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{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar and independence activist (1879–1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Syed Hussain Ahmad Madani
| honorific_prefix = Shaykh al-Islam
| image = Husain Ahmad Madani 2012 stamp of India.jpg
| office1 = 5th Principal and Sheikh al-Hadith of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| term_start1 = 1927
| term_end1 = 5 December 1957
| predecessor1 = [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]]
| successor1 = {{bulleted list|[[Ibrahim Balyawi]] (As Principal)|[[Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad]] (As Shaykh al-Hadīth)}}
| office2 = 4th President of [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]
| term_start2 = 1940
| term_end2 = 5 December 1957
| predecessor2 = [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]]
| successor2 = [[Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi]]<ref>{{cite book |author1=Salman Mansoorpuri |title=Tehreek Azadi-e-Hind Mai Muslim Ulama aur Awaam ka Kirdar |date=2014 |publisher=Deeni Kitab Ghar |location=Deoband |page=194 |language=ur}}</ref>
| module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed = yes|religion=[[Islam]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1879|10|06|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bangarmau]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1957|12|05|1879|10|06|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Deoband]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| children = [[Asad Madni]], [[Arshad Madani]], [[Asjad Madani]]
| school_tradition = [[Maturidi]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| main_interests = [[Hadith]], [[Tafsir]], [[Fiqh]]
| influences = [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]] [[Rasheed Ahmed Gangohi]]
| influenced = [[Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi]] [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar]]
| disciples = [[Nur Uddin Gohorpuri]] [[Shah Ahmad Shafi]] [[Shamsuddin Qasemi]] [[Ahmed Ali Assami|Ahmad Ali Badarpuri]] [[Muhammad Azhar Nomani]]
| movement = [[Deobandi]]
| Sufi_order = [[Chisti order|Chishti]] {{small|([[Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari|Sabiri]]-[[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki|Imdadi]])}} [[Naqshbandi]] [[Qadri]] [[Suhrawardiyya|Suhrawardy]]
| notable_ideas = [[Composite nationalism]]
| notable_works = ''[[Naqsh-e-Hayat]]''
| students = [[Abdul Matin Chowdhury (scholar)|Abdul Matin Chowdhury]] [[Abdul Jalil Choudhury]] [[Abdul Ghani Azhari]] [[Muhammad Ismail Katki]] [[Sharif Hasan Deobandi]] [[Usman Ghani Qasmi]] [[Naseer Ahmad Khan (scholar)|Naseer Ahmad Khan]] [[Muhibbullah Babunagari]] [[Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat]]<ref name=":FN">{{Cite news |last=Noor |first=Farish Ahmad |author-link=Farish A. Noor |date=24 November 2000 |title=Of mortal 'ulama' and belly buttons |url=https://m.malaysiakini.com/columns/6510 |work=[[Malaysiakini]]}}</ref> [[Zainul Abideen Azmi]]}}
| relations = [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]
}}
'''Syed Hussain Ahmad Madani''' ({{langx|ur|حسین احمد مدنی}}; 6 October 1879 – 5 December 1957) was an Indian [[Islamic scholar]], serving as the principal of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He was among the first recipients of the civilian honour of [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1954.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=19 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref name=TheNation>[http://nation.com.pk/blogs/27-Jun-2015/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-deoband-movement The rise and fall of the Deoband movement], The Nation (newspaper), Published 27 June 2015, Retrieved 19 July 2017.</ref>

Madani played a key role in cementing the Congress-Khilafat Pact in the 1920s and "Through a series of lectures and pamphlets during the 1920s and 1930s, Madani prepared the ground for the cooperation of the Indian Ulama with the Indian National Congress."<ref name="SikkaPuriBeaman2015">{{cite book |last1=Sikka |first1=Sonia |last2=Puri |first2=Bindu |last3=Beaman |first3=Lori G. |author3-link=Lori G. Beaman |title=Living with Religious Diversity |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317370994}}</ref>

