Ajay Kumar at 21:20, 30 August 2023

2023-08-30T21:20:52Z

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{{short description|Harvest, transportation, purchase, or sale of timber in violation of laws}}
{{Refimprove|date=March 2022}}
{{Environmental law}}
'''Illegal logging''' is the harvest, transportation, purchase, or sale of [[timber]] in violation of [[law]]s. The harvesting procedure itself may be illegal, including using [[corruption|corrupt]] means to gain access to forests; extraction without permission, or from a protected area; the cutting down of [[protected species]]; or the extraction of timber in excess of agreed limits. Illegal logging is a driving force for a number of environmental issues such as [[deforestation]], [[soil erosion]] and [[biodiversity loss]] which can drive larger-scale environmental crises such as [[climate change]] and other forms of [[environmental degradation]].

Illegality may also occur during transport, such as illegal processing and export (through [[smuggling|fraudulent declaration to customs]]); the [[tax avoidance|avoidance of taxes]] and other charges, and fraudulent certification.<ref name=Guardian82415>{{cite news|author1=Jonathan Watts|title=Dawn timber-laundering raids cast doubt on 'sustainable' Brazilian wood|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/aug/24/dawn-raids-brazil-illegal-timber-laundering-operation|access-date=24 August 2015|work=The Guardian|date=24 August 2015|quote=Most of the laundering was reportedly done through the creation of fake or inflated creditos florestais, a document that defines how much timber a landowner is entitled to extract from his property.}}</ref> These acts are often referred to as "wood laundering".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|title=Wood laundering brings illegal Amazon timber to Europe — report {{!}} DW {{!}} 21.03.2018|url=https://www.dw.com/en/wood-laundering-brings-illegal-amazon-timber-to-europe-report/a-43065620|access-date=2021-05-11|website=DW.COM|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Illegal logging is driven by a number of economic forces, such as demand for raw materials, [[land grabbing]] and demand for [[pasture]] for cattle. Regulation and prevention can happen at both the supply size, with better enforcement of environmental protections, and at the demand side, such as an increasing regulation of trade as part of the international [[lumber Industry]].

==Overview==
Illegal logging is a pervasive problem, causing enormous damage to forests, local communities, and the economies of producer countries. The EU, as a major timber importer, has implemented the [[European Union Timber Regulation]] as a means to halt the import of illegally sourced wood products. The identification of illegally logged or traded timber is technically difficult. Therefore, a legal basis for normative acts against timber imports or other products manufactured out of illegal wood is missing. Scientific methods to pinpoint the geographic origin of timber are currently under development.<ref>
{{cite journal |author=Kagawa A, Leavitt SW
|journal=Journal of Wood Science
|volume=56
|year=2010
| doi = 10.1007/s10086-009-1085-6 |title=Stable carbon isotopes of tree rings as a tool to pinpoint the geographic origin of timber |issue=3 |pages=175–183
|s2cid=8803894
|doi-access=free
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://p.dw.com/p/2aMos|title=Germany's wood detectives|date=20 March 2017|website=DW.com|access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Irwin|first=Aisling|date=3 April 2019|title=Tree sleuths are using DNA tests and machine vision to crack timber crimes|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=568|issue=7750|pages=19–21|doi=10.1038/d41586-019-01035-7|pmid=30944495|bibcode=2019Natur.568...19I|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p07crfsm|title=People Fixing the World: Is your wood from a legal source? This test can tell|last=Kenny|first=Richard|date=10 June 2019|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/25/africa/gabon-tree-dna-library-scn-intl-c2e/index.html|title=Scientists are building a vast library of tree DNA in the fight against deforestation|last=Marc|first=Jenny|date=27 November 2019|website=CNN|access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref> Possible actions to restrict imports cannot meet with [[WTO]] regulations of non-discrimination. They must instead be arranged in bilateral agreements. TRAFFIC,<ref name="traffic.org1">{{cite web|url=http://www.traffic.org/|title=TRAFFIC - Wildlife Trade News|work=traffic.org}}</ref> the wildlife trade monitoring network, strives to monitor the illegal trade of timber and provide expertise in policy and legal reviews.<ref name="traffic.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.traffic.org/timber-trade|title=TRAFFIC - Timber trade|work=traffic.org}}</ref>

