberherr | given2 = Ismael | year = 2015 | title = First notes on the phonology and classification of the Bangru language of India | journal = Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 66–123 | doi = 10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod | doi-access = free }}</ref> internal classification of the Hrusish languages is as follows.

{{tree list}}
*'''Hrusish'''
**[[Hruso language|Hruso]] (ʁuso, Aka)
**Miji-Bangru
***Western [[Miji language|Miji]] (Đəmmai, Sadʑalaŋ)
***Eastern [[Miji language|Miji]] (Nəmrai, Wadu Baŋru)
***[[Bangru language|Bangru]] (Tadə Baŋru, Tadʑu Baŋru, Ləwjɛ, Ləvai)
{{tree list/end}}

==Comparative vocabulary==
The following comparative vocabulary table of Hrusish vocabulary items (Bangru, [[Miji language|Miji]], and [[Hruso language|Hruso]]) is from Anderson (2014), with additional Bangru data from Li (2003).<ref name="li2003bangru">Li Daqin [李大勤]. 2003. "A sketch of Bengru" [崩如语概况]. ''Minzu Yuwen'' 2003(5), 64-80.</ref> Anderson's (2014) Hruso data is from Anderson's own field notes and from Simon (1970).<ref>Simon, I. M. 1970. Aka language guide. Shillong: NEFA. 1993 Reprint Itanagar.</ref> Anderson's (2014) Miji data is from his own field notes as well as Simon (1979)<ref>Simon, I. M. 1979/1974. Miji Language Guide. Shillong. (Govt. Arunachal).</ref> and Weedall (2014).<ref>Weedall, Christopher. 2014. Sajolang-English lexicon. m.s.</ref> Bangru data is from Ramya (2011, 2012).<ref>Ramya, Tame. 2011. An Ethnographic Study Bangrus of in Kurung Kumey District, Arunachal Pradesh. M Phil. Thesis. Rajiv Gandhi University, Itanagar.</ref><ref>Ramya, Tame. 2012. Sociolinguistic profile of the Bangru languages of Arunachal Pradesh. Presented at ICOLSI, Shillong. m.s.</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Gloss !! Bangru (Li 2003)<ref name="li2003bangru"/> !! Bangru (Anderson 2014)<ref name="Anderson2014"/> !! [[Miji language|Miji]] (Anderson 2014)<ref name="Anderson2014"/> !! [[Hruso language|Hruso]] (Anderson 2014)<ref name="Anderson2014"/>