His work ''[[Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam]]'' was published in 1938 and advocated for a united country, in [[opposition to the partition of India]].<ref name="PeersGooptu2017">{{cite book |last1=Peers |first1=Douglas M. |last2=Gooptu |first2=Nandini |title=India and the British Empire |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780192513526 |quote=Madani, head for several decades of the Deoband training centre for theologians, strongly supported Congress nationalism and the ideal of a 'composite nationalism' within {{not a typo|an}} united India, which he thought would be more conducive to the spread and prosperity of his community over the entire subcontinent than any religious partition.}}</ref>

== Early life and ancestry ==

Hussain Ahmad Madani was born in [[Uttar Pradesh]] in a small town named [[Bangarmau]] in district [[Unnao]]. When he was born his father worked as a teacher in [[Bangarmau]]. His family was originally from Tanda in district [[Ambedkar Nagar]]. His father's name was Sayyid Habibullah, who was a descendant of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] through [[Husayn ibn Ali]] down 35 generations.{{sfn|Metcalf, Husain Ahmad Madani|2012}} Husayn's 16th generation down descendant Sayyid Nurul Haq was given 24 villages in [[Tanda, Ambedkar Nagar|Tanda]] by the Emperor of Delhi. Eventually through time, some of this land was inherited by Sayyid Habibullah (thirteen villages as of 1757).<ref>{{citation|title=জীবনী|language=bn|chapter=ফেদায়ে মিল্লাত সায়্যিদ আসআদ মাদানী (র:)|author=Muhammad Ruhul Amin Nagori|publisher=As Siraz}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Madani chattar, Nayasarak, Sylhet.jpg|thumb|The [[Madani Square]] monument in [[Sylhet]], [[Bangladesh]], built in 2019 commemorating Hussain Ahmad Madani.]]
After graduating from the Darul Uloom Deoband, he migrated to [[Medina]] with his family. He began teaching Arabic grammar, [[usul al-fiqh]], [[usul al-hadith]], and [[Tafsir|Quranic exegesis]]. He spent 18 years teaching these various Islamic sciences in Medina. He was then appointed as head teacher and "Shaikhul Hadith" of Darul Uloom Deoband. He served in this position for approximately 28 years.<ref name=TheNation/>

== Efforts for independence ==

After his teacher [[Mehmud Hasan]] was sentenced by the British for his role in the [[Silk Letter Conspiracy]] to a prison in the Island of [[Malta]], Madani volunteered to go with him so that he could look after him. He had personally not been convicted.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} Mehmud was imprisoned for three years. It so happened that Islamic month of Ramadan had come and neither Mehmud Hasan nor Madani was Hafiz of the Qur'an. At this instance, Mehmud Hasan said to his student (Madani) that most of his life, he didn't have a Ramadan without listening to the complete Qur'an in the special night prayers called [[Tarawih]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} Hussain Ahmad Madani, who respected his teachers very much, took this very sentence of his teacher seriously and started to memorise the Quran while in prison. Daily, Madani would memorise one [[Juz'|Juz]] (part) of the [[Quran]] and recite it in the Tarawih. Continuing to do so, he memorised the whole Quran in the 30 days of Ramadan, thus saving his teacher Mehmud Hasan from being deprived of listening to the Quran, as he had every Ramadan.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

After his release, he returned to India and became actively involved in India's freedom struggle. He had considerable influence over a section of the Muslims, more prominently those belonging to Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]]. Maulana Madani was one of the founder members of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], [[New Delhi]]. He was the member of foundation committee (for the foundation of Jamia Millia Islamia) headed by Sheikhul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan, met on 29 October 1929. He was against the [[two-nation theory]],<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4617667.stm How Indians see Jinnah]. BBC News. Retrieved on 19 July 2017.</ref> and predominantly due to this, a large number of Muslims from Eastern U.P. and Bihar declined to migrate to Pakistan at the time of 1947 [[independence of Pakistan]] and the [[Partition of India]]. He became the President of the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], a post he held until his death in 1957. (He also held the post of ''Shaikhul Hadith'' at Darul Uloom Deoband till his death.)<ref name=TheNation/>