===Scale===
It is estimated that illegal logging on public land alone causes losses in assets and revenue in excess of US$10 billion annually.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.havocscope.com/illegal-logging-market-value/| title= Havocscope Illegal Logging Market Value | access-date=April 14, 2010}}</ref> Although exact figures are difficult to calculate, given the illegal nature of the activity, decent estimates show that more than half of the logging that takes place globally is illegal, especially in open and vulnerable areas such as the [[Amazon Basin]],<ref name=GPSilent>{{cite web|title=The Amazon's Silent Crisis: The EU Market and the EUTR|url=http://www.amazoncrisis.org/doc/US/timber_market_eu.pdf|website=amazoncrisis.org|publisher=Green Peace|access-date=25 August 2015|date=May 2014|quote=Nearly 80% of the area logged in Pará between August 2011 and July 2012 was harvested illegally.}}</ref> [[Central Africa]], [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Russia|Russian Federation]].<ref>For further details on illegal logging, see: Duncan Brack and Gavin Hayman (2001) Intergovernmental Actions on Illegal Logging. Royal Institute of International Affairs; Duncan Brack, Gavin Hayman and Kevin Gray (2002) ''Controlling the International Trade in Illegally Logged Timber and Wood Products''. Royal Institute of International Affairs.</ref>

Available figures and estimates must be treated with caution. Governments tend to underestimate the situation, given that high estimates of illegal logging may cause embarrassment as these to suggest ineffective enforcement of legislation or, even worse, [[bribery]] and [[corruption]]. On the other hand, environmental NGOs publish alarming figures to raise awareness and emphasize the need for stricter conservation measures. For companies in the forestry sector, publications making high estimates can be regarded as potentially threatening to their reputation and their market perspective, including the competitiveness of wood in comparison to other materials. However, for many countries, NGOs are the only source of information apart from state institutions, which probably clearly underestimates the true figures. For example, the Republic of [[Estonia]] calculated a rate of 1% illegally harvested timber in 2003, whereas it was estimated to reach as much as 50% by the NGO "Estonian Green Movement".<ref>Estonian Green Movement (2004) ''Illegal forestry and Estonian timber exports''</ref> In Latvia, the situation is comparable; anecdotal evidence points towards 25%<ref>WWF Latvia (2003)</rev> ''The features of illegal logging and related trade in Baltic Sea region''; WWF International (2002) ''The Timber Footprint of the G8 and China''</ref> of logging being illegal.

===Consequences===
[[File:Illegallogginginchiangmai.jpg|thumb|Illegal logging continues in Thailand. This photograph was taken from the roadside in Mae Wang District, Chiang Mai Province, in March 2011.]]
Illegal logging contributes to [[deforestation]] and by extension [[global warming]], causes [[loss of biodiversity]], and undermines the rule of law. These illegal activities undermine responsible [[forest management]], encourage corruption and tax evasion, and reduce the income of the producer countries, further limiting the resources producer countries can invest in [[sustainable development]]. Illegal logging has serious economic and social implications for the poor and disadvantaged with millions of dollars worth of timber revenue being lost each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.traffic.org/home/2007/5/25/tanzanias-disappearing-timber-revenue.html|title=TRAFFIC - Wildlife Trade News - Tanzania's disappearing timber revenue|work=traffic.org}}</ref>

