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{{Short description|Indian transliteration system}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
The '''Hunterian transliteration''' system is the "national system of [[romanization]] in [[India]]" and the one officially adopted by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="ref04xufam">{{Citation | title=Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names | author=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs | year=2007 | publisher=United Nations Publications, 2007 | isbn=978-92-1-161500-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mh8u32ANQxAC | quote=... ISO 15919 ... There is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products ... The Hunterian system is the actually used national system of romanization in India ...}}</ref><ref name="ref48luvep">{{Citation | title=United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Far East, Volume 2 | author=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs | year=1955 | publisher=United Nations, 1955 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKsvAAAAYAAJ | quote=... In India the Hunterian system is used, whereby every sound in the local language is uniformly represented by a certain letter in the Roman alphabet ...}}</ref><ref name="ref65puqac">{{Citation | title=Indian scientific & technical publications, exhibition 1960: a bibliography | author=National Library (India) | year=1960 | publisher=Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Government of India, 1960 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VYEAQAAIAAJ | quote=... The Hunterian system of transliteration, which has international acceptance, has been used ...}}</ref> Hunterian transliteration was sometimes also called the ''Jonesian transliteration system'' because it derived closely from a previous transliteration method developed by [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]] (1746–1794).<ref>{{cite journal|first=William|last=Jones|title=A Dissertation on the Orthography of Asiatick Words in Roman Letters|journal=Asiatick Researches|year=1786|volume=1|pages=1–56|url=https://archive.org/stream/asiaticresearche01asia#page/n19/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name="ref21qerez">{{Citation | title=Notes and queries | year=1883 | publisher=Oxford University Press, 1883 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkcAAAAAYAAJ | quote=... What is now culled the Jonesian or Hunterian system is due primarily to Sir Charles Wilkins ... The original Jonesian system had its merits; but the ignorance of phonology which prevailed in those days prevents it from being accepted as a scientific instrument for the reproduction of sounds outside the limited range ...}}</ref> Upon its establishment, the [[Sahitya Akademi]] (India's National Academy of Letters) also adopted the Hunterian method, with additional adaptations, as its standard method of maintaining its bibliography of Indian-language works.<ref name="ref24debum">{{Citation | title=Five decades: the National Academy of Letters, India: a short history of Sahitya Akademi | author=D. S. Rao | year=2004 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi, 2004 | isbn=9788126020607 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12pjAAAAMAAJ | quote=... The Bibliography was to be in Roman script with annotations in English, so that it could serve as a tool of reference both in India and abroad. The Hunterian system of transliteration was to be adopted with suitable modifications. Every language section was to be divided into 8 major categories: 1. General works, eg important bibliographies, general encyclopaedias, dictionaries; 2. Philosophy and Religion, containing works of literary significance ...}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Huntadapt04.png|thumb|right|[[Max Muller]]'s 1866 [[anusvara]] transliterations]]
The original precursor to the Hunterian system was a transliteration method developed by [[Charles Wilkins]], who is sometimes called the "father of [[Devanagari]] typography" because he was also the creator of the first Devanagari typeface.<ref name="ref21qerez"/><ref name="ref70zofim">{{Citation | title=Typography of Devanagari, Volume 1 | author=Bapurao S. Naik | year=1971 | publisher=Directorate of Languages, Government of Maharashtra, India, 1971 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZfgAAAAMAAJ | quote=... Sir Charles Wilkins:The Father of Devanagari Typography. Charles Wilkins (born in 1749-50) arrived in India in 1770 and joined the service of the East India Company ...}}</ref> William Jones, who also founded the [[Asiatic Society]], further developed the transliteration method.<ref name="ref21qerez"/> It was given a more complete form in the late nineteenth century by [[William Wilson Hunter]], then Surveyor General of India.<ref name="ref26vazop">{{Citation | title=Life of Sir William Wilson Hunter, K.C.S.I., M.A., LL.D., a vice-president of the Royal Asiatic society, etc | author=Francis Henry Skrine | year=1901 | author-link=Francis Henry Skrine | publisher=Longmans, Green, and co., 1901 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1O21Ciyid0C | quote=... phonetic or 'Sir Roger Dowler method' ... The Secretary of State and the great majority of his councillors gave an unqualified support to the Hunterian system ...}}</ref> When it was proposed, it immediately met with opposition from supporters of the phonetic Dowler system, which climaxed in a dramatic showdown in an India Council meeting on 28 May 1872 where the new Hunterian method carried the day. The Hunterian method was inherently simpler and extensible to several Indic scripts because it systematized [[grapheme]] transliteration, and it came to prevail and gain government and academic acceptance.<ref name="ref26vazop"/> Opponents of the grapheme transliteration model continued to mount unsuccessful attempts at reversing government policy until the turn of the century, with one critic calling appealing to "the Indian Government to give up the whole attempt at scientific (i.e. Hunterian) transliteration, and decide once and for all in favour of a return to the old phonetic spelling."<ref name="ref31xuvad">{{Citation | title=The Fortnightly, Volume 68 | year=1897 | publisher=Chapman and Hall, 1897 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwoeAQAAIAAJ | quote=... the Indian Government to give up the whole attempt at scientific (i.e. Hunterian) transliteration, and decide once and for all in favour of a return to the old phonetic spelling ...}}</ref>

