Ajay Kumar at 23:26, 29 August 2023

2023-08-29T23:26:05Z

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{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Indian paradise flycatcher
| image = Terpsiphone paradisi -near Amaya Lake, Dambulla, Sri Lanka-8.jpg
| image_caption = Adult male
| image2 = Asian Paradise-flycatcher (Female).jpg
| image2_caption = Female
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2019 |title=''Terpsiphone paradisi'' |page=e.T103715992A155628184 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103715992A155628184.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Terpsiphone
| species = paradisi
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = See text
| synonyms =
*''Muscicapa paradisi'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1766}},
*''Corvus paradisi'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}}
* ''Tchitrea paradisi'' {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}}
}}
[[File:Paradise01.jpg|thumb|Indian paradise flycatcher from [[Dhaka]]]]
The '''Indian paradise flycatcher''' ('''''Terpsiphone paradisi''''') is a medium-sized [[passerine]] [[bird]] native to Asia, where it is widely distributed. As the global population is considered stable, it has been listed as [[Least Concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] since 2004. It is native to the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Central Asia]] and Myanmar.<ref name=iucn/>

Males have elongated central tail feathers, and a black and rufous plumage in some populations, while others have white plumage. Females are short-tailed with rufous wings and a black head.<ref name=owen1963/> Indian paradise flycatchers feed on insects, which they capture in the air often below a densely canopied tree.

==Taxonomy==
''[[Corvus]] paradisi'' was the [[scientific name]] proposed by Linnaeus in 1758.<ref name="linné">{{cite book |author=Linnaeus, C. |year=1758 |title=Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |volume=Tomus I |edition=decima, reformata |location=Holmiae |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |page=107 |chapter=''Corvus paradisi'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/107/mode/2up}}</ref>
[[Paradise-flycatcher]]s used to be classified with the [[Old World flycatcher]] family [[Muscicapidae]], but are now placed in the family [[Monarchidae]] together with [[monarch flycatcher]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Comptes Rendus Biologies |volume=325 |issue=2 |year=2002 |pages=107–118 |doi=10.1016/S1631-0691(02)01409-9 |title=What are African monarchs (Aves, Passeriformes)? A phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial genes |last1=Pasquet, É. |last2=Cibois, A. |last3=Baillon, F. |last4=Érard, C. |pmid=11980172}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Acta Zoologica Sinica |year=2007 |volume= 53 |issue=1 |pages=95 |title=Phylogeny of some Muscicapinae birds based on cyt b mitochondrial gene sequences |last1=Lei Xin |last2=Lian Zhen-Min |last3=Lei Fu-Min |last4=Yin Zuo-Hua |last5=Zhao Hong-Feng }}</ref>

Until 2015, the Indian paradise flycatcher, [[Blyth's paradise flycatcher]], and the [[Amur paradise flycatcher]] were all considered [[conspecific]], and together called [[Asian paradise flycatcher]].<ref name="IOC">{{Cite journal |title=IOC World Bird |url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/updates/species-updates/ |journal=IOC World Bird List |doi=10.14344/ioc.ml.6.4 |editor=Gill, F. B.|editor2=D. B. Donsker|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Subspecies===
[[File:Asian Paradise Flycatcher.jpg|thumb|Sub-adult male Himalayan paradise flycatcher in [[Ranthambhore National Park]], [[Rajasthan]]]]
Linnaeus thought that the Indian paradise flycatcher occurred only in India.<ref name="linné"/> Later ornithologists observed it also in other areas and described several [[subspecies]] based on differences in plumage of males. Three subspecies] are recognized:<ref name=IOC/>
* ''T. p. paradisi'' (Linnaeus, 1758) breeds in central and southern India, central Bangladesh and south-western Myanmar; populations occurring in Sri Lanka in the winter season are non-breeding.<ref name=rasmussen/>
* '''Himalayan paradise flycatcher''' (''T. p. leucogaster'') ([[William John Swainson|Swainson]], 1838) was initially described as a separate species. It breeds in the western [[Tian Shan]], in Afghanistan, in northern Pakistan, in northwestern and central India, and in western and central Nepal; populations in eastern Pakistan and in southern India migrate towards the foothills of the [[Himalayas]] in spring for breeding.<ref name=rasmussen>{{cite book |last1=Rasmussen, P. C. |last2=Anderton, J. C. |year=2005 |title=Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Vol.2 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions |pages=332–333}}</ref>
* '''Ceylon paradise flycatcher''' (''T. p. ceylonensis'') ([[Nikolai Zarudny|Zarudny]] & [[Hermann Harms|Harms]], 1912) occurs in Sri Lanka.