Furthermore, the [[illegal trade]] of forest resources undermines [[international security]], and is frequently associated with corruption, [[money laundering]], [[organized crime]], [[human rights abuse]]s and, in some cases, violent conflict. In the forestry sector, cheap imports of illegal timber and forest products, together with the non-compliance of some economic players with basic social and environmental standards, destabilise international markets. This [[unfair competition]] affects those European companies, especially the small and medium-sized companies that are behaving responsibly and ready to play by fair rules.
===Illegal logging in Southeast Asia===
====Indonesia====
{{excerpt|Deforestation_in_Indonesia|Illegal land clearing}}
====Myanmar====
{{excerpt|Deforestation_in_Myanmar|Illegal logging}}
====Cambodia====
{{excerpt|Deforestation_in_Cambodia|Illegal logging}}
====Thailand====
{{excerpt|Deforestation in Thailand|Illegal logging}}
==Statistics==
The scale of illegal logging represents a major loss of revenue to many countries and can lead to widespread associated environmental damage. A senate committee in the Philippines estimated that the country lost as much as US$1.8bn per year during the 1980s.<ref>Debra Callister (1992) ''Illegal tropical timber trade: Asia Pacific. TRAFFIC International''</ref> The Indonesian government estimated in 2002 that costs related to illegal logging are US$3bn each year.<ref>ICG (2001) ''Natural Resources and Law Enforcement in Indonesia''</ref> The World Bank<ref>World Bank (2002) ''Revised Forest Strategy''</ref> estimates that illegal logging costs timber-producing countries between 10 and 15 billion euros per year. This compares with 10 billion euros disbursed as EC aid in 2002.<ref>Annual report 2003 from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the EC Development Policy and the implementation of External Assistance in 2002</ref>
* A joint UK-Indonesian study of the timber industry in Indonesia in 1998 suggested that about 40% of throughput was illegal, with a value in excess of $365 million.<ref>Indonesia-UK Tropical Forestry Management Programme (1999) Illegal Logging in Indonesia. ITFMP Report No. EC/99/03</ref> More recent estimates, comparing legal harvesting against known domestic consumption plus exports, suggest that 88% of logging in the country is illegal in some way.<ref name="Protect forests"/> Malaysia is the key transit country for illegal wood products from Indonesia.<ref>[[Environmental Investigation Agency]] and Telapak (2004) ''Profiting from Plunder: How Malaysia Smuggles Endangered Wood''.</ref>
* In Brazil, 80% of logging in the [[Amazon Rainforest|Amazon]] violates government controls.<ref>WWF International (2002) The Timber Footprint of the G8 and China</ref> At the core of illegal logging is widespread corruption. Often referred to as 'green gold', mahogany can fetch over US$1,600 m-3. Illegal mahogany facilitates the illegal logging of other species, and widespread exploitation of the Brazilian Amazon. Recent Greenpeace investigations in the Brazilian state of Pará reveal just how deeply rooted the problem remains. No reliable legal chain of custody exists for mahogany, and the key players in its trade are ruthless.<ref>Greenpeace (2001) ''Partners in Mahogany Crime: Amazon at the mercy of gentlemen’s agreements''.</ref>
* The [[World Bank]] estimates that 80% of logging operations are illegal in Bolivia and 42% in Colombia,<ref>World Bank (2004) Forest Law Enforcement</ref> 10 while in Peru, illegal logging constitutes 80% of all activities.<ref>The Peruvian Environmental Law Society (2003) ''Case Study on the Development and Implementation of Guidelines for the Control of Illegal Logging with a view to Sustainable Forest Management in Peru''.</ref>
* Research carried out by [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]] International<ref>WWF International (2002) ''The Timber Footprint of the G8 and China''.</ref> in 2002 shows that in Africa, rates of illegal logging vary from 50% for Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea to 70% in Gabon and 80% in Liberia – where revenues from the timber industry also fuelled the civil war.
* [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]] estimates that illegal logging in [[Russia]] is at least 20%, reaching up to 50% in its far eastern regions.<ref>WWF press release, 30 March 2004.</ref>
* A 2012 joint study by the [[United Nations Environment Programme]] and [[Interpol]] states that illegal logging accounts for up to 30% of the global logging trade and contributes to more than 50% of tropical deforestation in [[Central Africa]], the [[Amazon Basin]] and [[South East Asia]].<ref>{{Citation
| url = http://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00019615.html
| title= Illegal Logging Trade Decimates Forests
| year = 2012
| publisher = [[AllAfrica.com]]
| location = [[Africa]]
| access-date = 18 October 2012
}}</ref>
* Between 50% and 90% of logging from the key countries in these regions is being carried out by organised criminal entities.<ref>{{Citation
| url = http://allafrica.com/stories/201209271378.html
| title= Central Africa: Organized Crime Trade Worth Over U.S. $30 Billion, Responsible for Up to 90 Percent of Tropical Deforestation
| year = 2012
| publisher = [[AllAfrica.com]]
| location = [[Africa]]
| access-date = 18 October 2012
}}</ref>
* A study conducted by [[Traffic (conservation program)|TRAFFIC]] found that 93% of all timber exported from Mozambique to China in 2013 was done so illegally.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.traffic.org/what-we-do/species/timber/|title=Timber - Species we work with at TRAFFIC|website=www.traffic.org|language=en|access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref>
* As of 2020, [[Interpol]] states that every year 10 million hectares of forest are lost to illegal logging across the globe. They also state that the illicit wood sector is worth almost $152 billion per year and up to one-third of all wood furniture is made from illegally sourced timber.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forestry crime |url=https://www.interpol.int/en/Crimes/Environmental-crime/Forestry-crime |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.interpol.int |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Beetle ForTech high-tech QR codes to beat illegal wood trade |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/illegal-wood-trade |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Forestry crime: targeting the most lucrative of environmental crimes |url=https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2020/Forestry-crime-targeting-the-most-lucrative-of-environmental-crimes |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.interpol.int |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2004, [[Greenpeace]] carried out actions against a cargo ship transporting timber from the Indonesian company Korindo, which was being imported into France, UK, Belgium and the Netherlands.
Korindo is known to be using illegal timber from the last rainforests of Indonesia. In May 2003, an Indonesian Government investigation confirmed that Korindo was receiving illegal timber from notorious timber barons known to obtain timber from an orang-utan refuge – the [[Tanjung Puting National Park]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia-international.org|title=Protecting the Environment with Intelligence – EIA International|work=EIA International}}</ref><ref name="Protect forests">{{cite web|url=http://www.saveordelete.com|title=Protect forests|work=saveordelete.com|access-date=2020-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104192000/http://www.saveordelete.com/|archive-date=2014-01-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Tanjung Puting National Park is a 4,000-square-kilometre conservation area of global importance. It is recognized as a world biosphere reserve by the [[United Nations]] and forms the largest protected area of swamp forest in South-East Asia.