==Additional languages and adaptations==
Over time, the Hunterian method extended in reach to cover several Indic scripts, including [[Burmese script|Burmese]] and [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]].<ref name="ref49pihug">{{Citation | title=Modernization of Burmese | author=Mînn Latt Yêkháun | year=1966 | publisher=Oriental Institute in Academia, Publishing House of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 1966 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iy5kAAAAMAAJ | quote=... There does exist a system df transcribing Burmese words in roman letters, one that is called the 'Government', or the 'Hunterian' method ...}}</ref><ref name="ref82hecix">{{Citation | title=Mapping and compilation | author=Kunwar Krishan Rampal | year=1993 | publisher=Concept Publishing Company, 1993 | isbn=978-81-7022-414-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aurHGtGvKGIC | quote=... The Hunterian system has rules for transliteration into English the names form Hindi, Urdu, Arabic, Burmese, Chinese and Tibetan origin. These rules are described in Chapter VI, Survey of India, Handbook of Topographical Mapping ...}}</ref> The Hunterian system was used to establish writing systems that used the Latin alphabet for some Indian languages that were previously not associated with a written script, such as [[Mizo language|Mizo]]. In the case of Mizo, the Hunterian-based writing system "has proved hugely successful."<ref name="ref39jamep">{{Citation | title=Administration of justice in Mizoram | author=Ram Narayan Prasad, Prithwipati Chakraborty | date=January 2006 | publisher=Mittal Publications, 2006 | isbn=978-81-8324-059-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-llviDkGAAC | quote=... The first Christian Missionaries who came to Mizoram, namely the Revd. James Herbert Lorrain and the Revd. Frederick William Savidge, devised an alphabet using Roman lettering and based on the Hunterian system. It was later modified slightly, but in principle it has remained the same and has proved highly successful ...}}</ref> Provisions for [[schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages]] were also made where applicable, e.g. the Hindi {{lang|hi|कानपुर}} is transliterated as ''kānpur'' (and not ''kānapura'') but the Sanskrit {{lang|sa|क्रम}} is transliterated as ''krama'' (and not ''kram''). The system has undergone some evolution over time. For instance, long vowels were marked with an [[acute accent]] in the original version, but this was later replaced in the 1954 Government of India update with a [[Macron (diacritic)|macron]].<ref name="rotcsa">{{Citation | title=The Romanization of Toponyms in the Countries of South Asia | access-date=2011-02-27 | url=http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/wgr06_5.htm | quote=... In the late 19th century sources, the system marks long vowels with an acute accent, and renders the letters k and q both as k. However, when the system was again published in 1954, alterations had been made. Long vowels were now marked with a macron and the q-k distinction was maintained ...}}</ref> Thus, {{lang|hi|जान}} ('life') was previously romanized as ''ján'' but began to be romanized as ''jān''. Additional diacritics have been proposed for various purposes, such as disambiguating [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] letters which map to a single Devanagari grapheme (e.g. {{lang|ur|ث ,س}} and {{lang|ur|ص}} which all map to {{lang|hi|स}}).<ref name="ref78jiriv">{{Citation | title=A dictionary, Hindustani and English: to which is added a reversed part, English and Hindustani | author=Duncan Forbes | year=1848 | publisher=W.H. Allen, 1848 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7klIAAAAYAAJ | quote=... ب ब b ...}}</ref> Some languages of the region are [[Tonal languages|tonal]], such as Mizo and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and accent marks over vowels have been repurposed to indicate tone for some of them.