==Description==
[[File:Indian Paradise Flycatcher - Female - TATR.jpg|thumb|Female Indian Paradise flycatcher in Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve, Chandrapur, Maharashtra, guarding its nest on a bamboo twig]]
Adult Indian paradise flycatchers are {{convert|19|–|22|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. Their heads are glossy black with a black crown and crest, their black bill round and sturdy, their eyes black. Female are rufous on the back with a greyish throat and underparts. Their wings are {{convert|86|–|92|mm|in|abbr=on}} long. Young males look very much like females but have a black throat and blue-ringed eyes. As adults they develop up to {{convert|24|cm|in|abbr=on}} long tail feathers with two central tail feathers growing up to {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} long drooping streamers.

Young males are rufous and have short tails. They acquire long tails in their second or third year. Adult males are either predominantly bright rufous above or predominantly white. Some specimens show some degree of intermediacy between rufous and white. Long-tailed rufous birds are generally devoid of shaft streaks on the wing and tail feathers, while in white birds the shaft streaks, and sometimes the edges of the wing and tail feathers are black.<ref name=owen1963>{{cite journal |author=Owen, D. F. |year=1963 |title=The rufous and white forms of an Asiatic paradise flycatcher, Terpsiphone paradisi |journal=Ardea |volume=51 |pages=230–236 |url=http://ardeajournal.natuurinfo.nl/ardeapdf/a51-230-236.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724161943/http://ardeajournal.natuurinfo.nl/ardeapdf/a51-230-236.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-24 }}</ref>

In the early 1960s, 680 long-tailed males were examined that are contained in collections of the [[British Museum of Natural History]], [[Chicago Natural History Museum]], [[Peabody Museum of Natural History|Peabody Museum]], [[Carnegie Museum of Natural History|Carnegie Museum]], [[American Museum of Natural History]], [[United States National Museum]] and [[Royal Ontario Museum]]. The specimens came from almost the entire range of the species, though some areas were poorly represented. The relative frequency of the rufous and white plumage types varies geographically. Rufous birds are rare in the extreme southeastern part of the species' range. Throughout the Indian area and, to a lesser extent, in China, asymmetrically patterned intermediates occur. Intermediates are rare or absent throughout the rest of the range of the species. In general, long-tailed males are<ref name=owen1963/>
* predominantly rufous with some white in wings and tail — collected in Turkestan, [[Kashmir]], northern India, [[Punjab region|Punjab]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Sikkim]] and in Sri Lanka;
* predominantly rufous with some white in wings — collected in Iran, Afghanistan, [[Baluchistan]], Punjab, Kashmir, northern and central India, [[Rajasthan]], Maharashtra, [[Bihar]], Nepal;
* predominantly rufous with some white in tail — collected in Punjab, northern and central India, [[Kolkata]], Sri Lanka and in the Upper [[Yangtze]] Valley in China;
* predominantly white with some rufous in tail and wings — collected in Kashmir, Maharashtra, [[Sichuan]] and North China;
* predominantly white with some rufous in tail — collected in Maharashtra and [[Fuzhou]], China;
* predominantly white with back partly rufous — collected in Punjab and [[Chennai]];
* moulting from rufous into white plumage — collected in North Bihar.
Possible interpretations of this phenomenon are : males may be polymorphic for rufous and white plumage colour; rufous birds may be sub-adults; and there may even be two [[sympatric]] species distinguishable only in the male.<ref name=owen1963/>

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Indian paradise flycatcher (male) - Sri Lanka - 01.jpg|thumb|Adult male Indian paradise flycatcher in [[Pannipitiya]], Sri Lanka]]
The Indian paradise flycatcher is a [[bird migration|migratory bird]] and spends the winter season in [[tropics|tropical]] Asia. In southern India and Sri Lanka especially the highlands and western parts of Sri Lanka, both locally breeding populations and visiting migrants occur in winter.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Whistler, H. |author-link=Hugh Whistler |year=1933 |title=The migration of the Paradise Flycatcher, (''Tchitrea paradisi'') |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=498–499}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Bates, R. S. P. |year=1932 |title=Migration of the Paradise Flycatcher ''Tchitrea paradisi'' |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=896–897}}</ref>

