Ajay Kumar at 20:01, 28 September 2023

2023-09-28T20:01:41Z

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{{for|the grammarian|Ibn Hisham al-Ansari}}
{{Short description|Muslim scholar and historian (died 833)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox religious biography |
era = [[Islamic golden age]] <br> ([[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid era]])|
image = |
caption = |
name = '''Abu Muhammad 'Abd al-Malik ibn Hisham'''|
title= '''Ibn Hisham'''|
birth_date = |
death_date = 7 May 833/13 Rabīʿ II 218 |
| religion = [[Islam]]|
ethnicity = |
region = [[Basra]] and [[Egypt]]|
notable_ideas= |
main_interests = [[Prophetic biography]]|
influences = [[Ibn Ishaq]]|
influenced = |
works = ''The Life of the Prophet'' |
}}

'''Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Hishām ibn Ayyūb al-Ḥimyarī al-Muʿāfirī al-Baṣrī''' ({{lang-ar| أبو محمد عبدالملك بن هشام ابن أيوب الحميري المعافري البصري}}; died 7 May 833),<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.86282|title=Catalogue Of The Arabic And Persian Manuscripts Vol Xv|last=Nadwi Muinuddin|date=1929|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.86282/page/n190 182]-183}}</ref> or '''Ibn Hisham''', was a 9th-century Muslim historian and scholar who is known for editing the biography of Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] written by [[Ibn Ishaq]].<ref>Kathryn Kueny, ''The Rhetoric of Sobriety: Wine in Early Islam'', pg. 59. [[Albany, New York|Albany]]: [[State University of New York Press]], 2001. {{ISBN|9780791490181}}</ref> He grew up in [[Basra]], in modern-day [[Iraq]] and later moved to Egypt.

== Life ==

Ibn Hisham has been said to have grown up in [[Basra]] and moved afterwards to [[Egypt]].<ref name="Suqa">Mustafa al-Suqa, Ibrahim al-Abyari and Abdul-Hafidh Shalabi, ''Tahqiq Sirah an-Nabawiyyah li Ibn Hisham'', ed.: Dar Ihya al-Turath, pp. 23-4.</ref> His family was native to Basra but he himself was born in [[Old Cairo]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lifemahometandh03muirgoog/page/n124/mode/2up|last=Muir|first=William|author-link=William Muir|title=The Life of Mahomet: With Introductory Chapters on the Original Sources for the Biography of Mahomet, and on the Pre-Islamite History of Arabia|volume=1|location=[[London]]: [[Smith, Elder & Co.]]|date=1861|page=xciv}}</ref> He gained a name as a grammarian and student of language and history in Egypt. His family was of [[Himyarite]] origin and belongs to Banu Ma‘afir tribe of [[Yemen]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabad-compound/E1/E155726E70A7FD512F51620A744D2BC6_ƒΘ½∩⌐í%20ƒΘδáφ∩í%20Θƒáδ%20∞¼ƒΩ.pdf|title=Tahqiq Sirah an-Nabawiyyah li Ibn Hisham|last=Mustafa al-Suqa, Ibrahim al-Abyari and Abdul-Hafidh Shalabi|pages=44–45–46|language=ar}}</ref>

==Biography of Muḥammad ==
{{main|Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah (Ibn Hisham)}}
''As-Sīrah an-Nabawiyyah'' ({{lang|ar|السيرة النبوية}}), 'The Life of the Prophet'; is an edited recension of [[Ibn Ishaq|Ibn Isḥāq]]'s classic ''Sīratu Rasūli l-Lāh'' ({{lang|ar|سيرة رسول الله}}) 'The Life of God's Messenger'.<ref>Mahmood ul-Hasan, ''Ibn Al-At̲h̲ir: An Arab Historian : a Critical Analysis of His Tarikh-al-kamil and Tarikh-al-atabeca'', pg. 71. [[New Delhi]]: Northern Book Center, 2005. {{ISBN|9788172111540}}</ref><ref>Antonie Wessels, ''A Modern Arabic Biography of Muḥammad: A Critical Study of Muḥammad Ḥusayn'', pg. 1. [[Leiden]]: [[Brill Publishers]], 1972.</ref><ref>Ira M. Lapidus, ''A History of Islamic Societies'', pg. 18. [[Cambridge]]: [[Cambridge University Press]], 2002. {{ISBN|9780521779333}}</ref> Ibn Isḥāq's now lost work survives only in Ibn Hishām's and [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|al-Tabari]]'s recensions, although fragments of several others survive,<ref name="Donner" /> and Ibn Hishām and [[al-Tabari|al-Tabarī]] share virtually the same material.<ref name="Donner">{{Cite book | publisher = Darwin Press | isbn = 978-0-87850-127-4 | last = Donner | author-link = Fred Donner | first = Fred McGraw | title = Narratives of Islamic origins: the beginnings of Islamic historical writing | year = 1998 | page = 132 |url=https://archive.org/details/NarrativesOfIslamicOriginsTheBeginningsOfIslamicHistoricalWriting/mode/2up | access-date = 28 March 2020}}</ref>
{{multiple image
| perrow = 3
| total_width = 450
| image1 = PERF No. 665.jpg
| image2 = PERFNo. 666.jpg
| footer = PERF No. 665: The earliest extant manuscript of The Sirah Of Prophet Muḥammad by Ibn Hishām. This manuscript is believed to be transmitted by students of Ibn Hishām (d. 218 AH /834 CE), perhaps soon after his death.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PERF No. 665: The Earliest Extant Manuscript Of The Sirah Of Prophet Muhammad By Ibn Hisham |url=https://www.islamic-awareness.org/hadith/perf665 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=www.islamic-awareness.org}}</ref><ref>N. Abbott, Studies In Arabic Literary Papyri: Historical Texts, 1957, Volume I, University of Chicago Press: Chicago (USA), p. 61.</ref>
| direction = horizontal
}}