==Mitigation==
[[File:Terra Indígena Tenharim do Igarapé Preto, Amazonas (41737919154).jpg|thumb|Agents from IBAMA, [[Brazil]]'s environmental police, in the fight against illegal logging in [[Indigenous territory (Brazil)|Indigenous territory]], 2018]]

=== North Asia ===
{{See also|Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Program}}

The ''Europe and North Asia Forest Law Enforcement and Governance'' ('''ENA FLEG''') Ministerial Conference was held in [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia on 22–25 November 2005. In May 2004, the [[Russian Federation]] announced its intention to host the ENA FLEG process, supported by the World Bank. A preparatory conference was held in Moscow in June 2005.

The Saint Petersburg conference brought together nearly 300 participants representing 43 governments, the private sector, civil society, and international organizations. It agreed to the ''Saint Petersburg Declaration on Forest Law Enforcement and Governance in Europe and North Asia''. The Declaration includes an indicative list of actions, intended to serve as a general framework for possible actions to be undertaken by governments as well as civil society.

The conference took place as the United Kingdom prepared to pass the [[G8]] Presidency to Russia. As Valery Roshchupkin, Head of the [[Federal Forestry Agency of the Russian Federation]], confirmed, illegal logging would be of special importance for Russia as the G8 President and for the following [[G8 Summit]], also held in Saint Petersburg.

