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{{Short description|Indian human spaceflight agency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Government agency
| agency_name = Human Space Flight Centre
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo = Indian Space Research Organisation Logo.svg
| seal =
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| formed = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|2019|01|30}}

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| parent_agency = [[ISRO]]
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India|Department of Space]]
| headquarters = [[Bangalore]], in [[Karnataka]], India
| coordinates =
| employees =
| budget = See the budget of [[ISRO]]
| chief1_name = Dr. S Unnikrishnan Nair
| chief1_position = Director
| chief2_name =
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| child2_agency =
| website = [https://www.isro.gov.in/ ISRO Home Page]
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}}

The '''Human Space Flight Centre''' (HSFC) is a body under [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) to coordinate [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]. The agency will be responsible for implementation of the ''[[Gaganyaan]]'' project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-jan-2019/inauguration-of-human-space-flight-centre-hsfc|title=Inauguration of Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) - ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2019-06-02}}</ref> The first crewed flight is planned for 2023<ref name="toi-20210217">{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Surendra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-manned-mission-not-before-2023-minister/articleshow/81013233.cms |title=Gaganyaan manned mission not before 2023: Minister |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 February 2021 |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref> on a home-grown [[GSLV Mk III|GSLV-III rocket]].<ref name='launch 2022'>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gaganyaan-mission-to-take-indian-astronaut-to-space-by-2022-pm-modi/article24695817.ece Gaganyaan mission to take Indian astronaut to space by 2022: PM Modi]. ''The Hindu''. 15 August 2018.</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gaganyaan-mission-to-take-indian-astronaut-to-space-by-2022-pm-modi/article24695817.ece|title=Gaganyaan mission to take Indian astronaut to space by 2022: PM Modi|date=15 August 2018|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/independence-day-2018-live-updates-we-will-put-an-indian-on-space-before-2022-says-narendra-modi-at-red-fort-4967431.html|title=Independence Day 2018 Live Updates: 'We will put an Indian on space before 2022,' says Narendra Modi at Red Fort|website=Firstpost.com|access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref>

Before ''Gaganyaan'' mission announcement in August 2018, human spaceflight was not the priority for ISRO, though most of the required capability for it had been realised.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/satellites-are-our-priority-now-not-human-space-flight/299103|title=Satellites Are Our Priority Now, Not Human Space Flight|work=Outlook|access-date=2017-07-21}}</ref> ISRO has already developed most of the technologies for crewed flight and it performed a [[Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment]] and a [[ISRO Pad Abort Test|Pad Abort Test]] for the mission.<ref name="thehindu.com1">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/isros-first-pad-abort-test-successful/article24336860.ece|title=ISRO's first 'pad abort' test, critical for future human space mission, successful|date=5 July 2018|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The project will cost less than Rs. 10,000 crore.<ref name="ndtv.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-plans-to-put-man-in-space-for-7-days-says-indian-space-research-organisation-chairman-k-sivan-1900888|title=Indian Astronaut Will Be In Space For 7 Days, Confirms ISRO Chairman}}</ref><ref name="thenewsminute.com">{{cite web|last=Suresh|first=Haripriya|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jfk-1961-modi-2018-pm-announces-indian-space-2022-isro-ready-86635|title=JFK in 1961, Modi in 2018: PM announces 'Indian in space by 2022,' but is ISRO ready?|date=15 August 2018|website=The News Minute}}</ref> In December 2018, the government approved further {{Indian Rupee}} 100 billion ([[US$]]1.5 billion) for a 7-days crewed flight of 3 astronauts to take place in December 2021,<ref name='launch 2022'/><ref name=flyaway1>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/3-indians-to-be-sent-to-space-for-7-days-by-2022-cabinet-approves-budget-1969358 Indians To Spend 7 Days In Space In Rs. 10,000 Crore Gaganyaan Plan: 10 Points], NDTV, 28 Dec 2018.</ref> later delayed to 2023.<ref name="toi-20210217" />

