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{{Expand Bangla|date=June 2021}}
{{short description|Indian freedom struggle leader and scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hussain Ahmad Madani
| honorific_prefix = Shaykh al-Islam, [[Mawlana]]
| image =
|office1= 5th Principal of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
|term_start1= 1927
|term_end1= 5 December 1957
|predecessor1 = [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]]
|successor1= {{bulleted list|Ibrahim Balyawi (As Principal)|[[Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad]] (As Shaykh al-Hadīth)}}
|office2 = 4th President of [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]
|term_start2 = 1940
|term_end2 = 5 December 1957
|predecessor2 = [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]]
|successor2 = [[Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi]]<ref>{{cite book |author1=Salman Mansoorpuri |title=Tehreek Azadi-e-Hind Mai Muslim Ulama aur Awaam ka Kirdar |date=2014 |publisher=Deeni Kitab Ghar |location=Deoband |page=194 |language=ur}}</ref>
|module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed = yes|religion=[[Islam]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1879|10|06|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bangarmau]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1957|12|05|1879|10|06|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Deoband]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| children = [[Asad Madni]], [[Arshad Madani]], Asjad Madani
| school_tradition = [[Maturidi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elwahabiya.com/شيخ-الإسلام-السيد-حسين-أحمد-المدني/|title=A Short Biography of Husain Ahmad Madani|publisher=elwahabiya.com}}</ref>
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| main_interests = [[Hadith]], [[Tafsir]], [[Fiqh]]
| influences = [[Maulana Mehmud Hasan]] [[Rasheed Ahmed Gangohi]]
| influenced = [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] [[Maulana Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi]] [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar]] [[Abdul Matin Chowdhury (scholar)|Abdul Matin Chowdhury]] [[Nur Uddin Gohorpuri]] [[Shah Ahmad Shafi]]
| movement = [[Deobandi]]
| Sufi_order = [[Chisti order|Chishti]] {{small|([[Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari|Sabiri]]-[[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki|Imdadi]])}} [[Naqshbandi]] [[Qadri]] [[Suhrawardiyya|Suhrawardy]]
| notable_ideas = [[Composite nationalism]]
}}}}
'''Hussain Ahmad Madani''' (6 October 1879 – 5 December 1957) was an [[India]]n [[Islamic scholar]], serving as the principal of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. He was among the first recipients of the civilian honour of [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1954.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=19 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6U68ulwpb?url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2014 }}</ref><ref name=TheNation>[http://nation.com.pk/blogs/27-Jun-2015/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-deoband-movement The rise and fall of the Deoband movement], The Nation (newspaper), Published 27 June 2015, Retrieved 19 July 2017</ref>

Madani played a key role in cementing the Congress-Khilafat Pact in the 1920s and "Through a series of lectures and pamphlets during the 1920s and 1930s, Madani prepared the ground for the cooperation of the Indian Ulama with the Indian National Congress."<ref name="SikkaPuriBeaman2015">{{cite book |last1=Sikka |first1=Sonia |last2=Puri |first2=Bindu |last3=Beaman |first3=Lori G. |author3-link=Lori G. Beaman |title=Living with Religious Diversity |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317370994 |language=en}}</ref>

His work ''[[Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam]]'' was published in 1938 and advocated for a united country, in [[opposition to the partition of India]].<ref name="PeersGooptu2017">{{cite book |last1=Peers |first1=Douglas M. |last2=Gooptu |first2=Nandini |title=India and the British Empire |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780192513526 |language=en|quote=Madani, head for several decades of the Deoband training centre for theologians, strongly supported Congress nationalism and the ideal of a 'composite nationalism' within an united India, which he thought would be more conducive to the spread and prosperity of his community over the entire subcontinent than any religious partition.}}</ref>

== Early life and ancestry ==

Hussain Ahmed Madani was born in [[Uttar Pradesh]] in a small town named [[Bangarmau]] in district [[Unnao]]. When he was born his father worked as a teacher in [[Bangarmau]]. His family was originally from Tanda in district [[Faizabad]]. His father's name was Sayyid Habibullah, who was a descendant of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] through [[Husayn ibn Ali]] down 35 generations.{{sfn|Metcalf, Husain Ahmad Madani|2012}} Husayn's 16th generation down descendant Sayyid Nurul Haq was given 24 villages in [[Tanda, Ambedkar Nagar|Tanda]] by the Emperor of Delhi. Eventually through time, some of this land was inherited by Sayyid Habibullah (thirteen villages as of 1757).<ref>{{citation|title=জীবনী|language=bn|chapter=ফেদায়ে মিল্লাত সায়্যিদ আসআদ মাদানী (র:)|author=Muhammad Ruhul Amin Nagori|publisher=As Siraz}}</ref>