=== East Asia ===
[[File:Signs of illegal timber poaching on the boundary of the Mt. Cagua protected area - ZooKeys-266-001-g017.jpg|thumb|Signs of illegal timber poaching on the boundary of the protected area around the [[Cagua Volcano]], [[Cagayan]], Philippines]]

The East Asia Forest Law Enforcement and Governance ('''EA FLEG''') Ministerial Conference took place in [[Bali]] in September 2001. The Conference brought together nearly 150 participants from 20 countries, representing government, international organizations, NGOs, and the private sector. The event was co-hosted by the [[World Bank]] and the [[Government of Indonesia]]. The meeting included detailed technical discussions of [[Forestry law|forest law]] enforcement in relation to governance, forest policy and forest management as well as ministerial engagement.

The Conference's primary aims were to share analysis on forest law enforcement; explore priority issues of forest law enforcement, including illegal logging in the East Asia region, among senior officials from the forest and related ministries, NGOs, and industry representatives; and commit to action at the national and regional level.

=== European Union ===
{{main|EU FLEGT Action Plan}}

In May 2003, the [[European Commission]] presented the EU Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade Action Plan ('''EU FLEGT'''). This marked the beginning of a long process by which the EU aims to develop and implement measures to address illegal logging and related trade. The primary means of implementing the Plan is through [[Voluntary Partnership Agreement]]s with timber producing countries. The [[European Union Timber Regulation]] was adopted in 2010 and went into effect 3 March 2013.<ref name=ECEUTR>{{cite web|title=Timber Regulation|url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/forests/timber_regulation.htm|website=ec.europa.eu|publisher=European Commission|access-date=August 25, 2015|quote=Regulation (EU) No 995/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 October 2010}}</ref>
* It prohibits the placing on the EU market for the first time of illegally harvested timber and products derived from such timber;<ref name=ECEUTR />
* It requires EU traders who place timber products on the EU market for the first time to exercise 'due diligence';<ref name=ECEUTR />
* Once on the market, the timber and timber products may be sold on and/or transformed before they reach the final consumer.<ref name=ECEUTR />
* To facilitate the traceability of timber products, economic operators in this part of the supply chain (referred to as traders in the regulation) have an obligation to keep records of their suppliers and customers.<ref name=ECEUTR />

A Greenpeace investigation published in May 2014 demonstrates that EU Timber Regulation is ineffective if fraudulent paperwork is accepted at face value and there is not sufficient enforcement by EU authorities.<ref name=GPSilent />

===United Kingdom===
In 2020, the United Kingdom announced it will ban companies from selling items that use raw materials sourced in a way that breaches local laws to protect forests and other natural environments in the country where they are produced. It will force businesses to check more carefully where their materials are coming from. It has been called a "world's first" by [[Zac Goldsmith]], [[Minister of State for Pacific and the Environment]].<ref>[https://www.euronews.com/living/2020/11/12/uk-bans-big-businesses-from-selling-products-linked-to-illegal-deforestation UK BANS BIG BUSINESSES FROM SELLING PRODUCTS LINKED TO ILLEGAL DEFORESTATION]</ref>

=== Africa ===
The ''Africa Forest Law Enforcement and Governance'' ('''AFLEG''') Ministerial Conference was held in [[Yaoundé]], Cameroon, in October 2003. The meeting drew together ministers and stakeholders from Africa, Europe, and North America to consider how partnerships between producers, consumers, donors, civil society and the private sector could address illegal forest exploitation and associated trade in Africa.

The AFLEG conference, the second regional forest law enforcement and governance meeting after East Asia, resulted in endorsement of a ministerial declaration and action plan as well as a variety of informal implementation initiatives.

