>Omega45 at 07:34, 14 October 2021

2021-10-14T07:34:45Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
The [[Tamil language]] has absorbed many [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]], [[Prakrit]], [[Pali]] and [[Sanskrit]],<ref name=Zvelibeil>{{cite book | last=Zvelebil | first=Kamil | title= Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature | publisher= E.J. Brill Press| year=2002 | isbn=9004093656 |page=143}}</ref> loanwords ever since the early 1st millennium CE, when the [[Sangam period]] [[Early Cholas|Chola kingdoms]] became influenced by spread of [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[History of Hinduism|early Hinduism]].
Many of these loans are obscured by adaptions to Tamil phonology.<ref>[[Michael Witzel]] [http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0501/ejvs0501a.txt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205075151/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0501/ejvs0501a.txt |date=2008-12-05 }}</ref>

There are many words which are [[List of common words in Sanskrit and tamil|common in sanskrit and tamil]]. This is an illustrative list of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] words of [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] origin, classified based on type of borrowing. The words are transliterated according to [[IAST]] system. All words have been referenced with the Madras University Tamil Lexicon, which is used as the most authoritative and standard lexicon by mainstream scholars.<ref>[http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/ Harold Schiffman] in his [http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/tamilweb/node17.html official website] says of the Madras University Tamil Lexicon "most comprehensive and authoritative."</ref><ref>Another source asserting the status of the Madras University Lexicon is [http://davidgodman.org/asaints/kvallalan1.shtml this] page where it is called "still the most comprehensive and authoritative Tamil dictionary."</ref> In the examples below, the second word is from Tamil, and its original Indo-Aryan source is placed to the left.

==Change of final [[retroflex]] to [[dental consonant|dental]]==

*ambara - ampala<ref name=MULex>Madras University Tamil Lexicon</ref>

==Loss of initial s==

*samayaṃ - amaiyam<ref>{{Citation | last=Burrow | first=Thomas | author-link=Thomas Burrow | title=Dravidian Studies VI - The loss of initial c/s in South Dravidian | journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies | volume=12 | issue=1 | year=1947 | pages=132–147 | jstor=608991 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | doi=10.1017/s0041977x00079969}} at p. 133</ref>
*sabhā - avai<ref name=MULex />

==Loss of initial [[complex consonant]] (retaining initial [[vowel]])==

*[[Shraavana|śṛavaṇa]] - Āvaṇi<ref name=MULex/> (also note loss of initial complex consonant ''Śr'')

==Loss of initial complex consonant (introduction of vowel)==

*ḥṛdaya - itaya<ref name=MULex/> (also loss of voicing)

==Loss of [[Voice (phonetics)|voicing]]==

*agati - akati<ref name=MULex/>

==Loss of voiced aspiration==

*adhikāra - atikāra<ref name=MULex/>
*adhika - atika

==[[Tatsama]] borrowing==

*aṇu - aṇu<ref name=MULex/>
*nīti - nīti<ref name=MULex/>

==Change of final [[sibilant]] to [[semivowel]]==

*Ākāśa - Ākāya

==Change of medial sibilants to [[Stop consonant|stops]]==

*aśuddha - acutta<ref name=MULex/>

==Split of complex [[syllables]]==

*agni - akkini<ref name=MULex/> (gni to kini, also note loss of voicing)

==Others==

*ahaṃkāram - akankāram<ref name=MULex/>
*agastya - akattiya<ref name=MULex/>
*ahambhāva - akampāvam<ref name=MULex/>
*Āṣāḍha - Āḍi<ref name=MULex/>
*Ārambha - Ārampam<ref name=MULex/>
*kāvya - kāppiyam<ref name=MULex/>
*kārttika - kārttikai<ref name=MULex/>
*śvāsa - cuvācam<ref name=MULex/>
*śani - cani<ref name=MULex/>
*chitra - cittirai<ref name=MULex/>
*budha - putan<ref name=MULex/>
*phalguna - pankuni<ref name=MULex/>
*manas - manatu<ref name=MULex/>
*mārgaśīrSa - mārkazhi<ref name=MULex/>
*māgha - māci<ref name=MULex/>
*vaiśākha - vaikāci<ref name=MULex/>

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
<small>
*S Vaidyanathan, ''Indo-Aryan loanwords in old Tamil'', Rajan Publishers (1971), ASIN B0000CQQI3 [https://www.jstor.org/pss/600365]
*Chandran Tucker, ''A dictionary of English loan-words in modern Tamil: Contributions towards a modern Tamil-English dictionary '', Biblia Impex (1986), {{ISBN|81-85012-14-8}}
*R Wallden, ''Hidden Indo-European and/or Indo-Aryan "Loanwords" in Old Tamil?'', Orientalia Suecana Uppsala 1980, vol. 29, pp. 140–156 - [http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=12315673]
</small>

===External links===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111028104144/http://www.tamildictionary.co.uk/ Best English to Tamil Dictionary]
*[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/tamil-lex/ Madras University Tamil lexicon]

{{Tamil language}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indo-Aryan Loanwords In Tamil}}
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases|T]]
[[Category:Tamil language-related lists]]
[[Category:Tamil language]]
[[Category:Lists of loanwords|Tamil Indo-Aryan]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages|Tamil]]

Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil - Revision history

>Omega45 at 07:34, 14 October 2021