If completed on schedule, [[India]] will become world's fourth [[nation state|nation]] to conduct independent human spaceflight after the [[Soviet Union]]/[[Government of Russia|Russia]], [[Federal Government of the United States|United States]] and [[Government of China|People's Republic of China]]. After conducting crewed spaceflights, the agency also intends to continue with efforts with a space station program and possibly a crewed lunar landing.<ref>{{cite news|title=ISRO Looks Beyond Manned Mission; Gaganyaan Aims to Include Women|url=https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/voices%2Fopinion%2Fgaganyaan-isro-human-space-flight-men-women-gender-inclusive}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:ISRO-designed Astronaut Space Suit.jpg|thumb|Prototype flight suit for crewed mission]]
The trials for crewed space missions began in 2007 with the 600 kg [[Space Capsule Recovery Experiment]] (SRE), launched using the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (PSLV) rocket, and safely returned to earth 12 days later.

[[Defence Food Research Laboratory]] (DFRL) has worked on the [[space food]] for crewed spaceflight and has been conducting trials on [[G-suit]] for astronauts as well.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/dec/03/def-lab-works-on-food-for-spaceflight-crew-1545121.html|title=Def lab works on food for spaceflight crew|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-dosa-or-dum-aloo-what-will-india-s-first-astronauts-eat-1360741|title=Dosa or dum aloo. What will India's first astronauts eat?|date=2010-03-19|work=dna|access-date=2018-08-18|language=en-US}}</ref> A prototype 'Advanced Crew Escape Suit' weighing 13 kg was built by Sure Safety (India) Limited based on ISRO's requirements has been tested and performance verified.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.dnaindia.com/story.aspx?id=74871&boxid=3575&ed_date=2015-12-02&ed_code=1310005&ed_page=16|title=AHMEDABAD DNA G & G [PG 16] : Vadodara-based company develops space suit for ISRO|website=epaper.dnaindia.com|access-date=2018-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819011202/http://epaper.dnaindia.com/story.aspx?id=74871&boxid=3575&ed_date=2015-12-02&ed_code=1310005&ed_page=16|archive-date=19 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/gujarats-firms-helping-isro-shape-up-manned-space-mission/|title=Gujarat's firms helping ISRO shape up 'manned space mission'|date=2015-11-03|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-08-18|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=IndiaTV|title=Gujarat's Firm Develops India's First Space Suit for ISRO {{!}} Make in India|date=2016-02-12|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5LNpD7CXwMY|access-date=2018-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/10/AU213.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818202916/http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/10/AU213.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 August 2018|title=Government of India,Department of Space, Unstarred Question number 213 LokSabha|date=16 November 2016|access-date=19 August 2018}}</ref>

On 28 December 2018, the Indian Union cabinet approved the funding for Indian Space Research Organisation's (ISRO's) human spaceflight programme, under which a three-member crew will be sent to space for seven days and is expected to cost Rs 9,023 crore. The testing phase is expected to begin from 2022<ref name="tribune-20210701">{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/first-human-rated-test-flight-for-indias-gaganyaan-not-likely-in-2021-276721 |title=First human-rated test flight for India's Gaganyaan not likely in 2021 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=1 July 2021 |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref> and the mission will be undertaken by 2023.<ref name="toi-20210217" />

== Spacecraft development ==

{{main|Gaganyaan}}
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+
Development schedule of Gaganyaan<ref name="tribune-20210701" /><ref name="PIBFeb21">{{Cite news|last=Department of Space|date=2021-02-10|title=Training of Astronauts and Progress of Gaganyaan Mission|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1696779|newspaper=Press Information Bureau|location=Delhi|access-date=2021-02-11}}</ref><ref name="toi-20210217" />
!Flight type
!Proposed month & year
!Crew
|-
|Test Flight 1
|2022
|None
|-
|Test Flight 2
|2022–23
|None
|-
|Crewed
|2023
| 3
|}
[[File:India's Human Spaceflight Program - TMRO.webm|thumb|Michael Clark talks about India's Human Spaceflight Programme and the rockets that will enable them.]]