In 2014, the FAU-EU-FLEGT Programme<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/eu-flegt/en/|title=EU FAO FLEGT programme|author=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|work=fao.org}}</ref> of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] published the study ''The Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) process in Central and West Africa: from theory to practice''<ref>{{cite book|title=The Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) process in Central and West Africa: from theory to practice|date=2014|publisher=FAO|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/i3731e/i3731e.pdf}}</ref> to document and foster strategic reflection in partner countries already engaged in negotiating a VPA - or those who will be entering into such negotiations - by providing examples of good practices. These good practices were identified and recorded following interviews with the main stakeholders in the eight VPA countries in West and Central Africa, the European Forest Institute's (EFI) EU FLEGT Facility<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euflegt.efi.int/home/|title=Home - EU FLEGT Facility|work=efi.int}}</ref> and the [[European Commission]]. In 2016, the FAO-EU FLEGT Programme published an additional study, [http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6134e.pdf ''Traceability: a management tool for business and governments''], providing examples of good practices in the region's traceability systems, which help prevent illegal logging by tracking timber from its forest of origin throughout its journey along the supply chain.

===United States===
{{main|Deforestation in the United States}}
In response to growing concerns over illegal logging and advice from [[TRAFFIC]]<ref name="traffic.org1"/> and other organisations,<ref name="traffic.org"/> on 22 May 2008, the U.S. amended the [[Lacey Act of 1900|Lacey Act]], when the [[Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008]] expanded its protection to a broader range of plants and plant products (Section 8204. Prevention of Illegal Logging Practices).<ref>{{cite web|last=Khatchadourian |first= Rafi|date=October 6, 2008|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/10/06/081006fa_fact_khatchadourian?currentPage=all|title=The Stolen Forests: Inside the covert war on illegal logging|work= The New Yorker. |access-date= July 7, 2010}}</ref>

The requirements under the new Amendments are two-fold. First, the Lacey Act now makes it illegal to import into the United States plants that have been harvested contrary to any applicable Federal Law, State Law, Indian Tribal Law, or Foreign Law. If a plant is found to have been harvested in violation of the laws of the country where it was harvested, that plant would be subject to seizure and forfeiture if imported into the U.S. The Lacey Act also makes it unlawful, beginning 15 December 2008, to import certain plants and plant products without a Plant and Plant Product import declaration.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|publisher=USDA APHIS|date=October 26, 2011 |url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/lacey_act|title=U.S. Department of Agriculture Lacey Act Guidance}}</ref>

This Plant and Plant Product Declaration must contain (besides other information) the Genus, Species, and Country of Harvest of every plant found in commercial shipments of certain products, a list of applicable products (along with other requirements and guidance) can be found on the [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] [[Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service|APHIS]] website.<ref name="auto"/>

===Australia===
The Timber Development Association (TDA) welcomes on June 6, 2014's release by the [[Australian Department of Agriculture]] of a position paper on the Illegal Logging Prohibition Regulation and guidance on how timber and wood products industry can comply on the Australian Government - Department of Agriculture<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daff.gov.au/illegallogging|title=Department of Agriculture Illegal Logging|work=daff.gov.au|access-date=2014-07-28|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140805032307/http://www.daff.gov.au/illegallogging|archive-date=2014-08-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> official website. The release of the Government's guidance coincides with the release of industry developed timber due diligence tools and information through the industry website of Timber Due Diligence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timberduediligence.com.au|title=Timber Due Diligence|work=timberduediligence.com.au}}</ref>

The Australian Illegal Logging Prohibition Regulation applies to importers into Australia of "regulated timber products" such as sawn timber, wood panels, pulp, paper products, and wood furniture. The Regulation starts on 30 November 2014 and requires that before import of these products or processing of raw logs, due diligence is undertaken to minimise the risk that the timber products or raw logs were illegally logged or incorporate illegally logged timber.<ref name="Fordaq">
{{Cite news
|work = TDA
|publisher = Fordaq S.A.
|title = Australia: Illegal Logging Prohibition Regulation position paper welcomed by the timber industry
|url = http://www.fordaq.com/fordaq/news/Australia_Illegl_Logging_Prohibition_Regulation_due_37302.html
|date = 6 June 2014}}
</ref>