== Education and spiritual training ==

In 1892, at the age of thirteen, he went to the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], where he studied under [[Mehmud Hasan]]. After completing the esoteric sciences, he became a disciple of Rasheed Ahmad Gangohi, who later authorised him to initiate others in the [[Tariqah|Sufi path]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} Rasheed Ahmad Gangohi was also the ''pir'' (or spiritual teacher) of Mehmud Hasan and it was Mehmud Hasan who told Hussain Ahmed to become Rasheed Ahmad Gangohi's disciple too. He was held among the senior ''khulafa'' (or successors) of [[Rasheed Ahmed Gangohi]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

Through him his spiritual lineage goes back to [[Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari]] who was the originator of the Chisti-Sabiri branch of the [[Chisti order]]. This spiritual chain is however strongly linked with the [[Naqshbandi]] order of Sufism as well, because one of the ancestral ''pirs'' of Hussain Ahmed had also accepted [[Syed Ahmad Shaheed]] as his master who belonged to the Naqshbandi order.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} Thus Hussain Ahmed had the benefit of being linked to both the Naqshbandi and the Chisti order. While the former Sufi order stressed silent invocation, the latter focused on the more esoteric aspects of Islam. His main school of thought, of whose litanies he practiced, was however Chisti-Sabiri order.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

== Career ==
[[File:Madani chattar, Nayasarak, Sylhet.jpg|thumb|The [[Madani Square]] monument in [[Sylhet]], [[Bangladesh]], built in 2019 commemorating Hussain Ahmed Madani.]]
After graduating from the Darul Uloom Deoband, he migrated to [[Medina]] with his family. He began teaching Arabic grammar, [[usul al-fiqh]], [[usul al-hadith]], and [[Tafsir|Quranic exegesis]]. He spent 18 years teaching these various Islamic sciences in Medina. He was then appointed as head teacher and "Shaikhul Hadith" of ''Darul Uloom Deoband''. He served in this position for approximately 28 years.<ref name=TheNation/>

== Efforts for independence ==

After his teacher [[Mehmud Hasan]] was sentenced by the British for his role in the [[Silk Letter Conspiracy]] to a prison in the Island of [[Malta]], Madani volunteered to go with him so that he could look after him. He had personally not been convicted.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} Mehmud was imprisoned for three years. It so happened that Islamic month of Ramadan had come and neither Mehmud Hasan nor Madani was Hafiz of the Qur'an. At this instance, Mehmud Hasan said to his student (Madani) that most of his life, he didn't have a Ramadan without listening to the complete Qur'an in the special night prayers called [[Tarawih]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} Hussain Ahmed Madani, who respected his teachers very much, took this very sentence of his teacher seriously and started to memorize the Quran while in prison. Daily, Madani would memorise one [[Juz'|Juz]] (part) of the [[Quran]] and recite it in the Tarawih. Continuing to do so, he memorized the whole Quran in the 30 days of Ramadan, thus saving his teacher Mehmud Hasan from being deprived of listening to the Quran, as he had every Ramadan.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

After his release, he returned to India and became actively involved in India's freedom struggle. He had considerable influence over a section of the Muslims, more prominently those belonging to Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]]. Maulana Madani was one of the founder members of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], [[New Delhi]]. He was the member of foundation committee (for the foundation of Jamia Millia Islamia) headed by Sheikhul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan, met on 29 October 1929. He was against the [[two-nation theory]],<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4617667.stm How Indians see Jinnah]. BBC News. Retrieved on 19 July 2017</ref> and predominantly due to this, a large number of Muslims from Eastern U.P. and Bihar declined to migrate to Pakistan at the time of 1947 [[independence of Pakistan]] and the [[Partition of India]]. He became the President of the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], a post he held until his death in 1957. (He also held the post of ''Shaikhul Hadith'' at Darul Uloom Deoband till his death).<ref name=TheNation/>

===Debate between Iqbal and Madani===
Husain Ahmad Madani was against the inception of Pakistan.<ref>[http://www.ghazali.net/book1/chapter_2.htm Ulema and the Pakistan Movement]. Retrieved on 19 July 2017.</ref> He was of the view that in the present times, nations are formed on the basis of homeland (geographic basis) and not on ethnicity and religion.<ref>Zamzam 17 July 1938 cited by Pakistan Struggle and Pervez, Tulu-e-Islam Trust, Lahore, p. 614</ref> On the issue of whether the identity of a nation depended upon its land or religion, there was an interesting debate between Husain Ahmad Madani and Allama Iqbal. [[Allama Iqbal]], a known pan-Islamist and a leading pro-Pakistan figure of the time, had at first developed differences of opinion with Husain Ahmad Madani over this issue. Later a mutual friend of both these leaders, a person named Taloot intervened by writing letters to both Iqbal and Madani. Taloot was able to bring more clarity to the circumstances and the intent of Madani in stating what he originally had stated about forming new nations and homelands. Taloot's intervention was successful and eventually both Iqbal and Madani were able to understand each other better. It resulted in a reconciliation between the two Muslim leaders and Iqbal finally wrote a personal letter saying that he respected Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani's service and devotion to Islam as much as any other Muslim despite their political differences.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/HazratMaulanaHussainAhmadMadanirtaAurAllamaIqbal Madani and Iqbal letters in Urdu language from 1938 on the issue of forming new homelands], Retrieved 19 July 2017</ref> Husain Ahmad Madani himself was reportedly quoted as saying, "All should endeavor jointly for such a democratic government in which Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians and Parsis are included. Such a freedom is in accordance with Islam." ... ."that Muslims could live as observant Muslims in a religiously plural society where they would be full citizens of an independent, secular India."<ref name=TheNation/>