|-
! sun
| dʑu˥wai˥˧ || dʒu || dʒo ~ zuʔ; zo ~ ʒʲoʔ || dʒu ~ dʑu; dʲu
|-
! snow
| də˧˩ɣai˥ || tene || dɨlen; təlɛn || tʰiɲɲo
|-
! ashes
| laʔ˥bu˥˧ || lag-bow || maj-bu || xukʰes-pu
|-
! mother's brother
| - || kiː-ni || a-kʰiw; akju || a-kʰi
|-
! son
| mə˧˩dʑu˥ || mu-dʒu-ɲiːib || zu || sou ~ sa ~ seu
|-
! I
| ȵoŋ˥ || ɲo(ʔ) || ɲaŋ || nɔ
|-
! we
| ga˧˩ni˥ || k-aɲi || aɲi || ɲi
|-
! bear
| si˥tsuaŋ˥ || sutʃow || ʃutsaŋ || sitso ~ sutso
|-
! insect(s)
| bə˧˩loŋ˥ || beloŋ-siɲi || biluʔŋ; bəɫuʔŋ; biluŋʰ || bəlu
|-
! nose
| mə˧˩ȵi˧guaŋ˥˧ || mi-niː-ko || ɲi || un-su ~ nu-su
|-
! hand
| mə˧˩gai˥ || me-gej || (mə)gi || əgzə
|-
! thumb ('hand' + 'mother')
| - || me-gej-nea || gi-nuiʔ; gi-batʃo || əgzə-i-aɲ
|-
! saliva, spit
| - || je || ʒeʔ || ze-mdʑiu; əʒʲəxu ~ əɣʲəxu
|-
! sleep
| dʑe˥ || zeu || dʒi || dʒum
|-
! dream
| dai˥mu˧˩mu˥ || tjameiː || tajme || tʰimjeu
|-
! four
| bu˧˩rai˥ || poraji || bli; b(ə)le || pʰiri; pʰiji
|-
! five
| buŋ˥ || puŋ || bungu, buŋu || pʰum ~ pʰóm
|-
! six
| rai˥˧ || reh || reʔ; reʔ ~ réʔ || rijɛ; ʑje
|-
! seven
| muai˥˧ || moji || myaʔ, mjaʔ || mrjo; mrɔ
|-
! eight
| sə˧˩cai˥˧ || sagaik || sɨgiʔ, sɨgeʔ; səguj || səgzə ~ sɨgdʒɨ ~ sɨɣdʒɨ
|-
! nine
| sə˧˩təŋ˥ || sataŋ || sɨtʰɨn; stʰɨn; stən || stʰə; stʰɨ ~ stʰə
|-
! ten
| rəŋ˥ || raŋ || lin; lən || ʁə; ʁɨ ~ ʁə
|-
! bow
| - || karaik || gɨriʔ; gəri || kʰiri
|-
! dry
| mə˧˩ci˥ || miː-kji || mɨ-kʰyang; məkjaŋ || kʰrou
|-
! mother
| a˧˩nai˥˧ || aːneja || aɲʲi || aɲi; aɲ
|-
! red
| ja˧˩dʑu˥˧ || ja-tʃuk || mu-tsu || tsu
|-
! stream
| - || wu-dʒu || vu-zuʔ 'creek' || xu-sa
|-
! shoulder
| mə˧˩pu˥zi˥ || m-podʒ || pas-t(ʰ)uŋ; pastoŋ || ə-pos-tu
|-
! finger
| mə˧˩gai˥tsuo˥˧ || me-gej-tʃowa || gi-tsoʔ; məgitso || əgzi-tsə
|-
! pig
| ʑəu˥˧ || dʒu || ʒo; ʒoʔ || vo
|-
! bird ('bird' + 'son/child')
| pu˥dʑu˧˩ || pu-dʒu || buzu(ʔ); bɨ-zɨ ~ b-zɨ ~ bə-zu ~ bə-zə; bə-zuʔ || mu-su
|-
! seed
| - || mete || tʰei-zʰo; (me)tẽ || isi; dʒʲe; ʃe-die
|}