===Debate between Iqbal and Madani===
{{Main|Madani–Iqbal debate}}
Husain Ahmad Madani opposed the inception of Pakistan.<ref>[http://www.ghazali.net/book1/chapter_2.htm Ulema and the Pakistan Movement]. Retrieved on 19 July 2017.</ref> He was of the view that in the present times, nations are formed on the basis of homeland (geographic basis) and not on ethnicity and religion.<ref>Zamzam 17 July 1938 cited by Pakistan Struggle and Pervez, Tulu-e-Islam Trust, Lahore, p. 614</ref> On the issue of whether the identity of a nation depended upon its land or religion, there was an interesting debate between Husain Ahmad Madani and Allama Iqbal. [[Allama Iqbal]], a known pan-Islamist and a leading pro-Pakistan figure of the time, had at first developed differences of opinion with Husain Ahmad Madani over this issue. Later a mutual friend of both these leaders, a person named Taloot intervened by writing letters to both Iqbal and Madani. Taloot was able to bring more clarity to the circumstances and the intent of Madani in stating what he originally had stated about forming new nations and homelands. Taloot's intervention was successful and eventually both Iqbal and Madani were able to understand each other better. It resulted in a reconciliation between the two Muslim leaders and Iqbal finally wrote a personal letter saying that he respected Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani's service and devotion to Islam as much as any other Muslim despite their political differences.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/HazratMaulanaHussainAhmadMadanirtaAurAllamaIqbal Madani and Iqbal letters in Urdu language from 1938 on the issue of forming new homelands], Retrieved 19 July 2017.</ref> Husain Ahmad Madani himself was reportedly quoted as saying, "All should endeavor jointly for such a democratic government in which Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians and Parsis are included. Such a freedom is in accordance with Islam." ... ."that Muslims could live as observant Muslims in a religiously plural society where they would be full citizens of an independent, secular India."<ref name=TheNation/>

== Sylhet ==
After being released in 1923, employment became necessary for him. Despite previously serving at the Calcutta Alia Madrasa, his long imprisonment affected his relations with the staff there.{{sfn|Wahidi|1992|p=284}} He also had no accommodation. He was offered jobs from various places and at the same time was given a condition to refrain from politics. The [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]] offered him 40,000 takas in advance and a monthly salary of 500 takas to teach at the [[University of Dacca]].{{sfn|Wahidi|1992|p=285}} A similar offer was made by the [[Kingdom of Egypt|Government of Egypt]] which offered a monthly wage of 1000 takas for the post of Shaykhul Hadith at [[Al-Azhar University]]. Madani rejected both of these offers.{{sfn|Wahidi|1992|p=285}} Qazi Zahurul Islam noticed Madani's poverty and contacted the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], requesting to add him to the stipend list for scholars and poets. However, Madani rejected this too as he saw it to be shameful.{{sfn|Wahidi|1992|p=287}}

Madani's followers in [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] offered him to come to Sylhet and improve the quality of the Islamic education system there.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://islamicfoundation.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/islamicfoundation.portal.gov.bd/publications/ae553c25_ccc5_45f8_b3bb_4caa7e0bc2aa/Jiboni%20grontho.pdf|title=রাজনীতিতে বঙ্গীয় উলামার ভূমিকা|last=Abdullah|first=Dr. Muhammad|year=1995|publisher=[[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh]]|location=[[Dhaka]]|pages=361–362|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728222417/http://islamicfoundation.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/islamicfoundation.portal.gov.bd/publications/ae553c25_ccc5_45f8_b3bb_4caa7e0bc2aa/Jiboni%20grontho.pdf}}</ref> This was due to Sylhet being incorporated into the [[Assam Province]], requiring Islamic students to go to [[Dhaka]] or [[Calcutta]] for appropriate learning such as [[Sihah-e-Sittah]].{{sfn|Adrawi|Nadvi|2017|p=187}} Thus, he came to Sylhet for 2 years due to the insistence of the people of Sylhet, despite offers of teaching from other places.{{sfn|Ahmad|2000|p=182}} In December 1924, Madani entered Sylhet and started teaching at the Khelafat Building Madrasa near Nayasarak Masjid in Manik Pirer Tila, [[Sylhet]].<ref>{{cite book|title=দ্বীনি শিক্ষার পথ ও পদ্ধতি|author=Madani, Hussain Ahmad|year=1991|publisher=Barnamala Press|location=[[Moulvibazar]], [[Bangladesh]]|page=10|translator=Nazrul Islam, Shah}}</ref> In the daily five-hour class, Madani would teach books such as ''Sharh Nukhbatil Fikar'', ''[[Al-Fawz al-Kabir]]'', ''[[Sunan at-Tirmidhi|Jami Tirmidhi]]'' and other [[Sihah-e-Sittah]]. He also immersed himself in ''[[tasawwuf]]'' in Sylhet.{{sfn|Islahi|1952|loc=Volume 4|p=245}} Three years later, he returned to Sylhet and committed to his followers that he would visit Sylhet every [[Ramadan]]. Madani continued this annual practice up until the [[Partition of India]] in 1947.{{sfn|Adrawi|Nadvi|2017|p=196}}