To quote a newspaper article in ''The Nation (newspaper)'' here, "Whenever the history of Indian independence is discussed, the name of the brave Deoband scholars is taken with great reverence and honour."<ref name=TheNation/>

== Literary works ==
*''[[Composite Nationalism and Islam]]''
*''Naqsh-e-Hayat'' (Autobiography of Maulana Madni).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/NaqshEHayatByShaykhHusainAhmadMadnir.a|title=Naqsh e Hayat by Shaykh Husain Ahmad Madni (R.a)}}</ref>
* ''Ash-Shihabus Saqib'' (A refutation of [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]]) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/Ash-shihab-us-saqibByShaykhHusainAhmadMadnir.a|title = Ash-Shihab-us-Saqib by Shaykh Husain Ahmad Madni (R.a)}}</ref>
* ''Maktubat Shaykh al-Islam'' (Spread over 2000 pages).<ref name="Adrawi">Ma'asr Shaykh al-Islam (Biography of Hussain Ahmed Madani), Mawlāna Nizāmuddīn Asīr Adrawī, Page 494, Darul Mu'allifeen Deoband (5th edition, April 2017).</ref>
* ''Safar Nama Shaykhul Hind [[Mahmud al-Hasan]]'' (related to [[Silk Letter Movement]]).<ref name="Adrawi"/>
* ''Tasawwur-e-Shaikh'' (related to [[Tasawwuf]])<ref name="Adrawi"/>

==Awards and recognition==
[[File:Madani Road in Deoband.jpg|thumb|Maulana Madani road in Deoband is named after Madani]]
* [[Padma Bhushan]] Award by the [[Government of India]] in 1954<ref name="Padma Awards"/>
* [[India Post]] issued a commemorative postage stamp in his honour in 2012<ref>[http://nation.com.pk/blogs/27-Jun-2015/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-deoband-movement India Post issued a commemorative postage stamp in Husain Ahmad Madani's honour in 2012], The Nation (newspaper) article shows the stamp image, Published 27 June 2015, Retrieved 19 July 2017</ref>
* [[Madani Square]], structure named after his efforts and hard work in [[Sylhet]], [[Bangladesh]].

==Death and legacy==
Madni died on 5 December 1957. His funeral prayer was led by [[Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi]].<ref>{{Cite book |title = Ulama-e-Deoband Ke Aakhri Lamhaat|author= Abu Muhammad Maulana Sana’ullah Sad Shuja’abadi|publisher=Maktaba Rasheediya |location= [[Saharanpur]] |language=ur|page = 95}}
</ref> Urdu author [[Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi]] has written his biography, ''Ma'asr Shaykh al-Islam'' which is published by Darul Mu'allifeen, [[Deoband]]. A technical college in Saharanpur was named Madani Technical Institute after him.

== See also ==
* [[Bahishti Zewar]]
* [[Muhammad Taqi Usmani]]
* [[Muhammad Rafi Usmani]]
* [[Ebrahim Desai]]
* [[Shah Ahmad Shafi]]
* [[Syed Waheed Ashraf]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation|last=Metcalf|first=Barbara|author-link=Barbara Metcalf|title=Husain Ahmad Madani: The Jihad for Islam and India's Freedom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQjrAQAAQBAJ|year=2012|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-210-6|ref={{sfnref|Metcalf, Husain Ahmad Madani|2012}}}}
* {{citation |last=Moj |first=Muhammad |title=The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbm2BgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-78308-389-3 |ref={{sfnref|Moj, The Deoband Madrassah Movement|2015}}}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*Al-E’tidaal Fi Maraatib ar-Rijaal (English Translation), Islamic Book Service, Pages 34–35
*Aap Beeti (English Translation), Darul Isha’at, Pages 375–376

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1954–59}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Maturidi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madani, Hussain Ahmed}}
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Hadith scholars]]
[[Category:Shaykh al-Islāms]]
[[Category:Sunni Sufis]]
[[Category:Critics of Wahhabism]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:People from Unnao district]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband faculty]]
[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]
[[Category:Presidents of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]
[[Category:Burials at Mazar-e-Qasmi]]

Hussain Ahmed Madani - Revision history

CleanupBot II at 10:13, 14 August 2023