==Reconstruction==
Proto-Hrusish has been reconstructed in by Bodt & Lieberherr (2015). Bodt & Lieberherr (2015:101) note that Proto-Hrusish displays a [[sound change]] from [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman]] *s- to ''t''-, which they note had also occurred in Bodo-Garo, Kuki-Chin, Tangkhulic, Central Naga, and Karbi languages. The Proto-Tibeto-Burman *-l and -r have also been lost in Proto-Hrusish.

Reconstructed Proto-Hrusish forms from Bodt & Lieberherr (2015) are given below.

{{refbegin|20em}}
* *nə-paŋ 'aconite'
* *si-ni 'ant'
* *pri 'awake'
* *{{Transliteration|sit|italic=no|bə-ru(d͡ziŋ)}} 'axe'
* *mə-niŋ 'bad'
* *bra 'bamboo (big)'
* *{{Transliteration|sit|italic=no|(g)o-prja}} 'bark (tree)'
* *sə-t͡saŋ 'bear'
* *majk 'bee'
* *mə-doʔ 'big (thick, wide)'
* *bə-dow 'bird'
* *taʔ 'bite'
* *kam 'bitter'
* *jaC 'blood'
* *mə-muC 'body'
* *lu 'boil (water)'
* *mə-ri-jaŋ 'bone'
* *gə-raj 'bow'
* *mə-nuŋ 'breast; milk'
* *{{Transliteration|sit|italic=no|(nam)sjaj}} 'broom'
* *su 'cane; rope'
* *{{Transliteration|sit|italic=no|dowC}} 'chicken'
* *mə-ga-daʔ 'chin'
* *gi-le 'cloth'
* *majməwŋ 'cloud'
* *ku 'cook'
* *su 'cow'
* *kraC 'cry'
* *taj 'cut'
* *ga 'day'
* *mə-ruk 'deep'
* *θəj 'die'
* *taC 'dig'
* *ni-t͡ɕi 'dirty'
* *ru 'do'
* *piŋ 'door'
* *tai-mə 'dream'
* *tuŋ 'drink'
* *t͡ɕa 'eat'
* *do-riŋ 'egg'
* *sə-giC 'eight'
* *(a/mə)ko 'elder brother'
* *mə-hi-laŋ 'empty'
* *t͡səj 'excrete, defecate'
* *mə-jaʔ 'eye'
* *mə-rəŋ 'far'
* *mə-baC 'fat (n)'
* *ri 'fear'
* *mejʔ 'few'
* *rəj 'fight'
* *mə-guC-t͡ɕoʔ 'finger'
* *maj 'fire'
* *laC 'fireplace'
* *trV 'fish'
* *bə-ŋu 'five'
* *mə-boC 'flower'
* *mə-d͡ʑoC 'friend'
* *d͡ʑuC 'frog'
* *θai 'fruit'
* *bə-ləj 'four'
* *liŋ 'full'
* *kikmuŋ 'garlic, onion'
* *bəj 'give'
* *se-preN 'goat'
* *rajC 'grind, crush'
* *mə-luŋ 'guts'
* *go-pu 'hair'
* *mə-gaŋ-lo 'hard'
* *mə-guC 'hand, arm'
* *du 'have, exist'
* *mə-go-kuŋ 'head'
* *mə-luŋ-wəwC 'heart'
* *mə-ləj 'heavy'
* *mə-su 'horn'
* *nam 'house'
* *kə-na 'how many'
* *niC 'human'
* *bə-luŋ 'hundred'
* *noC 'ill'
* *bəw-luŋ 'insect'
* *suN 'iron'
* *gə-d͡ʑuk 'itch'
* *dəgraŋ 'kick'
* *gajC 'kill'
* *vaj-t͡suŋ 'knife'
* *ni 'know'
* *toC 'laugh'
* *mə-rajC 'leaf'
* *lə-wajC 'leech'
* *laj 'leg'
* *laŋ 'lift'
* *mə-lə-taŋ 'light'
* *t͡ɕi 'liquor'
* *rej 'listen, hear'
* *siŋ 'live, grow up'
* *mə-θin 'liver'
* *mə-pjaŋ 'long'
* *gaŋ 'look, see'
* *saC 'louse'
* *daj 'make; do'
* *niC 'man (male)'
* *su 'meat'
* *lu 'month'
* *lu 'moon'
* *mə-nuŋ 'mouth; language'
* *lu-lV 'mortar'
* *me-naj 'mother'
* *mə-mjiŋ 'name'
* *mə-nej 'near'
* *ta- 'negative imperative'
* *mə-gə-nu 'new'
* *nə-gaC 'night'
* *sə-tiŋ 'nine'
* *mə-ɕoʔ 'old'
* *a-ken 'one'
* *an 'paddy rice'
* *bə-laC 'pestle'
* *jowʔ 'pig'
* *go-kuN 'pillow'
* *nə-dəj; *pro 'rain'
* *t͡ɕaʔ 'red'
* *gə-leC 'ring'
* *lam-baŋ 'road'
* *mə-kriŋ 'root'
* *mə-də-rəw 'round'
* *lu 'salt'
