Sddhvnkengineering at 12:30, 27 December 2025

2025-12-27T12:30:20Z

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{{short description|Type of exercise equipment}}
{{redirect|Iranian club|the football club|Iran Club}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2012}}
[[Image:Indian clubs.jpg|thumb|upright|A pair of painted Indian clubs from the late 19th century [[clubs (rhythmic gymnastics)|as used in rhythmic gymnastics]].]]
'''Indian clubs (mudgars or mudgals)'''({{Langx|sa|मुद्गर|translit=mudgara}})<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2022 |title=The Mudgar and traditional Indian fitness training |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/wellness/the-mudgar-and-traditional-indian-fitness-training-111661429140112.html |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=Mint}}</ref> known in [[Iran]] as '''meels''' ({{langx|fa|میل|mil}}), are a type of [[exercise]] equipment used to present resistance in movement to develop strength and mobility. They consist of juggling-club shaped wooden clubs of varying sizes and weights, which are swung in certain patterns as part of a strength exercise program. They can range in weight from a few pounds each to special clubs that can weigh as much as up to 100 pounds. They were used in carefully choreographed routines in which the clubs were swung in unison by a group of exercisers, led by an instructor,‌ the way it is still practiced in [[Varzesh-e Bastani]] in Iran and similar to 21st-century [[aerobics]] classes. The routines would vary according to the group's ability along with the weights of the clubs being used. When the 19th-century British colonists came across exercising clubs in India, they named them Indian clubs.

== History ==
[[File:Stone Figure - 5th-7th Century CE - Moghalmari Artefact - Kolkata 2014-09-14 7873.JPG|alt=|thumb|319x319px|Stone figure using an exercise equipment similar to Indian clubs, 5th-7th century CE found in [[Moghalmari]].]]
Club swinging is believed to have originated in India and Persia by soldiers as a method of improving strength, agility, balance and physical ability.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dynamicchiropractic.com/mpacms/dc/article.php?id=55570|title=The Therapeutic Benefits of Indian Club Swinging|date=2011-10-07|website=www.dynamicchiropractic.com|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heffernan |first=Conor |date=2017-05-24 |title=What's Wrong with a Little Swinging? Indian Clubs as a Tool of Suppression and Rebellion in Post-Rebellion India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523367.2017.1374248 |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |language=en |volume=34 |issue=7–8 |pages=554–577 |doi=10.1080/09523367.2017.1374248 |issn=0952-3367|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The [[Gada (mace)|gada]] club is a blunt mace from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Made either of wood or metal, it consists essentially of a spherical head mounted on a shaft, with a spike on the top. The gada is one of the traditional pieces of training equipment in [[Hindu physical culture]], and is common in the [[akhara]] of north India. Maces of various weights and heights are used depending on the strength and skill level of the practitioner. For training purposes, one or two wooden gada (''[[mudgar]]'')<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBYz5jgA4-8C&q=mugdar&pg=PA88|title=Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice|last1=Kasulis|first1=Thomas P.|last2=Aimes|first2=Roger T.|last3=Dissanayake|first3=Wimal|date=1993|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9780791410806|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=574592&partId=1|title=exercise-club|website=British Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref> are swung behind the back in several different ways; this is particularly useful for building grip strength and shoulder endurance. Mudgar are mentioned in the Indian treatise [[Arthashastra]] written by [[Chanakya|Kautilya]] dated to the 4th century BC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arthasastra_English_Translation : R Shamasastry : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming|url=https://archive.org/details/Arthasastra_English_Translation|access-date=2020-08-22|website=Internet Archive|page=70|language=en}}</ref>

In Tamil Nadu, the southern state of India, there exists a cultural practice akin to the club exercises known as Karalakattai. This tradition encompasses 64 distinct types of swings and exercises designed to target various muscles and body parts. Historically, this age-old training equipment was purportedly prevalent in households across Tamilnadu nearly 2000 years ago. Practitioners of Karalakattai suggest its origins trace back to the era of [[Kumari Kandam]], also referred to as [[Lemuria]], a period of historical significance in the region.

Several [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan era]] coins depict club swinging; the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta era]] gold coin also depicts one of its kings performing club swinging with Gada. Gandharan fifth century schist used as wrestler's weight with Gada carved on it indicates that Gada might have been used as a training tool.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Di Castro|first1=Angelo Andrea|year=2003|title=A Late Gandharan Wrestlers' Weight|journal=East and West|volume=53|issue=1/4|pages=257–265|jstor=29757580}}</ref> [[Manasollasa]] written in the twelfth century explicitly describes training exercises and club swinging along with wrestling. The thirteenth century text, [[Malla Purana]], discusses Lord Krishna and Balarama's prescriptions regarding wrestlers’ bodies and training methods such as club swinging; the text exhibits that the club swinging has long been a regulated practice. A Rajput painting from 1610 AD shows athletes performing various acrobatics including club swinging while dancing on Raga Desahka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=painting|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?assetId=123705001&objectId=183952&partId=1|access-date=2019-02-15|website=British Museum|language=en-GB}}</ref> A Mughal painting from 1670 depicts Indian athletes using Indian clubs and performing other exercises such as weightlifting, [[Mallakhamba|mallakhamb]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wrestlers exercising, illustrating the musical mode Deshakh Ragini|url=http://jameelcentre.ashmolean.org/collection/6980/9856/0/15059}}</ref> In the nineteenth century when the British adopted Indian clubs they were remodelled into lightweight clubs bearing little resemblance to their traditional counterparts. Whereas traditional clubs weighed up to seventy pounds, those recommended, and adopted by Britain's army, weighed four.<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis |title=Indian club swinging in nineteenth and twentieth-century India and England |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/261930 |publisher=Faculty of History, University of Cambridge |date=2016-07-05 |degree=MPhil |language=en |first=Conor |last=Heffernan |doi=10.17863/CAM.7166}}</ref>

While torches and other stick-like objects have been used in [[juggling]] for centuries, the modern [[juggling club]] was inspired by Indian clubs, which were first repurposed for juggling by DeWitt Cook [[History of juggling|in the 1800s]].