The first phase of this programme is to develop and fly the 3.7-ton spaceship called ''[[Gaganyaan]]'' that will carry a 3-member crew to low Earth orbit and safely return to Earth after a mission duration of a few orbits to two days. The first uncrewed launch is planned for 2022.<ref name="tribune-20210701" /> The extendable version of the spaceship will allow flights up to seven days, rendezvous and docking capability.

Enhancements in spacecraft will lead to development of a space habitat allowing spaceflight duration of 30–40 days at once in next phase. Further advances from experience will subsequently lead to development of a [[space station]].<ref>{{cite news|title=We're talking of habitation on moon, Mars…we have to know how to adapt: ISRO chief K Sivan|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-chief-k-sivan-interview-habitation-on-moon-mars-5545632/}}</ref>

On 7 October 2016, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre Director K. Sivan stated that ISRO was gearing up to conduct a critical 'crew bailout test' called [[ISRO Pad Abort Test]] to see how fast and effectively the crew module could be released safely in the event of an emergency. The tests were conducted successfully on 5 July 2018 at Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. This was the first test in a series of tests to qualify a crew escape system technology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/hi/update/05-jul-2018/successful-flight-testing-of-crew-escape-system-technology-demonstrator|title=SUCCESSFUL FLIGHT TESTING OF CREW ESCAPE SYSTEM - TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATOR - ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705234350/https://www.isro.gov.in/hi/update/05-jul-2018/successful-flight-testing-of-crew-escape-system-technology-demonstrator|archive-date=5 July 2018|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=ISRO's first 'pad abort' test, critical for future human space mission, successful|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/isros-first-pad-abort-test-successful/article24336860.ece}}</ref>

India will not use any animals for life support systems testing but robots resembling humans will be used.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isro-not-to-fly-living-being-before-actual-manned-space-mission-official-1916654|title=ISRO Not To Fly Living Being Before Actual Manned Space Mission: Official|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=ISRO to use a humanoid, not animal, for Gaganyaan tests|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/before-humans-humanoids-to-do-experiments-in-space/articleshow/67580180.cms}}</ref> ISRO is targeting more than 99.8% reliability for its crew escape system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Suits from Vadodara, parachutes from Agra: Inside ISRO's plan to launch India's first astronauts|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/science/suits-from-vadodara-parachutes-from-agra-inside-isros-plan-to-launch-indias-first-astronauts/articleshow/67584640.cms}}</ref>

As of August 2018, ISRO plans to launch its crewed orbiter ''Gaganyaan'' atop a [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III]] (GSLV Mk III).<ref name="launch 2022" /><ref name="thehindu.com" /><ref name="ndtv.com" /><ref name="thenewsminute.com" /> About 16 minutes after lift-off, the rocket will inject the orbital vehicle into an orbit 300 to 400 km above Earth. The capsule would return for a [[splashdown]] in the [[Arabian Sea]] near the [[Gujarat]] coastline.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manned-space-mission-before-75th-i-day-isro-chief/article24803753.ece|title=Manned space mission before 75th I-Day: ISRO chief|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2018-08-28|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As of May 2019, design of crew module has been completed.<ref>{{Cite news|title = India's first solar mission in 2020: ISRO chairman|url = https://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/69169011.cms|date = 4 May 2019|access-date = 5 May 2019|newspaper = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The spacecraft will be flown twice unmanned for validation before conducting actual human spaceflight.<ref name="PIBFeb21" />