==Vowels==
[[File:Huntadapt03.png|thumb|150px|right|An 1848 adaptation of the Jonesian/Hunterian system with both Devanagari and Perso-Arabic characters]]
Main [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] vowels with their various representations:<ref name="ref04xufam"/><ref name="soi1896jsh">{{Citation | title=Handbook of Professional Instructions for the Topographical Branch | author=Lt. Col. St. George Corbet Gore | publisher=Survey of India Department, 1896 | quote=... क k ख kh ग g घ gh ...}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- class="Unicode"
! [[Devanagari]]
! [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] {{NoteTag|name=nastaliq|This will only display in the [[Nastaliq]] script if you have a suitable Urdu font installed. If this {{lang|ur|نستعلیق}} and this {{lang|fa|نستعلیق}} looks like any of {{nastaliq|{{lang|ur|نستعلیق}}}} or {{nastaliq|{{lang|fa|نستعلیق}}}}, then you are probably seeing it written in the [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] script.}}
! [[IPA for Hindi|IPA]]
! Hunterian
! Proposed diacritic forms
! Notes
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|अ}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ا}}}} || {{IPA|hi|ə|}} || {{Transliteration|inc|hunterian|a}} || a ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|आ}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|آ}}}} || aː || a || ā ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|इ}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|اِ}}}} || ɪ || i || i ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ई}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ی}}}} || iː || i || ī ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|उ}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|اُ}}}} || ʊ || u || u ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ऊ}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|او}}}} || uː || u || ū ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ऋ}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|رِ}}}} || ɾɪ, ɻ̍ || ri || ṛĭ<ref name="ref50gamug"/> ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ॠ}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|رِ}}}} || ɾiː, ɻ̍ː || ri || ṟĭ<ref name="ref50gamug"/> ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ए}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|اے}}}} || eː || e || ē ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ऐ}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|اے}}}} || ɛː, ai, æ || ai || ai || Rarely {{IPA|hi|æ|}} in Standard Hindi, but diphthongal pronunciation {{IPA|hi|ai|}} (like the 'i' in b'''i'''ke) in Bihari/Eastern Hindi<ref>{{cite book|last1=Manjari|first1=Ohala|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet: Hindi|date=1999|publisher=International Phonetic Association|url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_hin_phon-3}}</ref><ref name="ref11derom">{{Citation | title=The Indo-Aryan languages | author=George Cardona | date=26 July 2007 | publisher=Psychology Press, 2003 | isbn=978-0-7007-1130-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC | quote=... Table 7.1 Vowel Phonemes ... ai (ऐ) [æ] low front unrounded; diphthongal pronunciations in eastern and nonstandard dialects ... ...}}</ref>
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ओ}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|او}}}} || oː || o || ō ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|औ}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|او}}}} || ɔː, au || au || au || Pronounced as the diphthong {{IPA|hi|au|}} (like 'ou' in h'''ou'''se) in Bihari/Eastern Hindi
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|अं}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ں}}}}, {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ن}}}}, {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|م}}}} || ŋ, m || n, m || ṅ, ṁ || Differentiation between dental and labial anusvara
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|अः}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ح}}}} || h || h || ḥ<ref name="ref50gamug"/> ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ऍ}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|اے}}}} || æ || || || No Hunterian symbol defined; almost never written phonetically in Hindi except for loanwords; more rigorous usage in Nepali
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ऑ}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|او}}}} || ɒ || || || No Hunterian symbol defined; sound occurs in words like {{lang|inc-Deva|गौना}} ({{IPA|ne|gɒnaː|}}; 'engagement'), but never written phonetically except for loanwords
|}