==Behaviour and ecology==
[[File:Asian Paradise Flycatcher- Female at nest in Himachal I IMG 3022.jpg|thumb|Female ''leucogaster'' on nest]]
[[File:Asian Paradise Flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi)- male at nest W IMG 9261.jpg|thumb|Sub-adult male on nest in [[Andhra Pradesh]]]]
Indian paradise flycatcher's breeding season lasts from May to July.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hume |first1=A.O. |year=1890 |title=The nests and eggs of Indian birds. Volume 2 |pages=22–26 |publisher= R. H. Porter |location=London |url=https://archive.org/stream/nestseggsofindia02humerich#page/22/mode/2up}}</ref> Being socially [[monogamous]] both male and female take part in nest-building, incubation, brooding and feeding of the young. The incubation period lasts 14 to 16 days and the nestling period 9 to 12 days.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Breeding biology of monogamous Asian Paradise Flycatcher ''Terpsiphone paradisi'' (Aves: Monarchinae): A special reference to colour dimorphism and exaggerated long tails in male |journal=Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |year=1998 |first=T. |last=Mizuta |author2=Satoshi Yamagishi |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=101–112 |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/46/46rbz101-112.pdf}}</ref> The nest is sometimes built in the vicinity of a breeding pair of [[drongo]]s, which keep predators away.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rashid |first1=S.M.A. |author2=Khan, A. |author3=Ahmed, R. |year=1989 |title= Some observations on the breeding of Paradise Flycatcher, ''Terpsiphone paradisi'' (Linnaeus) (Monarchinae) |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume= 86 |issue=1 |pages=103–105}}</ref>The female lays up to four [[Egg (biology)|eggs]] in a neat cup nest made with twigs and spider webs on the end of a low branch. Chicks hatch in about 21 to 23 days.<ref name="rasmussen" /> A case of [[interspecific feeding]] has been noted with paradise flycatcher chicks fed by [[Oriental white-eye]]s.<ref>{{ cite journal |last1=Tehsin |first1=R.H. k|author2=Tehsin, H. |year=1998 |title= White-eye (''Zosterops palpebrosa'') feeding the chicks of Paradise Flycatcher (''Terpsiphone paradisi'') |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume= 95 |issue=2 |page=348}}</ref>

==In culture==
This bird is the state bird of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and is referred to as ''Doodhraj'' locally, <ref name="ref24zudiy">[https://books.google.com/books?id=PDIMevaBeoAC Economics Of Protected Areas And Effect On Biodiversity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101074727/http://books.google.com/books?id=PDIMevaBeoAC|date=1 जनवरी 2014}}, Ram Bir Singh Kushwah, Dr. Vijay Kumar, pp. 348, APH Publishing, 2001, [[विशेष:पुस्तक स्रोत/9788176482097|ISBN 978-81-7648-209-7]], ''... The paradise flycatcher (Doodhraj) is the state bird ...''</ref>

This bird is mentioned in [[Satyajit Ray]]'s [[Feluda]] detective stories ''Chinnamastar Abhishap'' and ''Jahangirer Swarnamudra''.{{cn|date=February 2022}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal | last1=Andersen | first1=M.J. | last2=Hoster | first2=P.A. | last3=Filardi | first3=C.E. | last4=Moyle | first4=R.G. | year=2015 | title=Phylogeny of the monarch flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly and novel relationships within a major Australo-Pacific radiation | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=67 | pages=336–347 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.010 | pmid=25463752 }}
*{{cite journal | last1=Fabre | first1=P.H. | last2=Irestedt | first2=M. | last3=Fjeldså | first3=J. | last4=Bristol | first4=R. | last5=Groombridge | first5=J.J. | last6=Irham | first6=M. | last7=Jønsson | first7=K.A. | year=2012 | title=Dynamic colonization exchanges between continents and islands drive diversification in paradise-flycatchers (Terpsiphone, Monarchidae) | journal=Journal of Biogeography | volume=39 | issue=10 | pages=1900–1918 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02744.x | s2cid=83626717 }}
* Lewis, W.A.S. (1942) The Asian Paradise Flycatcher ''Tchitrea paradisi paradisi'' (Linn.). Some notes on a colony breeding near Calcutta. Journal of the Bengal Natural History Society 17 (1): 1–8.
* Inglis, C.M. (1942) The Asian Paradise Flycatcher ''Tchitrea paradisi paradisi'' (Linn.). Journal of the Bengal Natural History Society 17 (2): 50–52.
* {{cite journal |author=Salomonsen, F. |year=1933 |title=Revision of the group ''Tchitrea affinis'' Blyth. |journal=Ibis |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=730–745 |doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1933.tb03360.x}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Terpsiphone paradisi}}
* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/asian-paradise-flycatcher-terpsiphone-paradisi The Internet Bird Collection : ''Asian Paradise-flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi)'']
*[http://ebird.org/content/india/news/2015-taxonomy-indian-birds: 2015 eBird India Taxonomic re-classification of Asian Paradise Flycatcher]{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Monarchidae|1}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q568512}}

[[Category:Terpsiphone|Indian paradise flycatcher]]
[[Category:Birds of East Asia]]
[[Category:Birds of South Asia]]
[[Category:Birds of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|Indian paradise flycatcher]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|Indian paradise flycatcher]]
[[Category:Symbols of Madhya Pradesh]]

Indian paradise flycatcher - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 23:26, 29 August 2023