== Infrastructure development ==

=== Human-Rating of GSLV ===
Human-rating rates the system is capable of safely transporting humans. ISRO will be building and launching 2 missions to validate the human rating of the GSLV-MK III.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-to-build-3-sets-of-rockets-crew-modules-for-gaganyaan/articleshow/67306001.cms|title=Isro to build 3 sets of rockets, crew modules for Gaganyaan - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-30}}</ref> Existing launch facilities will be upgraded to enable them to carry out launches under Indian Human Spaceflight campaign.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's human space programme gets a fillip |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/nov/15/indias-human-space-programme-gets-a-fillip-1898396.html |access-date=11 January 2019 |quote=Initially, the plan was the construct a new launch pad for the human space flight, but Sivan told the Express that due to paucity of time one of the two existing launch pads is being modified to meet the requirement.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Question number 1733 in Rajya Sabha |url=https://164.100.158.235/question/annex/247/Au1733.pdf |access-date=11 January 2019 |quote=It is proposed to utilise the existing launch pad with augmentation for carrying out the initial flights under the Gaganyaan manned space flight programme. }}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== Escape System ===
The escape system will boast of a recently included geometry. Work on parachute enlargement and new architecture are also going on.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/isro-drdo-agra-labs-make-711368.html|title=Agra lab parachutes to bring back India astronauts|date=2019-01-04|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2019-01-11}}</ref>

==Astronaut training==
===Training for Gaganyaan programme===

ISRO Chairman, K. Sivan, announced in January 2019 the creation of India's Human Space Flight Centre in Bangalore for training astronauts, also called vyomanauts (vyoma means 'Space' or 'Sky' in Sanskrit).<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-set-for-april-launch-of-chandrayaan-2-after-missed-deadline/story-BjMmDmHQ5lqU5yijS8qfJN.html ISRO set for April launch of Chandrayaan-2 after missed deadline]. Vikram Gopal, ''Hindustan Times'', 11 January 2019.</ref> The {{INRConvert|1000|c|1}} centre will train the selected astronauts in rescue and recovery operations, operate in zero gravity environment, and monitoring of the radiation environment.

In spring 2009 a full-scale mock-up of the crew capsule was built and delivered to Satish Dhawan Space Centre for training of astronauts. India will be short listing 200 [[Indian Air Force]] pilots for this purpose. The selection process would begin by the candidates having to complete an ISRO questionnaire, after which they would be subjected to physical and psychological analyses. Only 4 of the 200 applicants will be selected for the first space mission training. While two will fly, two shall act as reserve.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090504092855/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/02/stories/2009050255231100.htm Model of space crew module ready], ''The Hindu'', 2 May 2009</ref><ref name="ET2012">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/iaf-developing-parameters-for-indias-manned-space-mission/articleshow/17798420.cms|title=IAF developing parameters for India's manned space mission|date=28 December 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref>

ISRO signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] in 2009 with the [[Indian Air Force]]'s Institute of Aerospace Medicine (IAM) to conduct preliminary research on psychological and physiological needs of crew and development of training facilities.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2481/1| title=The Space Review: Prospects for the Indian human spaceflight program| website=www.thespacereview.com| access-date=2018-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/tztJqS1r9fxpkbKedwz6lN/Isro-unit-to-start-building-space-capsule-for-manned-mission.html| title=Isro unit to start building space capsule for manned mission| website=Livemint.com| access-date=2018-08-18}}</ref> ISRO is also discussing an agreement with Russia regarding some aspects of astronaut training.<ref>[https://www.deccanherald.com/national/russia-may-train-indian-695417.html Russia may train Indian astronauts at ISS]. Anirban Bhaumik, ''Decan Herald''. 30 September 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/russia-to-help-india-in-2022-space-mission-russian-envoy-nikolay-kudashev-1957344 Russia To Help India In 2022 Space Mission: Russian Envoy]. ''NDTV'' 3 December 2018.</ref>

Human Space Flight Centre and [[Glavcosmos]], which is a subsidiary of the Russian state corporation [[Roscosmos]], signed an agreement on 1 July 2019 for cooperation in the selection, support, medical examination and space training of Indian astronauts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/its-official-india-picks-russia-to-pick-train-astronauts/articleshow/70031169.cms|title=Gaganyaan: India chooses Russia to pick & train astronauts {{!}} India News - Times of India|date=1 July 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref> An ISRO Technical Liaison Unit (ITLU) will be set up in [[Moscow]] to facilitate the development of some key technologies and establishment of special facilities which are essential to support life in space.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-will-set-up-unit-in-moscow-to-develop-technology-needed-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/70471565.cms|title=Isro will set up unit in Moscow to develop technology needed for Gaganyaan mission {{!}} India News - Times of India|last=Singh|first=Surendra|date=31 July 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref>