==See also==
* [[Deforestation and climate change]]
* [[Environmental crime]]
* [[Environmental impact of roads#Other|Environmental impact of roads]]
* [[Environmental Investigation Agency]]
* [[European Anti-Fraud Office#Fight against wood laundering|European Anti-Fraud Office]]
* [[Environmental vandalism]]
* [[Illegal logging in Madagascar]]
* [[List of environmental issues]]
* [[Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation]] (REDD)
* [[Timber mafia]]
* [[United Nations Forum on Forests]]
* [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV monitoring]]<ref>[http://globalconservation.org/news/uav-drones-becoming-valuable-tools-fighting-illegal-deforestatio/ UAV Drones Becoming Valuable Tools in Fighting Illegal Deforestation in Global Conservation Projects]</ref>
* [[Reconnaissance satellite|Satellite surveillance]]<ref>[https://insideclimatenews.org/news/24032016/illegal-logging-indonesia-satellite-deforestation-climate-change Satellite Technology Aims to Combat Illegal Logging in Real Time]</ref>
* [[Roadblock|Preventing easy forest access]] (i.e. roads and waterways)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://globalforestatlas.yale.edu/forest-use-logging/logging |title=Logging |access-date=2019-07-27 |archive-date=2019-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605190507/https://globalforestatlas.yale.edu/forest-use-logging/logging |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book | last = Monbiot| first = George| title = [[Amazon Watershed]]| date = 1991 |publisher = Michael Joseph| isbn = 0349101620}}
* {{cite web|last=EIA and Telapak Indonesia|url=http://www.eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/Timber-Trafficking-low-res.pdf|title=Timber trafficking: Illegal Logging in Indonesia, South East Asia and International Consumption of Illegally Sourced Timber|date=September 2001|publisher=Environmental Information Agency}}
* {{Cite book | last = Ravenel| first = Ramsay M.|author2=Ilmi M. E. Granoff |author3=Carrie A. Magee | title = Illegal logging in the tropics: strategies for cutting crime| date = 18 January 2005 |publisher = Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KCikhurRhskC | isbn = 978-1-56022-117-3}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/08July/RL33932.pdf|title=Illegal Logging: Background and Issues|editor=Sheikh, Pervaze A.|date=9 June 2008|publisher=Congressional Research Service|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628230724/http://www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/08July/RL33932.pdf|archive-date=28 June 2011}}
* {{cite book|last=Tacconi|first=Luca|title=Illegal logging: law enforcement, livelihoods and the timber trade|year=2007|publisher=Earthscan|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZ3oG6uIyxcC|isbn=978-1-84407-348-1}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* ''[https://www.iufro.org/science/gfep/illegal-timber-trade-rapid-response/report/ Illegal Logging and Related Timber Trade - Dimensions, Drivers, Impacts and Responses]'' (IUFRO World Series Volume 35) - 2017 report containing results of fifth global scientific assessment undertaken by the [[International Union of Forest Research Organizations]] (IUFRO)-led Global Forest Expert Panels (GFEP) initiative
** [https://www.iufro.org/fileadmin/material/science/gfep/illegal-timber-trade/policy-brief/gfep-illegal-timber-policy-brief-high-res.pdf Policy Brief] based on the report
* [https://www.fao.org/in-action/eu-fao-flegt-programme/en/ FAO-EU Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Programme] from the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations
* [https://ec.europa.eu/environment/forests/illegal_logging.htm European Commission page on illegal logging], with links to FLEGT Regulation (adopted in 2005) and EU Timber Regulation (adopted in 2010)
* [https://forestlegality.org/ Forest Legality Alliance]
* [https://eia-global.org/campaigns/forests Environmental Investigation Agency page] on investigations related to illegal logging

{{Forestry}}
{{Forestry by country}}
{{deforestation and desertification}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Illegal Logging}}
[[Category:Illegal logging| ]]
[[Category:Logging]]
[[Category:World forestry]]
[[Category:Environmental crime]]
[[Category:Environmental issues with forests]]
[[Category:International forestry organizations]]
[[Category:Forest certification]]
[[Category:Forest governance]]
[[Category:Forest law]]
[[Category:Illegal occupations]]
[[Category:Organized crime activity]]

Illegal logging - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 21:20, 30 August 2023