Exceptionally popular during the fitness movement of the late [[Victorian era]], used by military cadets and well-heeled ladies alike, they appeared as a gymnastic event in the [[gymnastics at the 1904 Summer Olympics|1904]] and [[gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics|1932 Olympics]]. Gymnasiums were built solely to cater to club exercise groups. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries they became increasingly common in Europe, the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]] and the [[United States]].

Circa 1913/14 the Bodyguard unit of the British [[suffragette]] movement carried Indian clubs as concealed weapons for use against the truncheons of the police.<ref>{{Cite book|title=My own story|last=Pankhurst|first=Emmeline|isbn=978-1784871253|location=London|oclc=925307642|date = 2015-09-24}}</ref>

The popularity of Indian clubs waned in Europe during the 1920s and 1930s as organized sports became more prevalent. Regimented exercise routines, like those requiring Indian clubs, were relegated to professional athletes and the military, who had access to more effective and modern [[strength training]] equipment.

[[File:Pahlavan takhti meel.jpg|thumb|191x191px|A pair of meels held by Iranian wrestler [[Gholamreza Takhti]].]]
There are physical fitness enthusiasts reviving the usage of Indian Clubs in the early 21st century, citing the [[aerobic exercise]] and safety advantages over traditional free weight regimens. There are nostalgic replicas of the original clubs being manufactured, as well as modern engineering updates to the concept, such as the Clubbell.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stumptuous.com/clubbell-training|title=Clubbell training|date=18 July 2008|website=Stumptuous.COM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://barbend.com/surprising-benefits-club-training-strength/|title=The Surprising Benefits of Club Training for Strength - BarBend|last1=English|first1=Nick|date=15 November 2016|website=BarBend|access-date=2 April 2017}}</ref>

=== Pahlevāni And Zoorkhaneh Rituals ===
Traditional strength-training tools resembling clubs are historically found in ancient Persia, where they are known as ''meel'' or ''mil'' (Persian: میل‎). Their use dates back to at least the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] and [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanian]] eras (247 BCE–651 CE), and they remain a central element in the traditional Iranian martial art known as ''[[Varzesh-e Pahlavani]]'' (ورزش پهلوانی), particularly within the ''[[Zurkhaneh]]'' (زورخانه). While Persian and Indian training tools may appear similar due to shared [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian heritage]], they developed independently within their respective cultures. ''Varzesh-e Pahlavani'' combines elements of strength training, martial discipline, and spiritual ethics. Notable practitioners include [[Gholamreza Takhti]] and [[The Iron Sheik|Hossein Khosrow Ali Vaziri (The Iron Sheik)]].

=== Japanese version ===
[[Hojo undō#Chi Ishi|Chi'ishi]], a [[karate]] conditioning equipment and its exercise pattern was inspired by the gada and mugdar. The war clubs were also inspired by gada.<ref>[http://www.ihpra.org/war_clubs.htm Club History]</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Indian club swinging team, St Paul's Young Men's Club, Ipswich, 1890s.jpg|Indian (British Raj) club swinging team, 1890s.
File:Indian wrestler exercising. 1973.JPG|An Indian pehlwan (wrestler) training with clubs c. 1973.
File:CarteDeVisiteSimDKehoeLate1800s.jpg|[[Carte de visite]] of [[Sim D. Kehoe]], who brought Indian clubs to the United States from England.
File:Men Working Out at Zurkhaneh (House of Strength) - Yazd - Central Iran.jpg|Men working out at Zurkhaneh (House of Strength) in Iran.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Clubs (rhythmic gymnastics)]]
* [[Kettlebell]]
* [[Newark Athlete]]
* [[Toss juggling]]
* [[Gymnastics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's club swinging]] and [[Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics – Men's Indian clubs]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.semlyen.net/cosmosjugglers/lib/contents.htm ''Modern Club Swinging and Pole Spinning: Free Downloadable Book'']
: *[http://www.semlyen.net/cosmosjugglers/lib/bibcs.htm Club Swinging Bibliography]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pFsQeDFbptc Documentary video of Iranian Club Swinging]
* [http://ejmas.com/pt/ptart_lewis_1101.htm ''Exercises with Clubs'', by Dio Lewis, M.D., 1862]
: *[http://ejmas.com/pt/dandfclub.html Indian Club Exercises from ''Athletic Sports for Boys'', by Dick and Fitzgerald, 1866]
: *[http://ejmas.com/pt/ptart_dick_0101.htm ''Dick's Indian-Club Exercises'', 1887]
: *[http://ejmas.com/pt/ptart_ymca_0401.htm ''Gymnastic Nomenclature for Apparatus and Indian Club Movements'', 1949]
* [https://archive.org/details/indianclubsdumbb00doug ''Indian clubs and dumb bells'', by J H Dougherty, 1901]

{{Zurkhaneh terminology}}
{{Juggling}}

[[Category:Former Summer Olympic sports]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]
[[Category:Juggling props]]
[[Category:Physical exercise]]
[[Category:Twirling]]
[[Category:Weight training equipment]]

Indian club - Revision history

Sddhvnkengineering at 12:30, 27 December 2025