== Literary works ==
*''[[Composite Nationalism and Islam]]''
*''Naqsh-e-Hayat'' (Autobiography of Maulana Madni).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/NaqshEHayatByShaykhHusainAhmadMadnir.a|title=Naqsh e Hayat by Shaykh Husain Ahmad Madni (R.a)}}</ref>
* ''Ash-Shihabus Saqib'' (Refutation of [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/Ash-shihab-us-saqibByShaykhHusainAhmadMadnir.a|title = Ash-Shihab-us-Saqib by Shaykh Husain Ahmad Madni (R.a)}}</ref>
* ''Maktubat Shaykh al-Islam'' (over 2000 pages)<ref name="Adrawi">Ma'asr Shaykh al-Islam (Biography of Hussain Ahmad Madani), Mawlāna Nizāmuddīn Asīr Adrawī, Page 494, Darul Mu'allifeen Deoband (5th edition, April 2017).</ref>
* ''Safar Nama Shaykhul Hind [[Mahmud al-Hasan]]'' (related to [[Silk Letter Movement]])<ref name="Adrawi"/>
* ''Tasawwur-e-Shaikh'' (related to [[Tasawwuf]])<ref name="Adrawi"/>

== Awards and recognition ==
[[File:Madani Road in Deoband.jpg|thumb|Maulana Madani road in Deoband is named after Madani]]
* [[Padma Bhushan]] Award by the [[Government of India]] in 1954<ref name="Padma Awards"/>
* [[India Post]] issued a commemorative postage stamp in his honour in 2012<ref>[http://nation.com.pk/blogs/27-Jun-2015/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-deoband-movement India Post issued a commemorative postage stamp in Husain Ahmad Madani's honour in 2012], The Nation (newspaper) article shows the stamp image, Published 27 June 2015, Retrieved 19 July 2017.</ref>
* [[Madani Square]], structure named after his efforts and hard work in [[Sylhet]], [[Bangladesh]].{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}}

==Death and legacy==
[[File:The Inscription on the grave of Shaikhul Islam Maulana Sayed Husain Ahmad Madani.jpg|thumb|The inscription on the grave of Hussain Ahmad Madani]]
Madni died on 5 December 1957.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=al-Hussaini |first=Sayed Nafees|author-link =Sayed Nafees al-Hussaini|date=10 July 1998 |orig-date=15 February 1958 |editor-last=Farqaleet |editor-first=Muhammad Usman |editor2-last=Barni |editor2-first=Bahar |title=Sawānihi Khaka Shaikhul Islam Maulana Hussain Ahmad Madani|trans-title=A Biographical Sketch of Shaikhul Islam Maulana Hussain Ahmad Madani |url=https://archive.org/details/drmaharshah_gmail_20181231/page/n234/mode/1up |journal=Daily Al Jamiat |edition=2nd |volume=43 |page=7}}</ref> His funeral prayer was led by [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]].<ref>{{Cite book |title = Ulama-e-Deoband Ke Aakhri Lamhaat|author= Abu Muhammad Maulana Sana'ullah Sad Shuja'abadi|publisher=Maktaba Rasheediya |location= [[Saharanpur]] |language=ur|page = 95}}
</ref> Urdu author [[Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi]] has written his biography, ''Ma'asr Shaykh al-Islam,'' which is published by Darul Mu'allifeen, [[Deoband]]. A technical college in Saharanpur was named Madani Technical Institute after him.{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}}