==Consonants==
[[File:Huntadapt01.png|thumb|100px|right|An 1879 Hunterian adaptation that uses italics]]
[[File:Huntadapt02.png|thumb|100px|right|An 1895 Hunterian adaptation that uses diacritics]]
[[File:Huntadapt05.png|thumb|100px|right|Many devices have been used to represent [[halant]]s including small slashes]]
In the Hunterian system, implicit [[schwa]]s are denoted by the transliterated schwa vowel in Devanagari, ''a'' (अ), and excluded as necessary under [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|schwa deletion rules]]. Aspirations are represented by ''h''.<ref name="ref04xufam"/><ref name="soi1896jsh"/> Retroflex graphemes are often represented by a diacritic dot under the Latin consonant that represents the equivalent dental graphemes in proposals<ref name="ref50gamug">{{Citation | title=The transliteration of oriental alphabets | author=James Burgess | year=1895 | publisher=E.J. Brill, 1895 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBYuAAAAYAAJ | quote=... the use of c alone for this sound ... though it may be easy for specialists to attach an arbitrary sound to a letter, the public can hardly be expected ... Every map and geographical text book has adopted 'ch', as does the roll of every Indian regiment and every revenue record ... chh is the analogous aspirate of this, unless we adopt for it čh ... Table: The Principal Indian Alphabets ...}}</ref> (some of which predate even the Hunterian method),<ref name="ref99xaxuz">{{Citation | title=Romanized school dictionary: English and Urdu | author=Calcutta School-Book Society | year=1861 | publisher=Calcutta School-Book Society Press, 1861 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1UWAAAAYAAJ | quote=... Anglo-Urdu Alphabet ... ḍ bad ... ḳh loch ...}}</ref><ref name="ref36foxoj">{{Citation | title=A Sanskrit grammar for beginners | author=Max Muller | year=1866 | publisher=Longmans, Green & Co., 1866 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KqYIAAAAQAAJ | quote=... ड ḍ ढ ḍh ...}}</ref> though this has not officially been accepted by the Indian government. [[Virama|Halants]] are indicated by either leaving out a vowel after the transliterated consonant<ref name="tohmnhdfr">{{Citation | title=Transliteration of Hindi, Marathi & Nepali | url=http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Hindi-Marathi-Nepali.pdf | quote=... ◌् halanta vowelless vowelless ...}}</ref> or, in new proposals (not formally approved by the Indian government), with a period after the applicable consonant (e.g. जल्दी – ''jal.di''). Initially, italics were sometimes used to differentiate consonants such as ख ("kh") and ख़ ("''kh''"),<ref name="ref80jocaq">{{Citation | title=The journal of the Royal Geographic Society of London, Volume 49 | author=Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain) | year=1879 | publisher=J. Murray, 1879 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GAjohZMHlcC&pg=PA194 | quote=... the italic sign to mark certain peculiarities in the consonants ...}}</ref> but later macrons and diacritics began to be used more extensively.