As of January 2020, 4 crews have been selected for the mission with astronaut training scheduled to begin in third week of January.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pinto|first=Nolan|title=4 astronauts identified for Gaganyaan mission: Isro chief K Sivan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/gaganyaan-4-astronauts-identified-isro-k-sivan-1633024-2020-01-01|newspaper=IndiaToday|date=2020-01-01|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref>

==== Planned facilities within India ====

An astronaut training facility will be established on proposed site of {{convert|140|acre|km2}} nearby [[Kempegowda International Airport]] in [[Devanahalli]], Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/beyond-space-isro-plans-to-place-indians-on-the-moon/articleshow/67500457.cms|title=Beyond space: Isro plans to place Indians on the Moon - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-01-12}}</ref>

Another such facility is proposed to be constructed in [[Challakere]] under a {{INRConvert|2700|c|lk=off|year=2020}} plan. It will be a facility spanning {{Convert|400|acre|km2|abbr=}} and will be the primary facility for astronaut training and other related activities. As of January 2020, it is planned to be completed in 3 years. Once completed, all activities related to the [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]] will be undertaken there.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/challakere-to-be-isros-astronaut-training-hub/article30489101.ece|title=Challakere to be ISRO's astronaut training hub|last=D.s|first=Madhumathi|date=2020-01-06|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://environmentclearance.nic.in/state/Form_8A_PDF.aspx?pid=79201&prono=SIA/KA/MIS/130722/2019|title=Application For Prior Environmental Clearance: Residential Township For Human Space Flight Centre|website=environmentclearance.nic.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110190220/http://environmentclearance.nic.in/state/Form_8A_PDF.aspx?pid=79201&prono=SIA%2FKA%2FMIS%2F130722%2F2019|archive-date=10 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/TOR/PFR/05_Sep_2019_094559967JI7L767RPFR.pdf|title=Environmental clearance form: Human Space Flight Centre along with residential township, ISRO, Department of Space.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230080721/http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/TOR/PFR/05_Sep_2019_094559967JI7L767RPFR.pdf|archive-date=30 December 2019|access-date=10 January 2020}}</ref>

== Experiments and objectives ==

On 7 November 2018, ISRO released an Announcement of Opportunity seeking proposals from the Indian science community for microgravity experiments that could be carried out during the first two robotic flights of ''[[Gaganyaan]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Announcement of Opportunity (AO) for Low Earth Orbit based Microgravity Experiments - ISRO|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/announcement-of-opportunity-ao-low-earth-orbit-based-microgravity-experiments}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Human Mission: ISRO looking at pool of 10 experiments in space|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/human-mission-isro-looking-at-pool-of-10-experiments-in-space/articleshow/66582995.cms}}</ref> The scope of the experiments is not restricted, and other relevant ideas will be entertained. The proposed orbit for microgravity platform is expected to be in an Earth-bound orbit at approximately 400 km altitude. All the proposed internal and external experimental payloads will undergo thermal, vacuum and radiation tests under required temperature and pressure conditions. To carry out [[microgravity]] experiments for long duration, a satellite may be placed in orbit.

==See also==
*[[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]
*[[Indian Space Research Organization]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928235713/http://www.gujaratglobal.com/nextSub.php?id=1877&catype=NEWS President Kalam's vision: India will land on the Moon in August 2025]
*[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/human-space-flight-prog-hal-hands-over-crew-module-assembly-to-isro/article5685195.ece Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL) hands over the first ‘Crew Module Structural Assembly’ to ISRO]. 13 February 2014.
{{-}}
{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{ISRO facilities}}

[[Category:Indian Space Research Organisation]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Transport in Bangalore]]
[[Category:Human spaceflight programs]]

Human Space Flight Centre - Revision history

CleanupBot II at 00:36, 14 August 2023