*''[[Husain Ahmad Madani: The Jihad for Islam and India's Freedom]]''

=== Madani Technical Institute ===
Madani Technical Institute (MTI), named after Madani and founded in 1991, is a government-recognised technical college situated in Deoband, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. The institute's curriculum holds approval from both the Directorate General of Employment and Training (DGET) and the National Council on Vocational Training (NCVT). Presently, MTI offers courses in Draughtsman (Civil), Electrician, Electronics Mechanic, Fitter, and Wireman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collegeindia.in/iti/28875-madani-technical-institute-mti-saharanpur/overview|title=Madani Technical Institute - MTI, Saharanpur, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh - Entrance Exam, Admit Card, Result 2021|website=collegeindia.in|date=2021-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.northhilleducation.com/iti/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur/28875-madani-technical-institute-mti-saharanpur/|title=Madani Technical Institute - MTI, Saharanpur, Saharanpur Admission, Contact, Website, Facilities|website=www.northhilleducation.com|date=2021-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pmjdy.gov.in/files/Financial-Literacy/flc-bank/Private/Uttar%2520Pradesh.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjo6fu9-LPxAhWVfn0KHdElAcQQFjADegQIExAC&usg=AOvVaw1YEjYgTIqxnmmfy0I3VeOB|title=Financial-Literacy|website=pmjdy.gov.in}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation|last=Metcalf|first=Barbara|author-link=Barbara Metcalf|title=Husain Ahmad Madani: The Jihad for Islam and India's Freedom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQjrAQAAQBAJ|year=2012|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-210-6|ref={{sfnref|Metcalf, Husain Ahmad Madani|2012}}}}
* {{citation |last=Moj |first=Muhammad |title=The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbm2BgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-78308-389-3 |ref={{sfnref|Moj, The Deoband Madrassah Movement|2015}}}}
* {{cite book|title=Shaikhulislam Maulana Husain Ahmad Madni: Ek Savani va Tarikhi Mutalaah|last=Wahidi|first=Faridul|year=1992|publisher=Qaumi Kitab Ghar|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=29236286|lccn=92903430}}
* {{cite book|title=শায়খুল হিন্দ মাওলানা মাহমুদ হাসান দেওবন্দি রহ. জীবন ও কর্ম|last1=Adrawi|first1=Nizamuddin Asir|author-link=Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi|last2=Nadvi|first2=Asjad Qasemi|year=2017|publisher=Shaykhul Hind Academy; Maktabatul Hera|location=[[Deoband]]; [[Dhaka]]|page=73|translator=Siddiq, Abul Kalam|oclc=47168064}}
* {{cite book|url=https://islamicfoundation.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/islamicfoundation.portal.gov.bd/publications/ae553c25_ccc5_45f8_b3bb_4caa7e0bc2aa/Jiboni%20grontho.pdf|title=শায়খুল ইসলাম হযরত মাওলানা হুসাইন আহমদ মাদানি রহ.|last=Ahmad|first=Dr. Mushtaq|year=2000|publisher=[[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh]]|location=[[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]}}
* {{cite book|title=Maktubat-i Shaikhulislam|last=Islahi|first=Najmuddin|year=1952|publisher=Madani Library|location=[[Gujranwala]]|language=Ur|oclc=20069582}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*Al-E'tidaal Fi Maraatib ar-Rijaal (English Translation), Islamic Book Service, Pages 34–35
*Aap Beeti (English Translation), Darul Isha'at, Pages 375–376

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{{Hussain Ahmad Madani}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Madani, Hussain Ahmad}}
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Hadith scholars]]
[[Category:Shaykh al-Islāms]]
[[Category:Sunni Sufis]]
[[Category:Critics of Wahhabism]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:People from Unnao district]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Principals of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]
[[Category:Presidents of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]
[[Category:Burials at Qasmi Cemetery]]
[[Category:Hussain Ahmad Madani]]
[[Category:Sheikh al-Hadith of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Members of the Majlis-e-Shura of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Founders of Jamia Millia Islamia]]

Hussain Ahmad Madani - Revision history

JerrodOverstreet at 12:07, 26 February 2026