https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=India-China_border_infrastructureIndia-China border infrastructure - Revision history2026-07-31T04:42:25ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=India-China_border_infrastructure&diff=209177&oldid=prev>Iridescent 2 at 18:39, 6 October 20212021-10-06T18:39:24Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>Border infrastructure in the borderlands of [[India]] and [[China]] encompasses irrigation, roads, railways, airports, natural gas and oil pipelines, electricity grids, telecommunications, broadcasting. In the context of the border tensions between India and China, many of these infrastructure projects in the borderlands are considered strategic in nature. Commentators have noted the infrastructure gap that existed and still exists between the infrastructure on borderlands of India and China.{{Sfn|Kurian|2014|p=Closing the Infrastructure Gap}} For many decades, the approach taken to the construction of border infrastructure by China and India was significantly different,{{Sfn|Rajagopalan|2013|p=13}} however, in terms of utilizing the natural resources of the borderlands for the needs of the country, both countries are said to have a similar approach.{{Sfn|Mukherjee|2019|p=|loc=Chapter 6}}<br />
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== China ==<br />
{{Expand section|date=January 2021}}<br />
<br />
== India ==<br />
<br />
=== Border Area Development Programme ===<br />
The Border Area Development Programme (BADP) was initiated in the 1980s along the western border with Pakistan. By June 2020, the scheme covered nearly 400 blocks in 111 border districts in 18 states and union territories.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Vijaita |date=2020-06-03 |title = India to boost infrastructure in areas along China border |language=en-IN |newspaper = The Hindu |url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-boost-infrastructure-in-areas-along-china-border/article31741145.ece |access-date=2021-01-19 |issn=0971-751X }}</ref> This scheme extends to development projects within 10 km of the border.{{NoteTag|Development work in the area beyond 10 km is to start under BADP only after completion of the first 10 km.{{Sfn|NITI Aayog|2015|p=5}}}} Projects can include roads, bridges, health facilities, primary schools, irrigation and sports facilities.<ref name=":0" /> In 2019–20, the scheme was allotted {{INRConvert|825|c|lk=on|year=2020}} while in 2020-21 it was allotted {{INRConvert|784|c|lk=on|year=2020}}.<ref name=":0" /> <br />
<br />
In 1997, BADP started in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. It first applied to the Indo-Myanmar Border and in 1998 was extended Indo-China and Indo-Bhutan borders.<ref name=":1">''[http://www.arunachalplan.gov.in/html/docs/badp/Status_of_BADP09.pdf Border Area Development Programme in Arunachal Pradesh]''. Status on October 2009. Department of Planning, Government of Arunachal Pradesh. Retrieved on 19 January 2021.</ref> Even after ten years, BADP was unable to provide development to the over 1500 villages in the border blocks of Arunachal Pradesh; "the border blocks are yet to be opened up and are in utter backwardness due to their isolation and inaccessibility".<ref name=":1" /> A [[NITI Aayog]] evaluation study for the period 2007-2011 and published in 2015 found that while the heads of [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]] (GPs) gave positive feedback related to BADP, and while people have benefitted in some ways, the requirement of border villages in Arunachal Pradesh were so great that they couldn't be met by BADP in one go:{{Sfn|NITI Aayog|2015|p=42}}<br />
{{Quote|text=...of the 21 GPs surveyed, only six were connected by all-weather roads; electricity was available in only seven of them; tap water was available only in five; none of the GPs surveyed had fixed line telephones. Only two of the 21 GPs had PDS shops; some villages were almost 25 km away from these shops. Several villages did not even have primary schools and anganwadi centres.|author=|title=|source=}}<br />
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{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;margin-right:1em; font-size:85%; background:#ffc; color:black; width:28.5em; max-width:25%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" {{Table|hide|sort}}<br />
|+ Indo-China border in Arunachal Pradesh, status in 2009 (border blocks, villages in the block and population)<ref name=":1" /><br />
!District<br />
!Block<br />
!No of Villages<br />
!Pop (2001 census)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |Tawang<br />
|Tawang<br />
|37<br />
|12949<br />
|-<br />
|Kitpi<br />
|47<br />
|4853<br />
|-<br />
|West Kameng<br />
|Nafra<br />
|29<br />
|13644<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |East Kameng<br />
|Bameng<br />
|69<br />
|9244<br />
|-<br />
|Chayngtajo<br />
|68<br />
|10881<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |Kurung Kumey<br />
|Huri-Damin<br />
|32<br />
|2957<br />
|-<br />
|Pipsorang<br />
|32<br />
|2206<br />
|-<br />
|Sarli<br />
|36<br />
|1951<br />
|-<br />
|Koloriang<br />
|52<br />
|4798<br />
|-<br />
|Parsi-Parlo<br />
|43<br />
|3226<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |Upper Subansiri<br />
|Nacho<br />
|65<br />
|5249<br />
|-<br />
|Siyum<br />
|48<br />
|4080<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |West Siang <br />
|Mechuka<br />
|45<br />
|6244<br />
|-<br />
|Monigong<br />
|34<br />
|3025<br />
|-<br />
|Kaying-Payum <br />
|25<br />
|5543<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |Upper Siang<br />
|Tuting<br />
|16<br />
|5874<br />
|-<br />
|Singa-Gelling<br />
|18<br />
|1692<br />
|-<br />
|Lower Dibang Valley<br />
|Hunli <br />
|41<br />
|3114<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |Dibang Valley<br />
|Anini-Mipi<br />
|38<br />
|4344<br />
|-<br />
|Etalin-Maliney<br />
|28<br />
|1575<br />
|-<br />
|Aneli-Arzoo<br />
|34<br />
|1353<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |Anjaw<br />
|Chaglagam<br />
|42<br />
|2412<br />
|-<br />
|Hayuliang<br />
|92<br />
|10262<br />
|-<br />
!Total<br />
!<br />
!962<br />
!121476<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[India-China Border Roads]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{NoteFoot}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Sources ===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book |last = Kurian |first = Nimmi |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GRlBDwAAQBAJ |title = India-China Borderlands: Conversations beyond the Centre |publisher = SAGE Publishing India |year = 2014 |isbn = 9789351504320 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Kunal |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=THuCDwAAQBAJ |title = Conflict in India and China's Contested Borderlands: A Comparative Study |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=9780429677625 }}<br />
* {{cite report |url = https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/OccasionalPaper_42b.pdf |title = Sino-Indian Border Infrastructure: An Update |last1=Rajagopalan|first1=Rajeswari Pillai|last2=Prakash|first2=Rahul|date=May 2013|publisher=Observer Research Foundation|access-date=25 November 2020}}<br />
*{{cite report |url = https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/report-BADP.pdf |title = Evaluation Study on Border Area Development Programme (BADP) |author = NITI Aayog |date=June 2015 |publisher = NITI Aayog, Programme Evaluation Organisation, Government of India }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{Cite book|last1=Ling|first1=L.H.M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIsxDQAAQBAJ|title=India China: Rethinking Borders and Security|last2=Lama|first2=Mahendra P|last3=Abdenur|first3=Adriana Erthal|last4=Banerjee|first4=Payal|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=2016|isbn=9780472130061}}<br />
*{{Cite journal|last=Aiyadurai|first=Ambika|last2=Lee|first2=Claire Seungeun|date=2017|title=Living on the Sino-Indian Border: The Story of the Mishmis in Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90017668|journal=Asian Ethnology|volume=Vol. 76, No. 2|pages=367-395|via=JSTOR}}<br />
{{China–India relations}}<br />
[[Category:China–India border]]<br />
[[Category:China–India relations]]</div>>Iridescent 2