Ibn Hishām explains in the preface of the work, the criteria by which he made his choice from the original work of Ibn Isḥāq in the tradition of his disciple Ziyād al-Baqqāʾi (d. 799). Accordingly, Ibn Hishām omits stories from ''Al-Sīrah'' that contain no mention of Muḥammad,<ref name="EI2" /> certain poems, traditions whose accuracy Ziyād al-Baqqāʾi {{refn|group=n|Ziyād al-Baqqāʾi (d. 183/799), lived mostly in [[Kufa]]. Ibn Hishām's knowledge of Ibn Isḥāq's biography derived from al-Baqqāʾi.}} could not confirm, and offensive passages that could offend the reader.<ref name="EI2" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Holland|first1=Tom|title=In the Shadow of the Sword|date=2012|publisher=Doubleday|page=42|isbn=9780385531368|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1f_BR2DulRIC&q=%22matters+which+would+distress+certain+people%22&pg=PT51}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Newby|first1=Gordon Darnell|last2=Ibn Isḥāq|first2=Muḥammad|title=The Making of the Last Prophet: A Reconstruction of the Earliest Biography of Muhammad|date=1989|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|pages=9}}</ref> Al-Tabari includes controversial episodes of the [[Satanic Verses]] including an apocryphal story about Muḥammad's attempted suicide.<ref name="EQ-Sira">Raven, Wim, Sīra and the Qurʾān – Ibn Isḥāq and his editors, ''Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an''. Ed. Jane Dammen McAuliffe. Vol. 5. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers, 2006. p. 29-51.</ref><ref>Cf., Ibn Ishaq (Guillaume's reconstruction, at pp. 165-167) and al-Tabari (SUNY edition, at VI: 107-112).</ref> Ibn Hishām gives more accurate versions of the poems he includes and supplies explanations of difficult terms and phrases of the Arabic language, additions of genealogical content to certain proper names, and brief descriptions of the places mentioned in ''Al-Sīrah''. Ibn Hishām appends his notes to the corresponding passages of the original text with the words: "qāla Ibn Hishām" (Ibn Hishām says).<ref name="EI2">{{Cite encyclopedia | edition = 2nd | publisher = Brill Academic Publishers | volume = 3 | pages = 800–801 | last = Montgomery Watt | first = W. | title = Ibn Hishām | encyclopedia = [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] | date = 1968 |isbn=9004081186}}</ref>

===Translations and editions===
Later Ibn Hishām's ''As-Sira'' would chiefly be transmitted by his pupil, Ibn al-Barqī.<ref name="EI2" /> This treatment of Ibn Ishāq's work was circulated to scholars in [[Córdoba, Spain|Cordoba]] in [[Al Andalus|Islamic Spain]] by around 864. The first printed edition was published in Arabic by the German orientalist [[Ferdinand Wüstenfeld]], in [[Göttingen]] (1858-1860). The '' Life of Moḥammad According to Moḥammed b. Ishāq'', ed. 'Abd al-Malik b. Hisham. Gustav Weil (Stuttgart 1864) was the first published translation.

In the 20th century the book has been printed several times in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite book|last= Sezgin|author-link= Fuat Sezgin|first= Fuat|title= Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums|publisher= [[Brill publishers|Brill]]|place= Leiden|year= 1967|volume= 1}}</ref> {{sfn|Sezgin|1967|p=298}} The German orientalist Gernot Rotter produced an abridged (about one third) German translation of ''The life of the Prophet. As-Sīra An-Nabawīya''. (Spohr, Kandern in the Black Forest 1999). An English translation by the British orientalist [[Alfred Guillaume]]: The Life of Muhammad. A translation of Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah. (1955); 11th edition. (Oxford University Press, Karachi 1996).

== Other works ==
*''[https://archive.org/details/atiyjan Kitab al-Tijan li ma'rifati muluk al-zamān fi akhbar Qahtān]'' ({{lang|ar|كتاب التيجان لمعرفة ملوك الزمان في أخبار قحطان}}) 'The Book of Crowns, on the kings of yesteryear in the accounts of the [[Qahtanite|Qahtān]]' (in Arabic); a genealogical work with historico-legendary accounts of the [[South Arabia|southern Arabs]] and their monuments in pre-Islamic times.<ref>Printed in Hyderabad (India), 1928.</ref>{{sfn|Sezgin|1967|p=299, n.2}}

==See also==
* [[Prophetic biography]]
* [[List of biographies of Muhammad]]
* [[List of Islamic scholars]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=n}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikisourcelang|ar|مؤلف:ابن هشام|Ibn Hisham}}
* [http://www.muslimscholars.info/manage.php?submit=scholar&ID=20119 Biodata from Arees Institute]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040625103910/http://www.hraic.org/hadith/ibn_ishaq.html#The#The The earliest biography of Muhammad, by ibn Ishaq in English]
* [http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/5631940._Abd_Al_Malik_Ibn_Hisham Bibliography] at [[Goodreads]]

{{Historians of Islam}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ibn Hisham}}
[[Category:Egyptian biographers]]
[[Category:833 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Egyptian historians of Islam]]
[[Category:9th-century historians from the Abbasid Caliphate]]
[[Category:9th-century Arab people]]

Ibn Hisham - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 20:01, 28 September 2023