{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Devanagari]]
! [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] {{NoteTag|name=nastaliq}}
! [[IPA for Hindi|IPA]]
! Hunterian
! Proposed diacritic forms<br>{{citation needed|reason=where are these from?|date=March 2020}}
! Notes
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|क}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ک}}}} || k || k || k ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ख}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|کھ}}}} || kʰ || kh || kh ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ग}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|گ}}}} || g || g || g ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|घ}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|گھ}}}} || ɡʱ || gh || gh ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ङ}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ن}}}} || ŋ || n || ṅ<ref name="ref50gamug"/> ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|च}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|چ}}}} || tʃ || ch || ch ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|छ}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|چھ}}}} || tʃʰ || chh || cẖ, čh<ref name="ref50gamug"/> ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ज}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ج}}}} || dʒ || j || j ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|झ}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|جھ}}}} || dʒʱ || jh || jh ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ञ}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ن}}}} || ɲ || n || ñ<ref name="ref50gamug"/> ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ट}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ٹ}}}} || ʈ || t || ṭ<ref name="ref50gamug"/> ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ठ}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ٹھ}}}} || ʈʰ || th || ṭh<ref name="ref50gamug"/> ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ड}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ڈ}}}} || ɖ || d || ḍ<ref name="ref50gamug"/> ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ढ}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ڈھ}}}} || ɖʱ || dh || ḍh<ref name="ref50gamug"/> ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ण}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ن}}}} || ɳ || n || ṇ<ref name="ref50gamug"/> ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|त}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ت}}}} || t̪ || t || t ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|थ}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|تھ}}}} || t̪ʰ || th || th ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|द}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|د}}}} || d̪ || d || d ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ध}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|دھ}}}} || d̪ʱ || dh || dh ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|न}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ن}}}} || n || n || n ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|प}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|پ}}}} || p || p || p ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|फ}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|پھ}}}} || pʰ || ph || ph ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ब}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ب}}}} || b || b || b ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|भ}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|بھ}}}} || bʱ || bh || bh ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|म}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|م}}}} || m || m || m ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|य}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ی}}}} || j || y || y ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|र}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ر}}}} || r || r || r ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ल}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ل}}}} || l || l || l ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|व}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|و}}}} || v, ʋ, w || v, w || v || In Marathi, {{IPA|mr|w|}}, except {{IPA|mr|v|}} before {{IPA|mr|i|}}; {{IPA|hi|v|}}, {{IPA|hi|ʋ|}}, {{IPA|hi|w|}} allophony in Hindi
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|श}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ش}}}} || ʃ || sh || sh || In Nepali, {{IPA|ne|s|}} or {{IPA|ne|sh|}} can be used
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ष}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ش}}}} || ʃ, ʂ || sh || ṣh<ref name="ref50gamug"/> || Commonly pronounced {{IPA|hi|ʃ|}} in Hindi; {{IPA|sa|ʂ|}} in Sanskrit and in Hindi before retroflex consonants
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|स}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|س}}}} || s || s || s ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ह}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ح}}}} || ɦ || h || h ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|क़}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ق}}}} || q || q || q ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ख़}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|خ}}}} || x || kh || ḳh, k͟h<ref name="ref78jiriv"/> ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ग़}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|غ}}}} || ɣ || gh || g͟h<ref name="ref78jiriv"/> ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ड़}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ڑ}}}} || ɽ || r || ṛ<ref name="ref78jiriv"/> ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ढ़}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ڑھ}}}} || ɽʱ || rh || ṛh<ref name="ref78jiriv"/> ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|फ़}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ف}}}} || f || f || f ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ज़}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ز}}}} || z || z || z ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|झ़}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|ژ}}}} || ʒ || zh || zh ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|क्ष}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|کش}}}} || kʃ, kʂ || ksh || kṣh<ref name="ref50gamug"/> ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|त्र}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|تر}}}} || t̪r || tr || tr ||
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|ज्ञ}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|گیہ}}}} || gj, dʑɲ || gy, jn || gy, jñ || Commonly pronounced {{IPA|hi|gj|}} in Hindi and {{IPA|sa|dʑɲ|}} in Sanskrit and occasionally in Hindi. Transliterated as {{transliteration|sa|hunterian|gy}} for Hindi and {{transliteration|sa|hunterian|jn}} for Sanskrit.
|-
| {{lang|inc-Deva|श्र}} || {{lang|inc-Aran|{{Nastaliq|شر}}}} || ʃr || shr || shr ||
|}