* *sə-gə-raj 'sand'
* *mə-θai 'seed'
* *laC 'sell'
* *mə-ljak 'seven'
* *{{Transliteration|sit|italic=no|k(r)iC}} 'sew'
* *mə-nuŋ 'short'
* *mə-ma 'sister (elder)'
* *d͡ʑuC 'sit, stay'
* *reC 'six'
* *mə-prja 'skin'
* *nə-də-laŋ 'sky'
* *d͡ʑV 'sleep'
* *maj-kən 'smoke (n)'
* *bəw 'snake'
* *dəren 'snow'
* *mə-lə-prjuC 'soft, smooth'
* *naʔ 'soil'
* *təwC 'speak'
* *d͡ʑuŋ 'spear'
* *məsu 'spicy'
* *jeʔ 'spittle'
* *gu 'stand'
* *lə-t͡ɕuŋ 'star'
* *kə 'steal'
* *t͡ɕuŋ 'storehouse, granary'
* *mə-gə-raŋ 'straight'
* *bə-nuŋ 'suck'
* *d͡ʑuʔ 'sun'
* *bə-ljaC 'swallow'
* *mə-jaŋ 'sweet'
* *liŋ 'swell'
* *wa '(swidden) field'
* *d͡ʑaC 'swim'
* *mə-lə-mrjaj 'tail'
* *ləw 'take'
* *t͡ɕaC 'tell'
* *rəŋ 'ten'
* *paj-t͡ɕi 'that'
* *pu-t͡ɕi 'that (lower)'
* *mə-lu 'thigh'
* *huŋ 'this'
* *gə-θəm 'three'
* *gə-d͡ʑuC 'thorn'
* *bə-laj 'tongue'
* *mə-taC 'tooth'
* *{{Transliteration|sit|italic=no|(g)o-naj}} 'tree'
* *gə-niC 'two'
* *an-lə-giN 'uncooked rice'
* *pen 'vegetable'
* *mu 'vomit'
* *daj 'walk'
* *t͡ɕaC 'hot, warm'
* *wi 'water'
* *kua-suʔ 'waterfall'
* *traj 'weave'
* *tiŋ 'what'
* *kəʔ 'where'
* *mə-gə-raN 'white'
* *θu 'who'
* *low 'wind'
* *gə/mə-t͡ɕəwC 'wing'
* *d͡ʑVru 'with'
* *{{Transliteration|sit|italic=no|(g)o}} 'wood'
* *nəməraj 'woman'
* *də-niŋ 'year'
* *də-gaC 'yesterday'
* *mə-nuŋ 'younger sibling'
* *na(-jaŋ) '{{gcl|1SG}}'
* *ni '{{gcl|2SG}}'
* *ʔi '{{gcl|3SG}}'
* *ka-ni '{{gcl|1PL}}'
* *d͡ʑV '{{gcl|2PL}}'
* *na '{{gcl|3PL}}'
{{Refend}}

==See also==
*[[Wiktionary:Appendix:Hrusish comparative vocabulary lists|Hrusish comparative vocabulary lists]] (Wiktionary)

==Further reading==
*Abraham, Binny, Kara Sako, Elina Kinny, Isapdaile Zeliang. 2018. ''[https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/75982 Sociolinguistic Research among Selected Groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh: Highlighting Monpa]''. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2018-009.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2014. ''On the classification of the Hruso (Aka) language''. Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
* {{cite journal | surname1 = Bodt | given1 = Timotheus Adrianus | surname2 = Lieberherr | given2 = Ismael | year = 2015 | title = First notes on the phonology and classification of the Bangru language of India | journal = Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 66–123 | doi = 10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod | doi-access = free }}
* George van Driem (2001) ''Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region.'' Brill.

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Arunachal languages}}
{{Eurasian languages}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hrusish languages| ]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Proposed language families]]

Hrusish languages - Revision history

FXRChelsea at 11:11, 1 January 2026