==Examples==

'''Example''': मैं अपने संबंधी से कारख़ाने में मिला और उसने मुझे चाय पिलाई। वह बारिश के कारण फ़सलों को हुए नुक़सान की वजह से चिंतित था। मैंने उसे अपनी ख़बर सुनाई। क्योंकि मुझे निकलना था, इसीलिए कुछ देर बाद मैंने क्षमा माँगी और वहाँ से रवाना हुआ।

With diacritics: {{transliteration|hi|mãĩ apne sambandhī se kārk͟hāne mẽ milā aur usne mujhe chāy pilāī. vo bāriś ke kāraṇ faslõ ko hue nuqsān kī vajah se cintit thā. maĩne use apnī k͟habar sunāī. kyõki mujhe nikalnā thā, isilie kuchh der bād mãĩne kṣhamā māṅgī aur vahā̃ se ravānā huā.}}

Without any diacritics: {{transliteration|hi|main apne sambandhi se karkhane men mila aur usne mujhe chay pilayi. wo barish ke karan faslon ko hue nuqsan ki vajah se chintit tha. maine use apni khabar sunayi. kyonki mujhe nikalna tha, isilie kuchh der bad maine kshama mangi aur vahan se ravana hua.}}

Notes: संबंधी can interchangeably be written in two different ways: संबंधी and सम्बन्धी. चिंतित can also be written as चिंतित and चिन्तित.

'''Example''': इस साल ग्रीष्मकालीन वर्षा ज़्यादा होने से अमरूद और बेर की क़िल्लत देखी गई। मज़े की बात यह है कि सेब और ख़ुबानी की क़ीमतें कम हैं क्योंकि उत्तराखंड में गोदाम भरें हैं.

With diacritics: {{transliteration|hi|is sāl grīṣmkālīn varṣā zyādā hone se amrūd aur ber kī qillat dekhī gaī. maze kī bāt ye hai ki seb aur k͟hubānī kī qīmtẽ kam hãĩ kyõki uttarākhaṇḍ mẽ godām bharẽ haĩ.}}

Without any diacritics: {{transliteration|hi|is sal grishmkalin varsha zyada hone se amrud aur ber ki qillat dekhi gayi. maze ki bat ye hai ki seb aur khubani ki qimten kam hain kyonki uttarakhand men godam bharen hain.}}

Notes: उत्तराखंड can interchangeably be written in two different ways: उत्तराखंड and उत्तराखण्ड.

==Criticism==
The Hunterian system has faced criticism over the years for not producing phonetically accurate results and being "unashamedly geared towards an English-language receiver audience."<ref name="rotcsa"/> Specifically, the lack of differentiation between [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]] and [[dental consonant|dental]] consonants (e.g. द and ड are both represented by ''d'') has come in for repeated criticism and inspired several proposed modifications of Hunterian, including using a diacritic below retroflexes (e.g. making द=''d'' and ड=''ḍ'', which is more readable but requires diacritic printing) or capitalizing them (e.g. making द=''d'' and ड=''D'', which requires no diacritic printing but is less readable because it mixes small and capital letters in words).<ref name="ref06revip">{{Citation | title=Indian surveyor, Volumes 33-34 | author=Institution of Surveyors (India) | year=1991 | publisher=Institution of Surveyors., 1991 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_BVAAAAMAAJ | quote=... Suggested by Mr. GS Oberoi, Director, Survey of India, in lieu of the existing table 'Hunterian System of Transliteration' which does not distinguish between द and ड, र and ड़, त and ट ...}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[William Wilson Hunter]]
*[[Devanagari transliteration]]
*[[ISO 15919]]
*[[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration]]
*[[Mizo language#Writing system|Mizo language writing system]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindustani orthography]]
[[Category:Romanization of Brahmic]]
[[Category:Hindi]]
[[Category:Sanskrit transliteration]]
[[Category:Writing systems introduced in the 19th century]]

Hunterian transliteration - Revision history

FWQGina861152045 at 04:23, 4 December 2025